Socioeconomic Restrictions Research Articles

Conflicts and Restrictions: Flora Nwapa's Visionary Exposé of Women's Struggles in Nigerian Marital Contexts

This paper investigates acclaimed Nigerian Author Flora Nwapa's nuanced literary portrayals of the challenges Nigerian women face within marital roles and relationships. Through textual analysis of characters and events across Nwapa's novels, short stories and folklore centered on women's experiences, the study illuminates critical perspectives on issues of patriarchy, lack of autonomy, rigid gender roles, and socioeconomic restrictions undermining women’s agency and fulfillment. Core themes highlighted in Nwapa's subtle social commentary include anguish over infertility, hardships from prolonged spousal absence, emotional tolls of polygamy, lack of personal choice in partners, limited educational and career opportunities, economic dependence, and domestic violence. Her visionary work gives voice to Nigerian women’s aspirations while exposing oppressive structures. Findings substantiate how Nwapa’s rich depictions of women navigating complex marital terrain reveal an array of postcolonial and patriarchal impediments to female empowerment. Her literary portrayal of restrictions, conflicts and oppression compels critical examination of norms inhibiting women’s advancement. By confronting gender-based inequities and envisioning transformative possibilities, Nwapa leads African women writers in catalyzing legal and sociocultural reforms to promote women’s full flourishing.

A complete year of urology residency training under COVID-19: impact on education and health.

To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemics on clinical and surgical practice, educational activities, health and lifestyle behavior of Brazilian urology residents after 1 year of socio-economic restrictions. An electronic survey was e-mailed to all postgraduate (PG) students registered by the Brazilian Society of Urology. The survey inclu-ded an assessment of socio-demographic, clinical practice, educational, health-related and behavior parameters. We also evaluated which subareas of urology were predominantly affected. A similar survey was adapted and sent to the directors of all urology residency programs. COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the clinical, surgical, and educational activities of urology residents in Brazil. Urology residents reported >50% decrease in multiple surgical modalities. We highlight kidney transplantation surgeries (66.2%), minor surgeries (62.3%), endoscopic surgeries (42.6%) and reconstructive surgeries (38.8%). This could represent a critical skills gap that residents may face beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, PG students faced stressful situations that caused worsening of mental and physical health, such as getting redirected to assistance of COVID-19 patients (66.9%), and high rate of infection by SARS-CoV-2 (58.2%). The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the clinical, surgical, and educational activities of urology residents in Brazil. This could represent a critical skills gap that residents may face beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. PG students faced stressful situations that caused worsening of mental and physical health such as redirection to assistance of COVID-19 patients, concern about their own contamination and of family members.

The role of water transport in the development and development of economic entities in the regions of Russia

The article examines the role of water transport in the development of various economic entities in Russian regions. Due to the fact that Russia has vast territories with a huge number of rivers, lakes, seas and a long coastline, water transport plays a vital role in almost all spheres of society without exception. Therefore, the article also examines the main aspects of the relationship between the development of water transport and the regional economy, including increasing accessibility for businesses and residents, facilitating the transport of goods and increasing their volumes, as well as creating jobs and stimulating various types of investment. The article also pays attention to the role of water transport in the development of hard-to-reach and remote areas, where it is a key factor in overcoming geographical and socio-economic restrictions. Thus, the article examines various types of challenges and problems associated with the development of water transport in various economic entities. The main goal of the article is to expand understanding of the role of water transport in the development of Russian regions, as well as to draw attention to the importance of balanced infrastructural development for economic and social progress.

Spatial segregation of families with migrant background in the high-status City of Munich: How strong is the effect of socio-economic status?

Ethnic residential segregation can result from preferential choices or from market forces. Depending on whether it evolved voluntarily or forcibly, segregation can have differential effects on immigrant integration. Using the example of Munich as a major German city, we examine the unequal spatial distribution of migrants and non-migrants. Following an approach proposed by Frank Kalter we calculate indices of residential segregation, which are adjusted for differences in socio-economic status. Results show that almost 14 percent of the residential segregation of immigrants can be attributed to socio-economic restrictions. This finding suggests that factors related to immigration and, possibly, also ethnic boundaries are determinants of the unequal spatial distribution also in high-status cities such as Munich.

Global experience of economy building in the post-war period

In the context of prolonged confrontation with russian aggression, the economy of Ukraine suffers from the destructive impact of war. It operates with numerous economic and socio-economic restrictions, which negatively affect the country's further development. It is noted that the vector of strategic post-war recovery should be multi-directional, incorporating the experience of European countries in post-World War II reconstruction and contemporary history, as well as the experience of Asian countries and other nations, such as Israel. Each case is unique, and its success depends on many conditions and prerequisites. This article examines the global experience of individual countries representing different regions, different periods of challenges, other conditions, and strategic orientations. Special attention is given to the experience of Balkan countries, particularly Bosnia and Herzegovina. The states, reform directions, sources of financing, and consequences of implementing various plans are analyzed. The possibilities of adapting them to the domestic experience are determined. Based on the generalization of global experience, the main strategic directions of post-war reconstruction are identified: institutional transformations through structural reforms, monitoring of fund utilization, and security measures. It is determined that Ukraine needs to develop its concept of structural economic transformation in line with current conditions and create comfortable living conditions for Ukrainian citizens, relying on international financial assistance. The banking sector must also undergo institutional changes and develop a program for working with problem assets. When developing post-war development programs, it is worth focusing on attracting new external investors, international aid and grants, and structural transformation with a focus on sectors with high added value, thereby foreseeing the transition from a raw material development model to a productive, innovative, energy-independent Ukraine. Keywords: international financial assistance, economy, stabilization programs, grants, banks, restructuring, infrastructure, loans, countries, assets.

Entrepreneurial Literacy of Peasant Families during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case in Indonesia

Our research examines peasant families’ entrepreneurial literacy and entrepreneurial behavior. The study was conducted in rural areas of North Morowali. This location is one of the agricultural bases in the Central Sulawesi Province (Indonesia). We employ a qualitative approach with a case study. The data were gathered through observation and in-depth interviews with six peasants. The key respondents were chosen through judgment sampling. The key respondents comprised two lowland rice peasants, two cocoa peasants, and two oil palm peasants. Despite the socio-economic restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, peasant families continue to engage in agricultural entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial literacy is obtained from interaction with the internal and external environment before the COVID-19 pandemic. The entrepreneurial literacy of peasant families denotes the knowledge and understanding of cultivation systems, quality seeds and seedlings, plant pests and diseases, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural technology, post-harvest management, and market access. The low impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in rural areas is also due to its low population density compared to urban areas and limited mobility of peasants, thereby minimizing social contact, and the commodity being cultivated is a food commodity. We developed new insights into the peasants’ literacy and entrepreneurial behavior model during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Legal limitations of socio-economic rights: positive and negative experience of Europe

The article shows the review of legislative restrictions in European countries which deal with the limitations of the socio-economic rights of the population. The research aims to analyze the limits of human and civil rights and freedoms in modern conditions and directly related relations based on the study and generalization of the doctrinal heritage of legal science, current European legislation, and practice of its application. The article highlights the critical analysis of scientists' opinions on the formation and limitation of socio-economic rights, makes a general assessment of the legislative regulation of this issue. As a result, the features of legislative protection of human rights in European countries, the place of socio-economic rights in the general human rights, and their importance for the socio-economic development of society are shown. Furthermore, the main principles of legislative regulation and practical restrictions are shown: the supreme source of law, indivisibility, and interrelatedness of rights, the doctrine of the supreme public right over the individual one, the principle of formation of rights and restrictions under the national specifics. All this allowed, as a result, to make a comparative analysis of the positive and negative experience of state regulation of socio-economic rights and summarize the conclusion that ensuring social and economic rights of some people can create prerequisites for the formation of socio-economic restrictions for others. In such situations, the state must perform a controlling function, which will ensure a balance between the rights of some parties and the limits of others.

Protected Areas and Rural Depopulation in Spain: A Multi-Stakeholder Perceptual Study

Protected areas (PAs) are thought by some to contribute to local wellbeing and socioeconomic development, whereas for others PAs remain a regulatory burden that hampers rural development. Here, we sought to ascertain the perceived causes of rural depopulation and the potential impact of four Natura 2000 sites on the wellbeing and depopulation figures of four protected rural municipalities in Spain that were selected as extreme case studies. We used phone surveys to elicit experts’ views (n = 19) on the topic and convened eight in-person workshops to garner local residents’ insights (n = 40) using structured questionnaires. We complemented perceived wellbeing data from PAs with surveys to residents in neighbouring unprotected municipalities (n = 28). Both experts and workshops’ attendees from protected municipalities overwhelmingly attributed depopulation figures to structural causes linked to transport accessibility, basic service provision and the existence of job opportunities, which they perceived to be unrelated to the PAs’ regulations or management. Local residents did generally not perceive any impact on their collective or individual wellbeing from those PAs, and most who did, expressed a negative impact chiefly due to socioeconomic restrictions. Four-fifths of the experts and half of the workshops’ attendees from protected municipalities, however, expressed that PAs’ administrations could help improve depopulation figures in their towns mainly through promoting tourism and greater compatibility of land uses, including housing and infrastructure development. While the assessed Natura 2000 sites certainly have scope for tourism promotion, their lenient legal regimes make it largely unfeasible to broaden land use compatibility without damaging protected features.

Fakery as a process of negotiation: understanding the information assessment and sharing behaviours of the marginalized elderly on social media

ABSTRACT Transcending the binary of misinformation and truth, this study proposes a new theoretical approach to comprehend fakery as a negotiation process encompassing information access, exploration and comparison, and sharing. Grounded in the theory of intersectionality, this approach enables the capturing of dynamics embodied in this process which is shaped by the intersectional forces at the individual, digital, social, and national levels. Through this approach, this study gives voice to the largely underrepresented group of low-income female elder adults in China, mapping their negotiation concerning the definition of fakery in COVID-19 at the interplay between structural constraints and agentic response. On the one hand, the intersections of cognitive declines, gender inequalities, socio-economic restrictions, and information surveillance and control, restrain their understanding of the ongoing situation to a partial landscape. On the other hand, they are engaged in the enactment of contextualized strategies to develop an increasingly critical perspective for news assessment and integrate the social and emotional needs to the decision-making processes of information-sharing.

Satellite indicators of air quality changes over Russia due to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions

The analysis of the dust content (pm10) and NO2 in the atmosphere over Russia for January - May 2020 in comparison with previous years was carried out. Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service data archives are used as a source of information. It was found that the imposition of socio-economic restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected the content of dust and nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere unevenly for different regions of the country. The state of atmospheric dust and NO2 content has improved due to the restrictions imposed in a number of regions of the Far East (apparently, also due to restrictions on the territory of neighboring China) and, to a lesser degree, in the center of the European part of Russia. The information obtained can be used to predict the development of the social and economic situation in the coming years and to plan preventive measures to overcome the economic and social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to develop proposals to overcome negative consequences for the environment, including measures to optimize territorial development, nature protection and consideration of ecosystem functions.

Do Criminality and Socioeconomic Stress Hinder Economic Development of an Emerging Southeast Asian Economy?

The primary objective of this research is to investigate how factors such as criminal activity, social and economic pressures, and economic growth in Thailand interact with one another. In order for the study to be successful, the ARDL methodology was used. In order to conduct its analysis of the data, ARDL IV considered both the near and the far future. The work of a lot of scholars have allowed us to compile this information spanning 37 years, from 1979 to 2015. The findings demonstrated that a significant amount of focus is placed on the roles that crime serves, in particular as a barrier to the progression of economic growth. As a result of economic crime, even more money is lost, and highly skilled people are more inclined to quit their positions, making it an even more problematic situation than the gray market. The previous results imply that there is a positive association between socioeconomic stress and some features that are associated to criminal behavior. The deterrent factors, with the exception of the person's criminal background, all functioned as expected for the other variables. There was evidence to imply that there was an increase in property crime when families were unstable. The dissatisfaction, anger, and stress of the people in Thailand are represented in the socioeconomic elements that prevail in the country, as shown by the association between socioeconomic stress and variables related to crime. People come up with creative solutions to make ends meet when their quality-of-life lowers as a result of the social and economic situations in their environment. The study will help policymakers and practitioners better understand the obstacles faced by socioeconomic restrictions in emerging countries like Thailand
 

Counterfactual time series analysis of short-term change in air pollution following the COVID-19 state of emergency in the United States

Lockdown measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic produced sudden behavioral changes. We implement counterfactual time series analysis based on seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models (SARIMA), to examine the extent of air pollution reduction attained following state-level emergency declarations. We also investigate whether these reductions occurred everywhere in the US, and the local factors (geography, population density, and sources of emission) that drove them. Following state-level emergency declarations, we found evidence of a statistically significant decrease in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in 34 of the 36 states and in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in 16 of the 48 states that were investigated. The lockdown produced a decrease of up to 3.4 µg/m3 in PM2.5 (observed in California) with range (− 2.3, 3.4) and up to 11.6 ppb in NO2 (observed in Nevada) with range (− 0.6, 11.6). The state of emergency was declared at different dates for different states, therefore the period "before" the state of emergency in our analysis ranged from 8 to 10 weeks and the corresponding "after" period ranged from 8 to 6 weeks. These changes in PM2.5 and NO2 represent a substantial fraction of the annual mean National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 12 µg/m3 and 53 ppb, respectively. As expected, we also found evidence that states with a higher percentage of mobile source emissions (obtained from 2014) experienced a greater decline in NO2 levels after the lockdown. Although the socioeconomic restrictions are not sustainable, our results provide a benchmark to estimate the extent of achievable air pollution reductions. Identification of factors contributing to pollutant reduction can help guide state-level policies to sustainably reduce air pollution.

The Impact of Socio-Economic Inertia and Restrictions on Net-Negative Emissions on Cost-Effective Carbon Price Pathways

Many countries have indicated to plan or consider the use of carbon pricing. Model-based scenarios are used to inform policymakers about emissions pathways and cost-effective carbon prices. Many of these scenarios are based on the Hotelling rule, assuming that a carbon price path increasing with the interest rate leads to a cost-effective strategy. We test the robustness of this rule by using experiments with plausible assumptions for learning by doing, inertia in reducing emissions, and restrictions on net-negative emissions. Analytically, we show that if mitigation technologies become cheaper if their capacities are increased, Hotelling does not always apply anymore. Moreover, the initial carbon price is heavily influenced by restrictions on net-negative emissions and the pathway by both restrictions on net-negative emissions and socio-economic inertia. This means that Hotelling pathways are not necessarily optimal: in fact, combining learning by doing and the above restrictions leads to initial carbon prices that are more than twice as high as a Hotelling pathway and thus to much earlier emission reductions. The optimal price path also increases less strongly and may even decline later in the century, leading to higher initial abatement costs but much lower long-term costs.

Relationship among state reopening policies, health outcomes and economic recovery through first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.

State governments in the U.S. have been facing difficult decisions involving tradeoffs between economic and health-related outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite evidence of the effectiveness of government-mandated restrictions mitigating the spread of contagion, these orders are stigmatized due to undesirable economic consequences. This tradeoff resulted in state governments employing mandates at widely different ways. We compare the different policies states implemented during periods of restriction ("lockdown") and reopening with indicators of COVID-19 spread and consumer card spending at each state during the first "wave" of the pandemic in the U.S. between March and August 2020. We find that while some states enacted reopening decisions when the incidence rate of COVID-19 was minimal or sustained in its relative decline, other states relaxed socioeconomic restrictions near their highest incidence and prevalence rates experienced so far. Nevertheless, all states experienced similar trends in consumer card spending recovery, which was strongly correlated with reopening policies following the lockdowns and relatively independent from COVID-19 incidence rates at the time. Our findings suggest that consumer card spending patterns can be attributed to government mandates rather than COVID-19 incidence in the states. We estimate the recovery in states that reopened in late April was more than the recovery in states that did not reopen in the same period- 15% for consumer card spending and 18% for spending by high income households. This result highlights the important role of state policies in minimizing health impacts while promoting economic recovery and helps planning effective interventions in subsequent waves and immunization efforts.

DIGITAL INEQUALITY AS A PREREQUISITE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION OF SOCIETY

Abstract. The aim of the article is to study the current state of digital inequality, factors of influence and trends in its transformation as a component of socio-economic differentiation of the population in the world and in Ukraine in order to to make optimal management decisions. The theoretical significance of the article is that it was generalized and systematized a prerequisite of socio-economic inequality — digitalization. Socio-economic factors of digital inequality are highlighted. The contradictory nature of digital wealth is shown. The interrelation between economic growth and key indicators of digital inequality is revealed. Based on statistical indicators, the problems of digital inequality and the degree of its relevance for Ukraine are highlighted. In the article digital inequality is seen as a dynamic threat that simultaneously extends to all spheres of society, broad sections of the population and has quantitative and qualitative characteristics. It is proved that the processes of digitalization, on which serious hopes were placed, do not lead to the equalization of economic potential and social structure, but are able to intensify the level of digital inequality. There are various direct and inverse interactions between digital inequality and the level of the socio-economic development in society. Not only the spread of information and communication technologies and socio-economic restrictions on access to them affect the economy and the labor market. In turn, the level of information and digital inequality affects all spheres of society and economic development of the country. The results of the study reveal the relationship between economic growth, key indicators and factors of digital inequality, allow for constant monitoring of the level of digital differentiation of Ukrainian society in order to identify and eliminate bottlenecks at different levels of governance. Keywords: information society, information, digital inequality, digital divide, digital inequality factors, information poverty, information wealth. JEL Classification A12, I31 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 21.

Challenges and opportunities for the global cultivation and adaption of legumes

There are many challenges facing the cultivation of legumes that lead to lowering productivity, making it unattractive for cultivation in different areas worldwide. Which include genetic, socio-economic restrictions, in addition to institutional constraints, environmental conditions, besides the technological restrictions. Genetic constraints, affect the production and breeding of leguminous crops due to difficulties of crossbreeding cultivated and wild species. Climate change conditions represent another factor pressure legumes production that requires the urgent achievement of agronomic and genetic practice. Legumes need more attention in the near future to improving productivity and provide the required food needs for the population around the world. There are various ways include policy initiatives to promote food security. Produce legume varieties adapted to changing climatic conditions of heat and drought considered essential factors to legume production worldwide. Furthermore, developing the production and availability of legumes through using proper agricultural strategies to increase annual cultivation whether by horizontal expansion through increasing cultivated area and reclamation of desert lands or by Vertical expansion and intensifying cultivation as well as intercropping legumes with other crops and introducing legumes into the agricultural rotation, reducing postharvest losses, in addition to using technology. On another side, including pulses into the agricultural system as part of the crop system, provide many direct and indirect benefits in agriculture, health, feed, also, contributes to reducing the negative impacts of climate change, protecting the environment, and sustain legumes productivity

Middle-Class, Cosmopolitans and Precariat among Millennials between Automobility and Multimodality

This paper refers to the concept of social milieus – which classifies societies according to socio-economic and socio-cultural criteria – and applies it to the everyday mobilities of young Millennials. Starting from three contrasting young social milieus from different social classes – cosmopolitans, middle-class and precariat – differences in material mode options and psychological evaluations of transport modes were investigated, which can be understood as (individual and collective) preconditions for participation in certain hegemonic or alternative transport regimes. For this purpose, quantitative data from Germany from the early 2010s of 852 young people aged 17 to 24 were used. As a result, this study contrasts the often-proclaimed linear regime shift towards multimodality, which would treat Millennials as a supposed collective driving force. The data reveal milieu-specific deviations from the predominant transition narrative as follows: First, young cosmopolitans seem to be the only group to share the historically momentous radical emotional distance from private automobility, which is reflected in ‘green’ multimodal behaviours. In contrast, the young middle-class shows signs of (conservatively) reproducing car-oriented behaviours. Finally, the young precariat faces socio-economic restrictions and tends to be outside the dualistic categorisation of automobility/multimodality. In conclusion, we see the concept of social milieus as an important thought-provoking impetus for a necessary change of perspective in international transport and mobility research to make the problem of social division in transportation more visible. If the direction towards multimodality aligns with the normative compass for a socio-ecological transformation, (transport) policies must provide even stronger support to milieu-specific framework conditions.

Dynamic modeling of the impact of socio-economic restrictions and behavior on COVID-19 outbreak

The COVID-19 pandemic had an enormous social and economic impact on societies in 2020. The epidemiological situation is evolving on a daily basis, and the methodology of how to evaluate the impact of the pandemic and the severity of its consequences is lacking. The only available high-frequency data now are the number of people who have contracted the illness, and the restrictive measures that authorities have implemented to contain the outbreak. The most important question now is whether authorities can prevent subsequent waves. The contribution of the paper is a dynamic model of COVID-19 outbreaks, on the basis of which we investigated the possible impact of the socio-economic behavior and restrictions on its waves. To build the model, a large database for different countries with a wide range of economic and social institutions was collected. We give a detailed description of the model and a comparison of the results with trajectories of the outbreaks in the countries under consideration. The proposed model describes the empirical results and can be used for timely and contemporary predictions of the stages of pandemics. Despite this, the model needs future development and verification because the pandemic is not over, and the accumulation of empirical information continues. Yet the model might also be useful as a basis for researching the impacts of other socio-economic and medical actions for containing pandemics.

COVID-19 Pandemic Stress-Induced Somatization in Transplant Waiting List Patients.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in widespread socioeconomic restrictions including quarantine, social distancing and self-isolation. This is the first study investigating the psychological impact of the pandemic on patients waiting for liver or kidney transplantation, a particularly vulnerable group.Methods: Twenty-seven patients on the transplantation waiting list and 43 healthy controls took part in an online survey including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-2), the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT-C), the 12-item Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis Structure Questionnaire (OPD-SQS) and a questionnaire to determine cognitions and beliefs, attitude and fear related to COVID-19.Results: BSI-18 Somatization was increased in waiting list patients compared to controls. Correlation analyses indicated a relationship between Somatization and the fear of contracting the coronavirus in the patient group; however this association was weak. In patients and controls, other psychologicial symptoms (depression, anxiety) correlated highly with emotional distress due to social distancing. There were no differences between patients and controls in depression scores and sleep disturbances. Alcohol consumption and personality structure were not related to COVID-19 fears.Conclusion: In times of the first lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients on the transplantation waiting list have high somatization symptoms associated with COVID-19 fears. As vulnerable group, they need psychological counseling to improve mental well-being during times of crisis.

Gendered Dimensions of Trade: Evidence from Arunachal Pradesh, India

International trade has traditionally played an essential role in driving women-centric economic empowerment. Women’s participation as owners or managers has remained consistently low over the years. In India's case, a previous study conducted by UNDP revealed that women entrepreneurs preferred engaging in informal cross-border business as it was less risky with no tax burdens and their discomfort in dealing with male customs officials (UNDP, 2016). One of the critical limitations of active business engagement is socio-economic and cultural restriction, especially at the grassroots level. The case in Arunachal Pradesh is no different, as the concept of entrepreneurship of women in this field is a relatively recent phenomenon. In Arunachal Pradesh, the market is mainly controlled by women, yet women's participation in small and medium enterprises is less in number. In this context, the current paper discusses the nature of women entrepreneurs’ role in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and cross-border trade. It unveils the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Arunachal Pradesh and along with industrial and policy-related bottlenecks. The discussion is based on the primary data collected from the women-led/managed/owned MSMEs to study the gender dimensions of trade in Arunachal Pradesh. The findings of the study are that women entrepreneurship primarily gravitates around smaller-sized firms, with most women-led enterprises accounting for micro-enterprises in the formal sector. Like elsewhere in Arunachal Pradesh too, there remain socio-economic and cultural restrictions, especially at the grassroots level. Women lag in terms of awareness about import and export, technology, and dedicated bank accounts.
 Submitted: 16 October 2020; Revised: 18 March 2021; Accepted: 08 April 2021