Socio-economic Phenomena Research Articles

Legal Principles of Customs Declaration of Goods in the Course of Foreign Economic Activity

Objective: The research is devoted to the nature and peculiarities of the legal principles of customs declaration of goods in the course of foreign economic activity, taking into account the provisions of customs legislation and scientific research on this issues. Theoretical Framework: This study examines the legal principles underpinning customs declaration as a procedural element of customs law and a socio-economic phenomenon. It integrates principles of legality, efficiency, and transparency, exploring their application in customs regimes and alignment with international standards such as the SAFE Framework of Standards and the Kyoto Convention. Method: The article uses a combination of general and special methods of cognition, in particular, methods of analysis, synthesis, dialectical, formal legal and logical-semantic methods, to achieve its goal and solve its tasks. Results and Discussion: The authors of the article have revealed the essence of customs declaration in the structure of customs business and carry out a comprehensive study of its interrelation with other customs procedures. The characteristic features of the principles of various customs procedures have been highlighted. The essence and peculiarities of implementation of certain principles of customs activities and customs declaration have been analyzed. The directions of formation and implementation of international standards in the customs sphere, taking into account the legal basis of customs declaration and customs in general have been proposed. Contributions: Since customs declaration is a component of customs procedures, it has been proposed to extend a significant part of the principles of regulation of procedures to customs declaration, taking into account its specificity outlined in the proposed definition. It has been indicated that the current customs legislation does not contain a structured approach to the comprehensive reflection of the principles of declaration through its integration into the general process of customs procedures. The existing approaches to differentiation of the principles of customs and its procedures have been supported. The significance of the study for improving the legal regulation of customs declaration and promoting the efficiency of the customs system has been emphasized.

ФІНАНСОВІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ЯК ВАЖЛИВА ДОМІНАНТА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

Introduction. In the context of the latest transformational challenges, the problem of ensuring inclusive development of territorial communities is becoming increasingly relevant, and it is advisable to develop innovative approaches to the use of financial instruments in managing socio-economic development at the local level. The purpose of the article is to develop the conceptual framework for the use of financial instruments by public authorities as a means of management to ensure the inclusive development of territorial communities. Methods. The methodology of the study is based on the use of dialectical and process approaches, methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis - when considering the content and specification of the essence of the concept of “inclusive development of territorial communities” and determining the imperative of this type of socio-economic development; structural and functional approach and methods of theoretical generalization, scientific abstraction, systematization, argumentation - to develop a conceptual model of the use of financial instruments as a dominant factor in ensuring inclusive development of territorial communities. Results. Based on the generalization of scientific views and the use of the process approach, the author's own definition of the concept of “inclusive development of territorial communities” is formed. The study of the key aspects of the concepts of inclusive development, barrier-free, integrated and sustainable development, and current global challenges and threats made it possible to outline the imperatives of inclusive development of territorial communities that should be taken into account by public authorities when choosing financial instruments. The use of the structural-functional approach made it possible to consider financial instruments for the inclusive development of territorial communities as a means of managing socio-economic phenomena and processes, which result in the implementation of the principles of financial policy aimed at the inclusive development of territorial communities. The article reveals the dualistic nature of the impact of financial instruments for inclusive development of territorial communities on the object of management from the standpoint of their provisioning, allocative and regulatory effects. Conclusions. Financial instruments are an important dominant of the inclusive development of territorial communities. It is through the dualistic nature of their impact on the object of management, taking into account the imperative of inclusive development, the priorities of the State regional policy and strategies for the development of territorial communities, that the goal of managing socio-economic development at the local level is achieved.

The Impact of the Digital Divide on the Development of Network Markets (Using the Example of the Video Services Market)

Introduction. The problem of the digital divide appeared in the 21st century as a result of the dynamic spread of digital technologies and it very soon became the center of numerous studies and scientific discussions. Today the digital divide is considered to be an urgent socio-economic problem that is widely discussed in the scientific community both in the context of asymmetric access to the social infrastructure (in the context of unequal access to education, healthcare, socially significant information through the use of communication technologies) and in the context of the impact of the digital divide on various significant aspects of a person’s life. The impact of the digital divide is felt in the real and monetary spheres, at the level of individuals and at the level of society, in the markets of goods and services. In this article, we suppose to analyze the impact of the digital divide on the development of network markets (using the example of the video services market).Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study consists of the following research methods: the method of comparative analysis; the method of synthesis; the method of complex analysis of the socio-economic phenomenon; the method of formal logic; the statistical method. Reseach results. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the digital divide affects the development of network markets in several directions: the dynamics of growth through the possibility of access and the content of potential consumers; the speed of the distribution of network externalities through an increase in the number of consumers; the consumption structure and attributes of network goods through product personalization, taking into account the specifics of a particular digital divide.Discussion and conclusions. As a result, the article states the necessity to take into account the factors of the digital divide influence both on a company operating in the video services market and on a country interested in the development of the video services market. Considering these factors will allow them to be used in order to optimize the behavior of players in this market. Among the problems hindering the more dynamic development of the video services market in Russia, in addition to the standard challenges (income level, specifics of the digital divide, price limits), it should be noted the continuing negative experience of illegitimate players’ behavior in the market, representing some sort of an institutional trap.

ANTI-CORRUPTION AUDIT OF COMPANIES AND FORESIGHT ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF THE STATE'S EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ECONOMIC POLICY

The article examines the current problems of spreading corruption in Ukraine. It has been established that corruption is a negative socio-economic phenomenon that restrains the state's economic development, reduces trust in the authorities and complicates the fight against Russia's military aggression. The coming years will be indicative for Ukraine's international partners in the context of assessing the effectiveness of national anti-corruption policy, and the degree of implementation of planned anti-corruption reforms, which will indicate the level of integration of European values into society and Ukraine's readiness to become a full member of the EU. The perception of the main corruption problems by the public and business was analyzed, and it was established that the general attitude of Ukraine towards corruption is shifting towards intolerance of this negative phenomenon. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of detected financial violations by the State Audit Service of Ukraine in the region for 2019-2023, the TOP-3 conditional regions that are prone to violations, including corruption, have been determined. A trend analysis of the volume of financial violations was carried out, which proved the average annual changes in the volume of the number of accrued violations for the years 2019-2023 and allowed us to make a forecast for 2026. The results of the foresight analysis show that the volume of financial violations in 2026 may reach the level of UAH 68,956.5 thousand. Accounting criminal and administrative violations by types of corruption during 2019-2023 were studied. The structural analysis of violations for 2019-2022 shows that the top three corruption methods included: an offer, a promise or the granting of an undue advantage to an official (21,9%); failure to take appropriate measures to combat corruption crimes (15,7%); declaring false information (12,8%). The analysis confirmed the significance of anti-corruption audits of companies and the formation of an anti-corruption independent audit system.

Природоохоронні інституції Вінниччини другої половини 1940-х – початку 1970-х років

The purpose of the article is to consider the issues of nature protection in Vinnytsia region in the second half of the 1940s and early 1970s. It is shown that during this period, the solution to this problem was seen as the identification of certain valuable natural objects, their withdrawal from the sphere of economic use and complete protection. The research methodology is based on the principle of objectivity and historicism, a systematic approach to the study of historical, environmental and socio-economic phenomena in their development and interrelationships. The use of methods of analysis and synthesis, problematic and thematic, descriptive and historical and chronological approaches allowed the research to optimally solve the research objectives. The scientific novelty lies in the systematic use of a comparative analysis of the work of environmental institutions in Ukraine in general and in Vinnytsia region in particular. Conclusions. It has been established that nature protection was not a priority area of state policy in the USSR, but later the first environmental protection measures began to be implemented. In the 1960s, protected areas and nature reserves began to appear in the Vinnytsia region, and programmes were developed to protect water and soil. However, the impact of these measures was limited due to insufficient funding, lack of a systematic approach, and lack of environmental education.

Under-Five Child Poverty and Income Inequality in South Africa: A Multidimensional Perspective at the Lowest Geographic Areas.

Under-five child poverty and income inequality are complex socio-economic phenomena that significantly impact the well-being of children worldwide. While there is a growing body of literature addressing child poverty in South Africa, our understanding of settlement discrepancies and factors influencing multidimensional under-five child poverty and income in the country remains limited. This study assesses under-five-specific multidimensional poverty and the determinates of child poverty and inequality in the lowest geographical areas in South Africa. Alkire-Foster's methodology was applied to construct and estimate the multidimensional poverty index for under-five children across settlement areas. The selected indicators were designed to reflect the unique deprivations and challenges faced by children in this age group. The results showed that there is a significant number of children who are deprived in indicators such as access to ECD (43%), hunger (20%), and education and employment at 69% and 65%, respectively. These are some key variables that require policy interventions to improve the development outcomes of children. The logistic regression results showed that 14 out of the 34 predictors were significant. Inequality was significant and positive at 1%. The findings suggest that more work still needs to be undertaken to improve the living conditions of children, especially in the former homelands, to achieve the goals set in the National Development Plan and Sustainable Development Goals. In the past, non-whites were assigned a homeland according to their ethnicity or a place where national or ethnic identity has formed.

FEATURES OF FAMILY TOURISM

Currently, tourism has developed significantly and has become a mass socio-economic phenomenon of international scale. Its rapid development is facilitated by the expansion of political, economic, scientific and cultural ties between states and peoples of the world. The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems and prospects for the development of family tourism. The introduction reveals the relevance, gives a general description of the methods used and the collection of empirical information. The types, functions and tasks of family tourism are considered and the features of family tourism as a type of tourism are revealed.

AGRICULTURE OF UKRAINE DURING THE WAR: CHALLENGES AND CHANGES

The purpose of the study was to identify the main changes in the agriculture of Ukraine caused by the war and to summarize the main lessons of this war for the agricultural industry. The research period focuses on the time of the full-scale war in Ukraine (2022-2024). At the same time, comparisons were made with the pre-war situation, what in combination with a dialectical approach to the study of socio-economic phenomena and with the methods of induction, deduction and scientific abstraction, synthesis and generalization made it possible to identify the main changes in the agriculture of Ukraine because of the war and as a response of the industry to the challenges, associated with the war. In the course of the research, the task of finding an estimate of the damage caused to the agrarian sector of the economy by the war was also carried out, in terms of their types. It was established that almost all producers of agricultural products suffered from the devastating consequences of the war in Ukraine, but the reaction of different groups of agricultural producers to challenges for agriculture was somewhat different due to the dual nature of Ukrainian agriculture and certain features of its main sectors. Nevertheless, the agro-food sector of the economy of Ukraine in the conditions of the war proved to be the most resistant to its negative impact, compared to other industries, and continues to fulfill its mission of providing the population with food and foreign currency income for the country from export activity.

Socio-Behavioral Changes in Dava Village: The Influence of the Gunung Botak Gold Mine

This study aims to describe the influence of the Gunung Botak gold mine on behavioral changes and identify the factors driving socio-economic shifts within the community of Dava Village, Buru Regency. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, with purposive sampling used to select informants based on predetermined criteria aligned with the research objectives. Data collection was carried out through observations, interviews, and documentation. The data were analyzed through stages of reduction, presentation, verification, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal significant social and economic impacts of the mining activities. Socially, the mine has disrupted social structures, triggering tension and conflict due to shifts in roles and inequitable distribution of mining benefits. These changes have led to polarization, distrust, altered communication patterns, and increased violence and aggression. Economically, many residents have shifted their livelihoods to mining, resulting in higher incomes that influence consumption patterns, lifestyle changes, and the emergence of new social status symbols. Several factors contribute to these socio-economic changes, including economic pressures from the mine, migration and urbanization, environmental impacts, and cultural and value shifts. Collectively, these factors reflect a complex and multidimensional socio-economic phenomenon caused by the presence of the gold mine.

ONTOLOGY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Introduction. The ontology of socio-economic research contributes to a deeper understanding of the foundations of social and economic phenomena, which helps in the development of effective policies and strategies for solving problems at different levels of methodological knowledge. The development of modern science requires a detailed study of the ontological aspects of socio-economic processes for the analysis and forecasting of socio-economic phenomena. Research hypothesis: socio-economic processes can be more effectively analysed and predicted through the development of a formalized ontological system that describes the main concepts, methods and principles of ontological research. Purpose. Systematize the latest knowledge about the basic elements of socio-economic phenomena and develop the concept of the ontology of socio-economic research to improve the interpretation of the relationships between the elements of the knowledge system. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is based on philosophical, sociological and economic concepts. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: historical and logical approaches, systematization, comparative analysis (when studying the genesis of ontological principles), theoretical generalization, abstract-logical (when arguing the research concept), classification, decomposition, modelling (when formation of the conceptual foundations of the ontology of socio-economic research). Results. The conceptual foundations of the ontology of socio-economic research have been formed. It is defined that ontology investigates the nature of being and reality, including various approaches such as traditional, formal, applied and social ontologies. An algorithm of the ontology of socio-economic research has been formed for the purpose of in-depth understanding and practical implication of theoretical knowledge in economic activity, which contribute to a more efficient organization of the research process and help to determine the most adequate methods and approaches for solving specific problems. The main aspects of the ontology of socio-economic research include: conceptual foundations, research methodology, relationships, empirical research, ontological principles. Based on the study of the genesis of principled approaches to socio-economic processes, the ontological principles of socio-economic research are systematized. Originality. The theoretical framework of social ontology, which studies the structure of social reality, and the framework of economic ontology, which focuses on the systematization of economic knowledge and the structuring of the research concept and interpretation of results, are defined. Taking into account the interdisciplinary approach, we improved and specified the interpretation of the term ontology of socio-economic research, by which we understand the philosophical approach of systematic study of the nature and structure of socio-economic phenomena and processes based on the formation of conceptual foundations, methodology and research principles. The modern ontological principles of socio-economic research (structurality, realism, taking into account the context, multi-level analysis, interdisciplinary, impartiality, interaction and mutual influence, dynamism) were formed and meaningfully revealed, the observance of which contributes to the objectivity and accuracy of research, allows taking into account complex and interdisciplinary approaches. Conclusion. The ontology of socio-economic research is aimed at creating a coherent and comprehensible picture of socio-economic reality, which helps researchers better understand and explain complex processes and phenomena, as well as develop effective strategies for their management and improvement. Ontological approaches to socio-economic research provide a structured and systematic approach to the analysis and development of effective policies and strategies, which contributes to a deeper understanding of complex socio-economic phenomena. The development of ontologies of socio-economic research includes the concept, methodology, principles and practical recommendations regarding the research algorithm.

The theoretical concept of economic development at the present stage is the process of smartization and digitalization

The principal trends in economic development at the advent of the 21st century evince substantial alterations occurring as a consequence of the advent of cutting-edge technologies, globalization, and social transformation. These developments contribute to the efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness of economies, while simultaneously creating new opportunities and challenges for business and society. The principal trends in economic development at this juncture are the processes of «smartization» and «digitalization,» which have become indispensable prerequisites for economic advancement across all sectors of production and social activity. The digital transformation entails the integration of digital technologies into all facets of business and social activities. This includes the automation of business processes, the development of e-commerce, and the use of big data. At the same time, the smartization of cities and economies involves the use of intelligent systems to improve the efficiency of urban management, energy, transportation, and other sectors. The development of information technologies and the growth of artificial intelligence create conditions for economic transformation, and the integration of digital technologies into all spheres of life and economy can lead to changes similar to those that occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution. In the long run, the smart economy may change not only the ways of production and consumption, but also social structures and the interaction between humans and machines. However, this raises the need for society to adapt to the rapidly changing technological reality and the importance of developing the skills that will be needed in the future digital world.The article identifies the features of digitalization and smartization as socio-economic phenomena that characterize the current stage of development of the global economy. The article analyzes the conceptual differences between digitalization and smartization as basic concepts of economic development and the current stage of its development and identifies the key characteristics of their implementation.

A Comprehensive Exploration of Hellwig’s Taxonomic Measure of Development and Its Modifications—A Systematic Review of Algorithms and Applications

This paper presents an original and comprehensive investigation into the Taxonomic Measure of Development (TMD), introduced by Hellwig in 1968, enriching both its theoretical foundations and practical applications. It provides an overview of various variants of the Hellwig method, including their extensions and applications, while also exploring recent trends across multiple research domains. Primarily developed as a method for multidimensional analysis, TMD has evolved into a pivotal tool in multi-criteria decision-making. It is widely used for evaluating and ranking alternatives, particularly in the analysis of complex socio-economic phenomena and decision-making scenarios involving multiple criteria. This study systematically reviews the original algorithm and its subsequent extensions and modifications, including adaptations for fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and interval-valued fuzzy sets. Furthermore, it explores an integrated multi-criteria approach based on Hellwig’s method and its practical applications across various domains. This paper introduces an original approach by conducting a detailed, step-by-step analysis of the TMD framework. This process-oriented analysis is a novel contribution that sets this study apart from typical reviews based on statistical or bibliometric data. By examining key steps in the TMD framework—such as data collection, criterion weighting, data normalization, ideal value determination, distance calculation, and normalization factor—this paper highlights the method’s versatility in addressing complex, real-world decision-making problems. Although similar to the widely used Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method in its reliance on distance to evaluate alternatives, Hellwig’s approach is unique in focusing exclusively on proximity to an ideal solution, without considering distance from a negative ideal. This distinctive emphasis has led to numerous adaptations and extensions that address specific issues such as criterion dependencies, uncertainty, and rank reversal. The findings underscore the continued relevance of the Hellwig method, its recent extensions, and its growing international recognition.

북한의 관광 담론 형성에 관한 연구 : 2012~2019년 『경제연구』 학술지를 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to explore how the scholarly discourses on tourism studies emerged and evolved within North Korea by analyzing the main research themes that appeared in a North Korean scholarly journal, “Economic Research”, from 2012 to 2019. A total of 40 scholarly articles containing the terms “tourism,” “hotel,” and “travel agency” in their titles were analyzed, covering the period from Kim Jong-un's inaugural era in 2012 to right before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. Using thematic analysis, the tourism articles published in Economic Research were divided into two main periods: from 2012 to 2016, which focused on a basic understanding and general overviews of the tourism industry, and from 2017 to 2019, when more detailed topics related to tourism management were explored and an increasing number of articles were published. Additionally, new themes such as ecotourism and international tourism market trends emerged during the second period. The diversity of research themes and the inclusion of international case studies suggest that North Korean scholars are actively collecting and analyzing materials and information on current tourism trends. The findings of this study provide insights into how North Korea perceives and accepts tourism as a socioeconomic phenomenon and are expected to contribute to the sustainable development of inter-Korean tourism exchange and cooperation in the future.

Customer-Centricity as a Vector of Trust Economy

At present, quite a lot of research has been conducted in the field of trust economy by both well-known economists and sociologists and political scientists. And everyone emphasizes the importance of this socio-economic phenomenon for improving people’s lives, forming a sustainable society and the economy of countries. The work is devoted to the study of the trust economy as an environment that promotes the growth of economic benefits and the role of the client-centric approach within the framework of the “State for People” concept. The methodological basis of the study were the theoretical provisions of institutional economics, applied research in the field of game theory (using the example of the “prisoner’s dilemma” game) and behavioral economics, as well as practical examples and business solutions. The study considers aspects of the trust economy from the point of view of the importance of forming social capital. Models of various aspects of the trust economy are presented as fragments of the system of socio-economic relations. The model of the internal dynamics of the client-centric approach shows that the implementation of the approach itself and its formal consolidation in corporate activities is important, but not sufficient for forming a trust environment. No less important is the restructuring of mental models of all participants in economic relations. The importance of the information environment and the corresponding feedback between all actors is shown. It is described that information is also an economic good that is subject to formation, exchange and accumulation. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that in the center of economic relations for the formation of economic goods, and in particular, in the relationships “person — state”, “citizen — state” is the person himself as an individual with certain mental models. The definition of the economy of trust as a synthetic added value (environment) to the relationship of economic agents, a citizen and the state, business and the state is proposed. The role and importance of social capital as a system of relationships in the creation and exchange of economic goods is noted. Client-centricity is defined as an information vector that has a specific direction and certain objective and subjective limitations.

Family entrepreneurship: in search of a balance between the interests of the family and the state

The article presents the parameters of family entrepreneurship, characterizing it as a socio-economic phenomenon. The question of the expediency of further differentiation of the legal regime of small and medium-sized enterprises through the legalization of family enterprises and the formation of separate norms regulating their activities is raised. The results of the analysis of the current state of scientific research in the field of public relations are shown. The regularity of the appearance of scientific and educational publications on the legal regulation of family business has been revealed, which allows us to test options for future legal structures and propose approaches to the legal regulation of family entrepreneurship. The role of family entrepreneurship in achieving the national goals of the Russian Federation is defined.

Chinese Law on Resolving Labor Disputes Through Arbitration - Experience for Vietnam

Labor disputes are a socio-economic phenomenon and have become a complex issue for every economy, including Vietnam. Resolving labor disputes is an essential requirement in the labor process. An investigation of Chinese legal provisions on resolving labor disputes through arbitration (which is a legal system relatively similar to Vietnam in terms of origins, history, and culture) serves as a basis for improving Vietnamese law to protect the rights of workers in case of disputes, aiming to develop a good litigation system.

Poverty in Ukraine due to Russian military aggression

The purpose of this study was to establish the real level of poverty in Ukraine and to determine its meaning and factors of its formation in the specific conditions of Russian military aggression in the country and to form a vision of the nearest prospects of its dynamics. The methodology of the conducted research was formed on the basis of a dialectical approach to the study of socioeconomic phenomena in an organic combination with the methods of analysis and synthesis as well as induction and deduction using the method of scientific abstraction and the analytical-descriptive method. The tool for determining the prevalence of poverty and the degree of impoverishment of the population is the poverty line. Two main methods of its definition are used: normative and relative (statistical). It has been established that the war has caused catastrophic damage to the country’s economy and is the main factor in the sharp increase in the poverty level of the population. At the same time, the issue of poverty is not a priority for the population of Ukraine at present. Purely objectively, for a country under the blows of an aggressor who is waging war to destroy it, the poverty rate makes no economic sense; rather, it has political and social significance. The first task is to end the war in an unambiguous version – the absolute victory of Ukraine, which corresponds to the interests of all civilised humanity. The prospects for reducing the level of poverty in Ukraine depend on the duration of the war and the level of destruction of the country’s economy, as well as the quality of development of the country’s economy and its population at a new level. The latter will depend on the degree of inclusiveness of the new economic and political institutions. It is clear that a purely objective condition for the successful operation of the mentioned factors is the economic and political support of Ukraine by partner countries.

Organisation management in the digital economy: graduation according to the degree of using digital technologies

The active introduction of digital technologies by business entities does not only rapidly change their external and internal environments, but also affects the essence of the economy, forming qualitative structural transformations in it, which should be reflected in the terminology. The purposes of the work are to analyse modern approaches to the interpretation of the digital economy; to consider the conceptual and terminological situation in the management of an organisation; to propose a reasonable terminological set of concepts reflecting the gradation of management according to the degree of digital technologies application. The author has conducted the research within the framework of a systematic information and cybernetic scientific approach. Scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, generalisation, comparison, etc., are used. The data is taken from open sources. The author has analysed and summarised approaches to the interpretation of the digital economy, has grouped them and allocated as follows: technocratic, specific, scientific and industrial, industrial and sectoral, information and spatial, evolutionary. The article uses the generic concept “digital economy” and reasonably suggests a set of terms, such as “analog management”, “digitised management”, and “digital management” to differentiate the concept “organisation management” according to the degree of applying digital technologies. The paper shows the expediency of this gradation (including semantic content and terminological continuity), its integrity, completeness, consistency, and compliance with modern scientific knowledge. The author suggests using the introduced set of terms for various socio-economic phenomena, processes, and objects.

CHILD MIGRATION TRENDS IN INDIA: INSIGHTS FROM NATIONAL DATASETS

The child migration in India is a complex socio-economic phenomenon profoundly impacting childrens well-being and development. This paper analyzes trends and vulnerabilities among child migrants using national datasets, focusing on education, health, and socio-economic disparities.The study identifies a significant increase in internal migration, predominantly rural, driven by familial and economic factors. Gender disparities show higher migration rates among boys, influenced by socio-cultural norms and economic incentives. The regional disparities highlight Goa, Kerala, and Maharashtra as key migration hubs, shaped by economic opportunities and cultural dynamics. Despite higher literacy rates, migrant children face challenges like early employment and educational disruptions. Health outcomes vary, with improved nutrition but lower immunization coverage compared to non-migrant peers.Child marriage rates among migrant girls underscore socio-economic inequities. Vulnerability analysis reveals risks among economically disadvantaged and rural migrants, necessitating targeted policy interventions. The policy recommendations stress legal enforcement against child marriage and robust implementation of education and child labor laws. Collaborative efforts involving government, NGOs, and communities are crucial to address the needs of child migrants, especially from marginalized groups.This research paper informs inclusive policies to protect child migrants rights and opportunities, aiming for a more equitable societal framework.

Analysis of Social and Economic Aspects of MSMEs Kepang Geger in The Perspective of Sharia SKB

MSMEs play an important role in reducing unemployment, alleviating poverty, and promoting economic growth. This study aims to assess the socioeconomic conditions of kue kepang business owners in Busela, Dabung, Geger, Bangkalan, Madura, and evaluate the feasibility of the business from a social and economic perspective. This qualitative research used in-depth interviews and observation to collect primary and secondary data directly from the business location. The data were analyzed descriptively to understand the socioeconomic phenomena related to the Kue Kepang business. The findings show that the Kue Kepang business significantly empowers the local community by providing jobs for 10-15 people. The business not only maintains and promotes local cultural heritage but also contributes to regional economic stability. The average monthly income of business owners ranges between IDR 5,587,714 and IDR 5,915,000, depending on whether they rent or own their business premises. However, the business faces risks such as fluctuating raw material prices and competition from similar products that need to be managed for sustainable growth. The study concludes that the Kue Kepang business is viable and beneficial from an economic and social perspective, contributing significantly to local community development and cultural preservation.