Socioemotional Domains Research Articles

The Impact of Incentives on Early Childhood Teachers’ Proficiency in Lubombo Region, Eswatini

Early childhood development programmes have been found to be crucial in the development of children in physical, cognitive, socio-emotional and linguistic domains. For early childhood development (ECD) programmes to be effective, several factors need to be considered, among them human and material resources. Although the availability of the aforementioned factors is of the utmost importance, there is also a need to establish the unforeseen factors that can help ECD programmes to be more effective. Currently, there is little information regarding what can facilitate proficiency among early childhood teachers in their daily practice. This study focused on the impact of incentives on the performance of early childhood development teachers in the Lubombo region in Eswatini, formerly Swaziland. The objectives of the study were to find out the types of incentives given to ECD teachers, to examine the factors affecting the ECD teachers’ incentives and proficiency, and to explore the best ways of incentivising ECD teachers to improve their effectiveness. The research questions guiding the study were derived from the research objectives and the approach used in the study was purely qualitative. The study adopted a case study design and used unstructured questionnaires, cell phone interviews and focus group discussions as data collection tools. The research was confined to Lubombo, where a sample of 30 participants was selected. The sample included 10 ECD teachers, 10 parents and 10 administrators. The findings of the study were that ECD teachers are paid low salaries, which are not sustainable, and they are not hired by the government and so have no pensionable benefits. The study recommends that the use of incentives can improve the proficiency of early childhood teachers; ECD teachers should be paid salaries like any other teacher that are scaled according to their qualifications. Scholarships to further their studies should also be made available to them. More research is essential in areas of teachers’ proficiency and quality early childhood development programmes.

Biased and inflexible interpretations of ambiguous social situations: Associations with eating disorder symptoms and socioemotional functioning.

Research indicates that difficulties across multiple socioemotional functioning domains (e.g., social emotion expression/regulation, response to social elicitors of emotion) and negatively biased interpretations of ambiguous social situations may affect eating disorder symptoms. The impact of inflexible interpretations of social situations on eating disorder symptoms is less clear. The present study therefore examined relations between inflexible and biased social interpretations, socioemotional functioning, and eating disorder symptoms. A total of 310 participants from the general population, recruited from an online crowdsourcing platform, completed measures of socioemotional functioning (e.g., rejection sensitivity, negative social exchange), eating disorder symptoms, and positive and negative interpretation bias and inflexibility on a single measurement occasion. Socioemotional functioning impairments (Pillai's trace=0.11, p < .001), but not negative (β=.07, p =.162) or positive (β=-.01, p =.804) interpretation bias or inflexible interpretations (β=.04, p =.446), were associated with eating disorder symptoms in multiple regression models. In network analyses controlling statistically for multiple markers of socioemotional functioning, eating disorder symptoms were directly associated with negative (but not positive) interpretation bias. Inflexible interpretations were indirectly linked to symptoms via co-dampening of positive emotions. Exploratory causal discovery analyses suggested that several socioemotional functioning variables (social anxiety, depression, negative social exchange) may cause eating disorder symptoms. Consistent with cognitive-interpersonal models of disordered eating, our results suggest that less accurate (biased, inflexible) interpretations of social information contribute to patterns of cognition (anxious anticipation of rejection) and emotion regulation (down-regulation of positive social emotion) thought to encourage disordered eating. This study suggests that less accurate interpretations of ambiguous social information encourage anxious anticipation of rejection and downregulation of positive social emotions, both of which are thought to promote eating disorder symptoms. Knowledge provided by this study about the likely relations between interpretive processes, social/emotional functioning, and eating disorder symptoms may help inform treatments for eating disorders, particularly those that attempt to modify patterns of interpretation.

Academic and employment insertion as a factor related to quality of life in patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy.

Academic and employment insertion is one of the issues that most concern people with epilepsy, but little is known about its relationship with quality of life. We aimed to analyze the effects of the academic and employment insertion on quality of life, anxiety, depression, social support, and executive functions, and the relationships among these variables in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Fifty-nine patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy were classified into two groups: with academic or employment insertion (n = 25) and without insertion (n = 34) and underwent a neuropsychological evaluation. Patients with insertion had a significantly better quality of life, lower trait anxiety, and higher social support, and tended to have a lower percentage of errors and higher percent conceptual level responses than those without insertion. Academic/employment insertion had indirect effects on quality of life through its relationship with global social support and trait anxiety. Our findings provide a model for understanding the quality of life in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy for an integral perspective of the patient and points out the key role of increased social support and reduced anxiety associated with academic and employment insertion to improve quality of life. These results could favor the implementation of programs that promote academic or employment reinsertion, considering the relevance of socio-emotional domains.

Students’ Perception to Online Distance Learning (ODL) and Socio-Emotional Skills During Covid-19 Pandemic

This study assessed the perception of online distance learning and the socio-emotional learning skills of grade 11 chemistry students in the Philippines during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Socio-emotional Skills Domains of Science Students Questionnaire (SSD-SSQ) is administered at the end of the school year. The study revealed high average socio-emotional skills in all the socioemotional learning domains (Task￾Performance, Emotion Regulation, Collaboration, Openness, Extraversion, and Compound Skills). Thematic Analysis is utilized in the research to determine the perceptions of the students. Responses of the students in their E-Portfolio were collected and analyzed. The study generated the following themes: opportunities to express, awareness and management of emotions, variation of activities, and interaction and support system. This study revealed the importance of socio-emotional learning in developing resiliency.

Surgical rehabilitation of the voice post total laryngectomy

Introduction Almost 150 years after the first surgery, total laryngectomy continues to be the surgery of choice for advanced stage laryngeal tumours as well as for the revision of therapeutic failures of radiotherapy that cannot be resolved with other types of partial procedures. Materials and methods Our study was conducted at the University Hospital of Catania, from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020. Voice prosthesis following tracheoesophageal puncture was performed as a primary choice in 13 cases while as a secondary procedure in 29 cases. The use of the oesophageal voice through adequate rehabilitation, on the other hand, was the choice for 15 patients. Results The VrQoL questionnaire revealed significantly better results in both the Socio-Emotional and Functional domains of the group of patients who underwent voice rehabilitation via voice prosthesis after TEP compared to the group rehabilitated via oesophageal voice. The V-RQoL score showed a worsening of the well-being indices among the patients who had tracheoesophageal fistula related disorders at the control compared to the group rehabilitated with the oesophageal voice. Discussion Tracheo-oesophageal puncture (TEP) with voice prosthesis (VP) insertion is currently considered the technique of choice for restoring a voice as close as possible to the pre-laryngectomy. It should also be considered that this type of device also offers excellent performance from a psychological point of view, making this type of intervention the best accepted by patients in terms not only of phoniatric but also of improving the quality of life.

Association between Exposure to Particulate Matter during Pregnancy and Multidimensional Development in School-Age Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italy.

Air pollutants can potentially affect the development of children. However, data on the effect of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and developmental outcomes in school children are rare. We investigated the link between prenatal exposure to particulate matters smaller than 10 microns (PM10) and the development of school-age children in multiple domains. Cross-sectional data were collected in Italy between 2013 and 2014. Children aged between 5 and 8 years (n = 1187) were assessed on cognitive, communication, socio-emotional, adaptive, and motor developmental domains using the Developmental Profile 3 questionnaire. The monthly average concentration of PM10 during the entire fetal period was linked to the municipality of residence of the children. The increase in the prenatal PM10 was associated with a decrease in the cognitive score during the second (+13.2 µg/m3 PM10 increase: −0.30 points; 95%CI: −0.12–−0.48) and third trimesters of pregnancy (−0.31 points; 95%CI: −0.11–−0.50). The communicative domain was also negatively influenced by PM10 increases in the second trimester. The development of cognitive and communicative abilities of children was negatively associated with the exposure to PM10 during the period of fetal development, confirming that exposure to air pollution during pregnancy can potentially hinder the development of the brain.

A comparative study of cognitive and socio-emotional development in children with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and children with Autism Spectrum Disorder associated with a severe intellectual disability, and in young typically developing children with matched developmental ages

BackgroundCognitive and socio-emotional profiles of children with CREBBP-related Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS 1), children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with severe intellectual disability and developmental ages (DA) under 24 months, and typically developing (TD) children with similar DA were compared. ParticipantsThirty-one children with RSTS 1 (mean chronological age, CA = 59,8 months; 33−87) and thirty children with ASD, matched on CA and DA and developmental quotients (DQ), were compared to thirty TD children (CA ranged from 12 to 24 months). MethodsCognitive and socio-emotional developmental levels, DA and DQ were assessed with appropriated tests. ResultsMore socio-emotional developmental similarities were observed between TD and RSTS 1 than between TD and ASD children. Clinical groups displayed similar developmental delays in cognitive (self-image, symbolic play, means-ends, and object permanence) and socio-emotional domains (language and imitation). Children with RSTS 1 exhibited higher developmental levels in behavior regulation, joint attention, affective relations, emotional expression domains, and a lower developmental level in spatial relations domain. ConclusionsCommon interventions centered on symbolic play, self-image, language, and imitation for both clinical groups, and differentiated interventions centered on spatial abilities for RSTS 1 children and on social abilities for ASD could be used by caregivers were suggested.

Caregivers’ estimate of early childhood developmental status in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo characterise developmental milestones among young children living in rural communities in Uganda.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingIganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in rural eastern Uganda.ParticipantsA total of 720 caregivers of children aged...

Emosensory Competence, as an Undisclosed Construct of Communicative Competence, Predicts L2 Speaking Ability

Given the undeniable significance of communication in language education, different models have been proposed to render communicative competence (CC) and its constructs. However, there seems to be an undisclosed construct which considers individuals’ real-world knowledge and sensory experiences essential in initiating and maintaining communication. To have an update on the existing models, this study introduces the emosensory account to the underlying competence of CC. Specifically, the study pursued to, first, develop and substantiate the emosensory competence (ESC) questionnaire and, then, to investigate the extent to which ESC predicts L2 speaking ability. To this end, 254 EFL learners filled out the ESC questionnaire in phase 1. In phase 2, the degree of ESC of 184 participants was analyzed in relation to their IELTS speaking scores. Results revealed that the ESC questionnaire enjoys psychometric properties and that, unlike socioemotional and sensory domains, cognitive topics are negative predictors of L2 speaking ability.

A Meta-analysis of the Impact of Social and Emotional Learning Interventions on Teachers’ Burnout Symptoms

Over the last decades, extensive research has given considerable attention to teachers’ burnout. Owing to its negative personal, organizational, and social impacts (e.g., mental ill health, decreased work performance, turnover), intervention and prevention efforts have consequently been employed to minimize the effects of this phenomenon/syndrome. As teaching-specific stressors are mainly related to the socio-emotional domain, interventions targeting social and emotional learning (SEL) for teachers have been seen to increase in recent years. A meta-analysis of 13 empirical studies was conducted to investigate the effects of SEL interventions on teachers’ burnout. Results showed a statistically significant medium effect size favoring the experimental group regarding the impact of SEL on emotional exhaustion (g = − 0.37, 95% CI [− 0.70, − 0.03]) and personal accomplishment (g = 0.45, 95% CI [0.12, 0.79]). Impacts on depersonalization (g =− 0.51, 95% CI [− 1.13, 0.11]) were found to be not statistically significant. Meta regression analyses found narrower confidence intervals for interventions carried out over 3 months and tailored to the precise needs of class-level teachers for personal accomplishment. The findings add to the growing empirical evidence of the contribution of SEL interventions to improving teachers’ personal accomplishment, identified in prior literature as a mitigating factor of teacher burnout syndrome and diminishing their emotional exhaustion, thus sustaining the importance of promoting SEL within teacher training. As for their practical and methodological implications, the results contribute to understanding the role of the specific features of SEL interventions, and also important features of research design and methodological constraints, which may impact the effectiveness of these interventions.

QUALITY OF LIFE IN DYSPHONIC CHILDREN MEASURED ON PEDIATRIC VOICE-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE (PVRQOL) SCALE IN SERBIA.

SUMMARYHoarseness occurs in children of both genders, from the earliest age and beyond, and is caused by improper use or overuse of vocal apparatus. The study included 91 hoarse children aged 6-12 (study group) and 243 healthy children (control group) of the same age. The study group underwent detailed medical history, phoniatric examination, larynx fiber endoscopy, allergy treatment, audiologic treatment, and pulmonary treatment. Pediatric Voice-Related Quality of Life questionnaire, Serbian version (PVRQOL) was completed by parents of both groups of children. We did not find statistically significant differences in the hoarse children based on diagnosis (muscle tension disorder and vocal fold nodules) and age in physical domain, socio-emotional and global domain score (p>0.01). The results showed that parents did not recognize hoarseness as a health problem in children. There were significant gender differences in the group of children with hoarseness, i.e. parents in all three PVRQOL questionnaire domains recognized hoarseness as a significant health problem in girls, but not in boys. The presence of hoarseness impairs the quality of life in pediatric population. Social and emotional domains indicated greater impact in boys.

The relationship between vocal fatigue and voice-related quality of life in university professors.

To identify and correlate vocal fatigue and voice-related quality of life in university professors and verify possible differences between genders. This is a cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution under number 1,708,786. The Voice Fatigue Index (VFI) and the Voice Related Quality of Life (VRQOL) were applied to 126 university professors, 71 women and 55 men, with an average age of 43 years. Scores were calculated using the formula for each protocol and statistical analysis was performed using Spearman's Correlation. Regarding the VFI, the average score found for factors 1, 2 and 3 were 13.78, 4.05 and 7.93, respectively. As for VRQOL, professors had an average global score of 91.90; 88.49 for the physical domain and 97.02 for the socioemotional domain. There was a negative weak to strong correlation between the protocols. There was no statistical difference between genders for both VFI and VRQOL. University professors have good levels of voice related quality of life, but self-reported vocal fatigue, with no differences between genders. The lower the vocal fatigue is, the higher is the voice related quality of life, and vice versa.

IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME CORE AS A SUPPLIER OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION

Global citizenship education (GCED) is a growing field in international education. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 4.7 cited GCED as an official aim of the United Nations for 2030 in order to improve sustainable development, and this has created an increase in global research relating to the assessment of GCED within curriculums. The International Baccalaureate (IB), a private international organization known for its mission statement that promotes lifelong education for a peaceful world, prefers the term international mindedness. Consequently, the IB rarely addresses the concept of global citizenship directly in its Diploma Programme (DP). This paper studies the relationship between the existing DP curriculum and GCED through first providing a definition of GCED and its cognitive, socio-emotional, and behavioral conceptual domains according to UNESCO’s theoretical framework. The study suggests that the DP curriculum unequally addresses the GCED domains and lacks definitive learning objectives that are recommended by UNESCO. While the IB is known for its international education, the DP does address GCED elements that are crucial to active citizenship within the written curriculum, nor are the existing elements assessed at any point in the program.

DISTRIBUTION AND CORRELATION BETWEEN CLINICAL COMPLICATIONS AND QUALITY OF LIFE WITH INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY

Objective: Correlate and assess the weekly distribution of oral complications (mucositis and salivary flow), general health condition (Karnofsky Performance Status [KPS] and weight loss) and quality of life (UW-QoL, version 4), during radiotherapy treatment. Study Design: It was a prospective and longitudinal study with 32 patients undergoing radiotherapy by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer. The data were collected weekly through clinical record, standardized protocols, and quality of life questionnaires. Only the worst values obtained for each variable were used in the analyses. Results: KPS (78.86 ± 12); salivary flow (1.77 ± 1.6); 22.85% of the patients developed grade III mucositis; and none developed grade IV; 34.28% reported good QoL. Qui-square test (x2) confirmed concentration of the worst events during weeks 2 and 5: weight loss and mucositis (P =.048 and P = .05, respectively); global QoL, QoL pain, QoL recreation (P = 0.025; P = 0.02; P = 0.005, respectively); and QoL swallowing, QoL mood (P = 0.000; P = 0.005, respectively), and QoL anxiety (P = 0.03). There were 35 significant positive correlations among studied variables. The strongest were found for mucositis and pain and mucositis and recreation. In addition to the obvious correlations, the importance of mucositis for the socioemotional domains and for swallowing was significant. Conclusions: The treatment period severely deteriorated patients’ QoL especially in the socioemotional domains.

A latent class analysis of multifaceted economic experience and socioemotional well-being of children of immigrants.

Developmental studies have consistently argued for consideration of contextual influences on children's socioemotional well-being. This is particularly true among children of immigrants, who have highly diverse social, cultural, and economic backgrounds. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten, this study disentangled the variation of socioemotional well-being among children of immigrants in the United States by looking at country of origin and their multifaceted economic experiences. The study first examined the economic lives of children of immigrants by conducting a latent class analysis with 3 dimensions-depth, duration, and income volatility from kindergarten to fifth grade. It further investigated how multifaceted economic experiences shaped the socioemotional perceptions of children of immigrants by considering country of origin. Findings from this study support both the immigrant risk and immigrant paradox perspectives, depending on country of origin, patterns of economic experiences, and the examined socioemotional domain. Children of immigrants generally perceived themselves to have a worse locus of control, self-concept, and internalizing symptoms at eighth grade than their peers of native-born parents. After considering the economic circumstances of these families, the picture was no longer straightforward. Children of South East Asian and East Asian origins reported worse socioemotional well-being than their White peers of native-born parents in chronic near-poor circumstances. Otherwise, most children of immigrants fared as well as their White children of native-born parents under similar economic conditions. Findings underscore the importance of country of origin and economic experiences in accounting for the variations of socioemotional well-being among children of immigrants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The cognitive and socioemotional effects of a short-term light painting intervention

We investigated the cognitive and socioemotional effects of a light painting intervention, which is a new type of creative arts therapy. Participants were 60 university students, 30 of whom were assigned to the light painting (LP) group and attended 5 light painting sessions for 1 hour every other day, and 30 of whom were assigned to the control group and engaged in classroom self-study on the same schedule. Both groups completed a spatial orientation task and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule before and after the intervention. Compared to the control group, the LP group showed significant improvement in speed of performing the spatial orientation task. Moreover, the LP group reported increases in imagination, creativity, emotional and mental health, and social skills. Our findings provide preliminary empirical evidence supporting the positive effect of LP in some cognitive and socioemotional domains, and indicate that LP could be a promising creative arts therapy intervention for treating psychiatric disorders.

Effects of Parental Attitudes Toward Spousal Violence on Early Childhood Development and Learning Support Among Ghanaian Children.

The prevalence of condoning attitudes toward spousal violence (SV) is high in Ghana, yet much is not known about how the development of children is compromised in households where attitudes toward SV are tolerated. This study is premised on two objectives: (a) examination of the effect of parents condoning attitudes toward SV on early childhood development; and (b) investigation of the effect of parents condoning attitudes toward SV on the amount of learning support children receive from household members. Data on 2,740 children aged between 36 and 59 months were drawn from the 2011 Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey for the first objective and 1,595 households with children aged between 4 and 15 years were sourced from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey for the second. Analytical methods employed are descriptive statistics, instrumental variable (IV), and ordinary least squares (OLS) micro-econometric estimation techniques. The findings suggest that parents who condone attitudes toward SV reduce early childhood development by 3.269 units. Compared with the physical and socioemotional domains, parents tolerating attitudes toward SV have the highest adverse effect on the literacy, numeracy, and learning development domain of early childhood development (2.916 units). In addition, households that accept attitudes toward SV reduce the amount of learning support offered to children by 0.261 units, and every additional attitude toward SV acceptance reduces child learning support by 0.079 units. Attitudes of parents toward condoning SV retard the early development of children, impair children's cognitive development, and compromise the amount of learning support children receive from household members. This study reinforces the evidence that parental attitudes are related to child outcomes in Ghana. The evidence calls for strengthening healthy family environments and child protection systems through behavioral change communication interventions and awareness creation among parents.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes of a randomised trial of intact cord resuscitation.

It has been suggested that intact cord resuscitation can reduce the risk of brain damage. We investigated the effects on neurodevelopment at two years of age. This study was performed in Kathmandu, Nepal. In 2016, 231 late preterm and term infants born vaginally and not breathing were randomised to resuscitation with an intact cord or the standard practice of early cord clamping (CC). At two years of age, the World Health Organization's Infant and Young Child Development tool was used to assess the child's neurodevelopment, during telephone interviews with caregivers. We followed up 138 infants (59.7%) at a mean age of 24.8±0.8months. A significant difference was seen in the development for age Z-score, between the group resuscitated with an intact umbilical cord and the group resuscitated with early CC. The median (range) scores were 1.0 (0.1-2.1) vs 0.9 (-2.0 to 1.8), respectively (P=.04). There was no difference in the motor, language-cognitive and socio-emotional domains. Neurodevelopment improvements were observed at two years of age in infants resuscitated with an intact rather than early clamped umbilical cord. No definitive conclusions could be drawn due to protocol violations and a low follow-up rate. More research is needed.

Influence of type of birth on child development: a comparison by Bayley- III Scale

Introduction: Elective cesarean section is associated with several damages to the newborn's health, such as respiratory and gastrointestinal problems and diabetes that last throughout life. However, few studies discuss aspects related to psychological development.&#x0D; Objective: To investigate the development of Brazilian children according to the type of birth and gestational age in the cognitive, language, motor, socio-emotional and adaptive behavior domains.&#x0D; Methods: This is an exploratory and descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the city of São Bernardo de Campo, São Paulo, Brazil, between June 2016 and March 2017. The final sample consisted of 263 children up to 42 months of age. For data collection were applied a socio demographic questionnaire and the Bayley-III Scale. The statistical analysis was based on both a North American reference sample and a local sample using the SPSS version 21, through Pearson's Chi-square statistical test and significance criteria p &lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: A significant difference (p&lt;0.005) was observed, with a higher risk of problems in fine motor development and expressive language in children born at pre-term between 37- 39 weeks compared to those born at term between 39 - 41 weeks. Significant difference (p&lt;0.005) was also observed in sensory processing and adaptive behavior, with greater impairment in children born via elective cesarean section compared to those born vaginally.&#x0D; Conclusion: Despite its limitations and discrepancies, this research indicates potential impairments in the psychological development of children born at early term via elective cesarean.

Voice-Related Quality of Life in Post-Laryngectomy Rehabilitation: Tracheoesophageal Fistula's Wellness.

(1) Introduction: Laryngeal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer affecting the upper aerodigestive tract. Despite ensuring good oncological outcome in many locoregionally advanced cases, total laryngectomy is associated with relevant physical and psychological sequelae. Treatment through tracheo-esophageal speech, if promising, can lead to very variable outcomes. Not all laryngectomee patients with vocal prosthesis benefit from the same level of rehabilitation mainly due to the development of prosthetic or fistula related problems. The relating sequelae in some cases are even more decisive in the patient quality of life, having a higher impact than communicational or verbal skills. (2) Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 63 patients initially enrolled with a history of total laryngectomy and voice rehabilitation, treated at the University Hospital of Catania from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2018. Quality of life (QoL) evaluation through validated self-administrated questionnaires was performed. (3) Results: The Voice-Related Quality of Life questionnaire revealed significantly better outcomes in both socio-emotional and functional domains of the tracheoesophageal patient group compared to the esophageal group (p = 0.01; p = 0.01, respectively), whereas in the Voice Handicap Index assessment, statistically significant scores were not achieved (p = 0.33). (4) Discussion: The significant differences reported through the V-RQOL and Voice Handicap Index scales in the presence of fistula related problems and device lifetime reduction when compared to the oesophageal speech group have demonstrated, as supported by the literature, a crucial role in the rehabilitative prognosis. (5) Conclusions: The criteria of low resistance to airflow, optimal tracheoesophageal retention, prolonged device life, simple patient maintenance, and comfortable outpatient surgery are the reference standard for obtaining good QoL results, especially over time. Furthermore, the correct phenotyping of the patient based on the main outcomes achieved at clinical follow-up guarantees the primary objective of the identification of a better quality of life.