Socio-economic Status Of Respondents Research Articles

Anemia Prevalence in GB A Cross-sectional assessment of anemia among different age groups and associated risk factors in Gilgit-Baltistan

Background: Anemia poses a significant global health challenge and has a significant influence regarding both morbidity and mortality across diverse demographics. This cross-sectional study aim to assess the prevalence and risk variables associated with anemia in different age groups within the culturally diverse population of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). Methods: The prevalence of anemia within each age group was determined through hemoglobin (Hb) level assessment using Hemocue Hb 201+ (HemoCue AB, Ängelholm, Sweden). This analysis encompassed various gender categories and examined the risk variables which contributing to anemia in GB. Samples were collected from different regions in order to obtain a representative sample of the population. A total of 720 individuals (386 males and 334 females) participated in this study. Results: About 32.40% males (65.2% mild, 31.7% moderate and 3.1% severe) and 56.07% females (36.5% mild, 46.3% moderate and 17.2% severe) were found anemic. Prevalence of anemia in male were highest in the age group 20-40 years (31.2%), followed by age group 10-19 years (26.4%) as compared to age group 41-60 (19.2%) and above 61 years (23.2%) and there mean hemoglobin level (Hb) was 11.98 ± 0.90 g/dL. Among females the highest prevalence were found in reproductive age 20-40 years (37.3%) and age between 10-19 (29.4%), followed by the age group 41-60 (13.4%) and above 61 years (19.7%) and mean hemoglobin level (Hb) was 9.93 ± 0.83 g/dL. Risk variables include socio economic status of respondents, the higher prevalence was found in lower class of the population (37.7% males and 43.6% Females). Conclusion: The findings highlight the vulnerability of both genders to anemia in GB. Addressing this public health concern requires research extending beyond the prevalence and socio-demographic factors. Future efforts should focus on developing iron-enriched formulas from locally accessible staple foods in GB to effectively combat this alarming condition.

Linking human perception and scientific coastal flood risk assessment (Anlo Beach Community, Ghana)

Policymakers concerned with coastal management issues have recently focused their efforts on how people perceive flood risk. Understanding the public's perception of risk has become an essential component of contemporary flood risk management, as it provides a basis for designing practical and effective flood mitigation strategies. This study was conducted in Anlo Beach, one of the most vulnerable coastal communities in Ghana. It investigated household perceptions of flood risk and examined them against independent physical measures that assess exposure. In parallel, multivariate regression analysis was conducted to identify and establish the key factors influencing household perceptions of flood risk in the study area. The results showed that two variables, previous flood experience (data collected through the social survey) and factual exposure (assessed through GIS measurements), played an important role in determining the level of flood risk reported by households. In particular, the relationship between previous flooding experience and perceived level of coastal flood risk was both positive and statistically significant. Socio-demographic factors did not have a significant influence on risk reporting. We conclude that perception variables collected through social surveys can be used as proxy indicators of environmental risks when physical measures are not available. Biases based on the socio-economic status of respondents may exist, but they do not outweigh information derived from people's factual relationships with the environment. Further studies on the above factors would support flood risk reduction measures in the study area and West Africa, particularly in light of climate change.

Factors influencing burglary and home security measures in England and Wales

Objectives: This exploratory study aims to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of the survey respondents, reported fear of burglary and installed home security measures. Methods: This study analyses secondary data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales 2017/18. The data was analysed using suitable statistical methods: regression modelling and factor analysis. Results: The main findings showed that the socioeconomic status of respondents and the status of the area they live in are the strongest predictors of the installation of deterrence home security measures. The findings further revealed that those of lower socioeconomic status are more afraid of burglary and more likely to have deterrence but not entry prevention home security installed. However, the direct impact of fear of burglary on the deterrence home security measures indicated a decrease in the likelihood of this type of home security measure being installed. This suggests that the affordability of home security measures plays an important role. Conclusion: Participants from lower socioeconomic status are more afraid of becoming victims of burglary and invest in cheaper home security measures to protect their homes, while wealthier participants do not feel the need to protect their homes since they are more likely to live in low-crime areas.

Role of Foreign Employment in Socioeconomic Development of Beldandi Rural Municipality, Kanchanpur, Nepal

This study is about the role of foreign employment in socio-economic development of Beldandi rural municipality. The main objective of this study is to analyze the nature and the role of foreign employment in the socio-economic development of Beldandi Rural Municipality of Kanchanpur district. A micro-level case study type research design was applied in which primary data were collected from a household survey with random sampling methods. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied for primary data where secondary data related to foreign employment were collected from different published sources. Simple mathematical procedures were used to analyze the data. The study findings show that 85 percentage of households got economic security by increasing their economic status from remittance income, and 65 percentages of respondents improved their knowledge and skills and used their skills in their community after arrival. This study also shows that foreign employment has positive changes in the socioeconomic status of respondents. However about 11percent of respondents’ economic status is worse, 35 percent of respondents’ socioeconomic status did not changes and around 54 percent of the respondent’s social attitude changed due to foreign employment.

The transgenerational impact of child abuse. Health professionals' social and values

Introduction: Child abuse is a worrying trend not only in our country but globally. The aim of the article is to present the adverse long-term consequences of child abuse, Adverse Childhood Experiences, which is a classified public health problem according to WHO. The attitude of primary care workers towards the prevention of abuse has a profound impact on the quality of prevention activities. Objective: To assess the knowledge and perceptions of paediatricians, midwives and paediatric nurses working in primary and specialised care about the topic child abuse. Contextualising value judgements and societal perceptions of child abuse in order to break the transgenerational effects. Method: A self-completed online survey was conducted with 49 structured, standardised questions, the data provided insights about the socio-economic status of respondents, their attitudes to the issue of child abuse, their perceptions of the seriousness of the issue and their obligation to report it under the law. Results: Based on our analysis on a sample of 195 respondents, we can conclude that health care workers perceive abuse as clearly harmful, yet it is perceived as a common phenomenon in our country. Nearly one fifth of respondents believe that society is accepting and mildly judges the phenomenon. A significant difference in the perception of abuse by educational level was found between the high and low educated respondents. We also found significant differences in signalling functioning by type of workplace location (p = 0.020) and job category (p = 0.044). Conclusion: The results highlighted that preventive action by health care workers is the key to breaking the transgenerational effects. The authors would like to draw attention to the fact that the improvement of the quality of care depends significantly on the knowledge of professionals. Continuous basic and further training and in-depth knowledge development among primary care workers are necessary.

Community participation in cobblestone road provision

This study aimed at analyzing the effect of social capital on the level of community participation in cobblestone road provision. The study employed a quantitative approach. Samples were selected by using a probability sampling technique. From the probability sampling technique, the researchers used a stratified random sampling technique followed by simple random sampling for the selection of households. The survey questionnaire was administered for 368 sample respondents. Findings revealed that community participation was expressed more in financial terms. Participation in policy formulation, planning, implementation, maintenance and operation, and evaluation were not evident. The study shows that there is a strong and positive relationship between the socioeconomic status of respondents and social capital with the level of community participation. The study also found that there was poor communication and relationship among the municipality and kebele leaders that managed the project, and the community. The study concludes that bottom-up approaches, building an effective communication channel between the community, kebele leaders and institutionalization of participation in the City is essential. Capacity-building strategies are also required to promote community participation.

Determining whether periodic health checkups have any preventive effect on deterioration in health among middle-aged adults: A hazards model analysis in Japan.

ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the long‐term impact of periodic health checkups (PHCs) on health outcomes among middle‐aged adults.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from 29 770 individuals (15 399 men and 14 371 women) aged 50–59 years in the baseline year (2005), obtained from a population‐based 14‐wave survey. PHC participants were defined as those who underwent PHCs for the first three consecutive waves, and we investigated the onset of inpatient care for five types of non‐communicable diseases (diabetes, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) as well as poor self‐rated health and problems in the activities of daily living in the subsequent 11 waves. Cox‐proportional hazards models were used to estimate the impact of PHCs on health outcomes by employing the propensity score matching (PSM) method.ResultsParticipation in PHCs was closely related to a respondent's socioeconomic status and health behavior. After controlling for these factors by PSM, the hazard models showed that PHCs postponed the onset of inpatient care for hypertension (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.36–0.85) among men, but PHCs had no impact on any other health outcomes in men or women.ConclusionsThe preventive impact of PHCs on health deterioration is generally limited among middle‐aged adults. Future studies should address policy measures to enhance the effectiveness of PHCs.

Analysis of Land use and Land cover Characteristics of Kanke, Pankshin, and Langtang Local Government Areas, Plateau State, Nigeria

This study assessed landuse and landcover changes and how they affect the agrarian production in Kanke, Pankshin and Langtang North Local Government Areas of plateau state, Nigeria. The study adopted the survey design. The primary data was obtained through field observations, interview of stakeholders, satellite (landsat8 and shuttle radar terrain mission) and questionnaire administration which asked questions on socioeconomic status of respondents, constraints to farmers and the respondents’ perception on the existing adaptation strategies in place. ArcGIS10.6version software was employed for the classification of land cover types while supervised classification method was adopted using maximum likelihood algorithm for the classification of feature types. Data generated by Landsat8 and ArcGIS10.6 version software were subjected to Pan-Sharpening processing for clarity of terrain features. The study findings revealed that 66.13% of the earth’s surface in the study area is covered by rock outcrops while water body; one of man’s most precious resources occupied less than 1% (0.15%). The distribution of farmers based on constraints to farming indicated that poor soils and small farm land sizes constituted the most severe challenges to farming activities in the study area. As an adaptation strategy to inadequate farm lands, terrace farming practice and dry season farming, large scale quarrying activities is recommended to serve as a source of employment and income to authorities and a means of surface leveling to convert the dominant rock outcrops to productive land and prioritizing farming in the limited plains.

English

English

Food literacy, healthy eating barriers and household diet

PurposeFood literacy is an emerging concept associated with the skills, capabilities and knowledge to prepare a healthy diet and make healthy food choices. This study aims to examine how a dietary gatekeeper’s intentions to prepare a healthy diet for their family, and the subsequent satisfaction that a healthy diet is achieved, is influenced by their food literacy and by barriers to healthy eating.Design/methodology/approachA two-stage cross-sectional study was undertaken with 756 dietary gatekeepers who completed a baseline (time 1) and a three-month follow-up (time 2) questionnaire. Partial least square-structural equation modeling was used to estimate relationships between gatekeeper food literacy, their demographic characteristics, socio-cognitive factors, time 1 satisfaction with the healthiness of the household diet and intention to provide a healthy family diet. The follow-up survey assessed subsequent satisfaction with the healthiness of the household diet and barriers to achieving it.FindingsThe results highlight the significance of the dietary gatekeeper’s food literacy in overcoming barriers to healthy eating and fostering increased satisfaction with the healthiness of the family diet. The research further highlights the influence of past satisfaction, attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Several demographics factors are also highlighted as influential.Research limitations/implicationsThe research offers new insights into the role of food literacy in the home environment including its influence on the dietary gatekeeper’s satisfaction with the family diet. The current model also provides strong evidence that food literacy can reduce the impact of barriers to healthy eating experienced by gatekeepers. The research has limitations associated with the socio-economic status of respondents and thus offers scope for research into different populations and their food literacy, younger and early formed cohabiting and the negotiation of food and dietary responsibility and on intergenerational food literacy.Practical implicationsThe current findings regarding the impact of food literacy have significant implications for government agencies, non-profit agencies, educational institutions and other related stakeholders in their effort to curb obesity. Implications exist for micro-level programmes and actions designed to influence gatekeepers, family members and households and at the macro level for policies and programmes designed to influence the obesogenicity of the food environments.Originality/valueThe current study is one of the first to offer evidence on the role of food literacy in the home environment and its ability to overcome barriers to healthy eating. The research provides social marketers and public policymakers with novel insights regarding the need for increased food literacy and for developing interventions to improve food literacy in dietary gatekeepers.

El efecto de las generaciones políticas sobre la participación electoral. El caso de Chile, 1999-2013

Given the succession of democratic interruptions in Latin America in the decades of the 60s and 70s, and the end of authoritarian regimes in the 80s, the region is in a good laboratory to explore the effect of political generations on voter turnout. We show this effect in the context of compulsory voting and voluntary voting. By multivariate statistical analysis of pre-election polls from 1999 to 2013 in Chile, we conclude that, unlike Europe, Canada and United States generational effect on participation is reduced over the years. We note that compulsory voting age, political generation, ideological identification and even —in some cases— the socioeconomic status of respondents are robust predictors of participation. With voluntary voting, however, these predictors disappear, surviving only the effect of ideological identification and, very partially, age interacting with the political generation of respondents.

Socioeconomic Status as Oral Health State Determinant of the Active Working Displaced Persons and Domicile Inhabitants.

Introduction:Socioeconomic changes have a significant impact on the health of the population. Socioeconomic development of society is one of the basic determinants of the health condition and needs of the individual and in the population as well.Aim:To explore the existence of differences in indicators of oral health status between the displaced persons and domicile population, considering the socioeconomic status (SES) of the respondents.Patients and Methods:A total of 310 people, aged 35-44 (mean 40.19 ± 3.60), were interviewed and examined, with 157 of them in a subsample of domicile inhabitants and other 153 respondents in displaced persons subsample. The SES of respondents was determined using a survey. After conducted examinations in study participants, determined results were recorded as dental status (DMFT Index), and periodontal status (CPI Index).Results:There was a significant difference in the mean value of caries existence between displaced persons of low and middle SES. In domicile inhabitants, there were no statistically significant differences in mean values of caries existence between the individuals with low and middle SES, while the differences existed between the individuals with low and high and between the middle and high SES. Domicile inhabitants with high SES had significantly less carious lesions than those with lower SES. Domicile inhabitants with high SES had significantly fewer extractions and more teeth with fillings.Conclusion:People with low SES have worse oral health status. Displacement and low socioeconomic status significantly influence the state of oral health.

Factors influencing influenza vaccination among South Korean adult asthma patients: A nationwide population-based cross-sectional study

ABSTRACTBackground: It is important to identify factors associated with influenza vaccination. This study was performed to investigate factors associated with vaccination coverage among asthma patients in Korea. Methods: Data were obtained from 229,121 participants (5,989 with asthma and 223,132 without asthma) in the 2010 Korean Community Health Survey. The demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status of respondents with and without asthma were compared. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate socioeconomic status and other demographic variables potentially related to influenza vaccination in asthma patients. Results: The vaccination rates of young (19–49 years) and middle-aged (50–64 years) asthma patients were only 28.3 and 49.5%, respectively, whereas that of elderly (≥65 years) asthma patients was 81.5%. After regression, older age (odds ratio [OR], 5.53; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.56–8.59), poor self-rated health status (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.01–2.03), and regular health check-ups (OR, 2.07, 95% CI, 1.64–2.60) were associated with increased influenza vaccination rates in asthma patients. Conclusions: It is important to improve influenza vaccination coverage for non-elderly patients with asthma, especially those who do not engage in regular exercise or undergo regular health check-ups and those who consider themselves to be healthy.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY COMPOSITION, SOMATOTYPE AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN CHILEAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AT DIFFERENT SCHOOL LEVELS.

This study examined the association between body composition, somatotype and socioeconomic status (SES) in Chilean children and adolescents by sex and school level (grade). The cross-sectional study was conducted on 1168 schoolchildren aged 6-18 years (572 males) from Valparaíso, Chile. Body composition, as assessed by percentage body fat (BF%) and somatotype, was evaluated using Ellis equations and the Heath-Carter method, respectively. The socioeconomic status of respondents was assessed using the ESOMAR survey. Obesity was defined as BF% ≥25 for boys and ≥30 for girls; 'high endomorph' somatotype was defined as a somatotype endomorph component (EC) of at least 5.5. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between high adiposity and SES, potential confounding factors and school level. In females, the results indicated that the groups with lower SES had higher EC. At the 1st (youngest) school level (1-4th grades), males exhibited similar trends in their BF% and EC. High adiposity was associated with the female sex (BF%: OR=3.39; 95% CI 2.60, 4.41; high EC: OR=2.31; 95% CI 1.80, 2.98). In addition, low SES increased the risk of high adiposity compared with high SES (BF%: OR=2.25; 95% CI 1.40, 3.61; high EC: OR=2.19; 95% CI 1.37, 3.47). An association was observed between increased adiposity and lower SES, mainly in females, which indicates that females with low SES might be at greater risk of obesity.

Correlates of individual-level stigma and unsafe abortions among women seeking abortion care in Trans Nzoia and Machakos Counties, Kenya

Objectives: To compare the levels of abortion stigma in regions with high and low incidence of unsafe abortion in Kenya to explore whether abortion-related stigma is associated with incidence of unsafe abortion. Study Design: A cross-sectional survey of 759 women receiving abortion services in private and public health facilities in two counties located in regions with high and low incidence of unsafe abortion regions of Kenya. Results: Of the total respondents, 424 sought postabortion care (PAC), whereas 335 sought induced abortion. Factor analysis revealed a four-factor model for examining individual-level stigma related to seeking an abortion. The mean of stigma scores for women in a Trans Nzoia was higher than in Machakos. (49.82 compared to 47.58, P< 0.001). In the combined sample, respondents seeking PAC reported higher stigma scores compared to those seeking induced abortion. For the overall scale and subscales, stigma reduced with increases in the age of respondents (b = −7.7, P< 0.001 for 25–34 years and b = −4.6, P< 0.001 for 35–49 years). Regression analysis showed that stigma decreased in the county with low incidence of unsafe abortion on interaction between with type of abortion service. Conclusions: Respondents from a county with higher incidence of unsafe abortion reported higher stigma scores compared to those from a county with lower incidence of unsafe abortion. Age, marital status, type of abortion service, and socioeconomic status of respondents were all significantly associated with stigmatizing attitudes across the stigma scale's subscales. Young unmarried women, women who received PAC low socioeconomic background, and married women reported higher stigma scores.

Application of Geographic Information Systems to Assessing the Dynamics of Slum and Land Use Changes in Urban Core of Akure, Nigeria

Ancient city centres are characterised by inadequately planned/unplanned land use and unsecured tenure system, leading overtime to the development of different forms and grades of slum in and around urban core area. This research studied the slum in the urban core of Akure, Nigeria deploying tools of Geographic Information System for comprehensive analysis of slum peculiarity for guiding action. Descriptive and analytical methods based on field survey and extraction of information from satellite images were utilized. The study examined the existing situation in the study area in terms of its housing system, conditions of infrastructure, socio-economic status of respondents and adequacy of livelihood with respect to slum indicators as defined by UN-Habitat (2003). The study revealed specific areas of higher degree of slum conditions and a representation of level of changes in land uses. Another finding shows high rate of conversion, mainly from residential land uses to other uses as the major characteristic of land use changes in the area. Poverty has constituted a dominant factor for continued existence of slum conditions due to paucity of employment opportunities. The study further discovered diverse manifestations of slums within a locality attributed to factors such as strong family linkages, structure of property ownership and high level of economic dependency. Economic empowerment through aids and supports for Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs), development of market network strategy for Akure and development of a comprehensive land use plan that would ensure sustainable growth of the city core area are canvassed.

Vacationing from Facebook: Adoption, Temporary Discontinuance, and Readoption of an Innovation

Individuals discontinue use of a technological innovation in two situations: when a superior innovation outmodes an inferior one (replacement discontinuance) and when the performance of an innovation is no longer perceived as satisfactory (disenchantment discontinuance). In both situations, diffusion of innovations (DOI) theory implicitly assumes the rejection of the innovation is permanent. However, a new behavioral phenomena surrounding Facebook—the so-called “Facebook vacation”—suggests some innovations are only temporarily discontinued. Using nationally representative survey data, this study explores demographic and motivational factors that contribute to “temporary discontinuance” and readoption of Facebook. Results show, counter to DOI's predictions, that respondent socioeconomic status and geographical location explain little variation in temporary Facebook discontinuance behavior. Additionally, a majority of Facebook users report temporarily leaving because the Web site is a burden on personal time and cognitive and social resources—motivations not readily explained by DOI theory.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN SOCIAL LABORATORY IN IGBO-ORA, OYO STATE, NIGERIA

This study examined the socioeconomic indicator of households in Igbo-Ora community of Oyo State. Two hundred households were randomly selected and used for this study. A quantitative survey was conducted with the use of interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to summarize and analyze data collected. Results of analysis revealed that 37.5% and 32.0% were between the ages of 22-32 years and 33-43 years respectively. Majority were males (95.5%), married (92.0%), Muslims (68.0%), and secondary school leavers (43.0%). Eighty-two percent of the respondents had household size of 1-5 persons with 92.0% females and 84.5% of males. Most (45.0%) of respondents were artisans, who diversified into farming. Respondents (45.0%) earn between N451,000 - N901,000 annually from their various income generating activities. About sixty percent had low socioeconomic status. There was no significant relationship between sex ( χ 2 =0.036, p=0.668), marital status ( χ 2 =2.033, p=0.566), religion ( χ 2 =4.325, p=0.115); and socioeconomic status of respondents in Igbo-Ora community. However, significant relationship existed between occupation ( χ 2 =13.383, p=0.031), educational attainment ( χ 2 =3.723, p=0.054); and socioeconomic status in the community. The socioeconomic status of respondents in Igbo-Ora was low. It is recommended that they should be sensitized on financial management and investment, given that their socioeconomic status was not commensurate with their income. Keywords: Socioeconomic indicator, socioeconomic status and households

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of Tuberculosis (TB) Patients in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Background: Efforts to combat tuberculosis in Nigeria focus on evaluation of strategies for treatment and prevention, with little attention paid to the impact of the burden of illness and its therapy on the HRQoL of TB patients. This study evaluated the quality of life (QoL) of TB patients in relation to their financial, psychological and social well-being. Method: In 2011, following an active case finding for TB in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria, a structured questionnaire for evaluating HRQoL was distributed to TB patients who had been on treatment in four DOTs centres of the state for at least three months. The questions were to elicit responses that conveyed the respondents’ perspective of the disease. One hundred and eight TB patients (54 males and 54 females) aged 15 - 80 years were studied. Results: Negative emotions including fear, frustration and worry characterized the reactions of all subjects following news of their diagnosis with TB. However, following treatment, 62% of subjects expressed high expectation of being cured. Inability to continue functioning in their roles at home or as heads of households was recorded in 48.1% (52/108) and 59% (23/39) of respondents respectively and contributed to the negative emotions expressed above. Lack of basic supplies such as food and finances to meet personal and family needs constituted the most important socio-economic challenges. Socio-economic status of respondents revealed that 61% had no regular means of income with at least 94% earning less than $50 (8000 naira) a month. Subsistent farmers and petty traders constituted more than 66% of the respondents: 98% obtained less than or equivalent of high school education. Socially, all health workers and 87% of family members were sympathetic and supportive compared to friends, with 42% exhibiting stigmatization. The most frequent forms of support from family members were financial (25%) and provision of food (37%). Up to 28% were regularly prompted by family to take their medication. Conclusion: In the midst of obvious socio-economic challenges confronting TB patients in this study, the initial negative emotions declined following the supportive roles of mainly health care workers and family members. Patients were optimistic of achieving cure at the end of the treatment.

Percepção e atitudes de proprietários quanto a vacinação de cães na região sul do estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil

Dogs are dependent on their owners to determine their general care, health and welfare, including the holding of vaccines against infectious diseases. This study was performed to gather more information on immunization practices performed in dogs by surveying owners of the southern of Espirito Santo State, totalizing 344 interviews. Statistical analysis of frequency and correlation were performed. The survey consisted of questions regarding the implementation of vaccination in dogs and aware of vaccine protocols by the owners, and also collect data about the cost of performing vaccines, the coverage of public campaigns of rabies vaccination and socioeconomic status of respondents. It was concluded that public campaign of rabies vaccination is satisfactory, as the most respondents was aware and performed that vaccines annually, independent of schooling level. Nevertheless, polyvalent vaccination is performed by less than a half of studied population, and owners were more aware about vaccination protocol in puppies than in adult dogs. Vaccination is still performed, in part, by non-specialist. The awareness of owners regarding correct protocols and application of vaccines by veterinarians should be performed to guarantee the properly vaccination practices and ensure the protection of dogs against infectious diseases.