Socio-economic Integration Research Articles

L’intégration des Portugais du Luxembourg

AbstractThis research aims to describe the process of integration of Luxembourg’s Portuguese. To achieve this, we first conduct a summary review of the sociological literature about integration. Once the conceptual framework established, we measure and link the two essential aspects of integration: the socio-economic integration and the acculturation. To complete, we confront the Portuguese population resident of Luxembourg to those residing in Portugal in order to highlight the degree of acculturation of Portuguese immigrants and their descendants with the Luxembourg society. This research has required the use of data from the Luxembourg European Values Study (EVS) of 2008 as we measure acculturation from questions about the values of individuals. We prove that compared with their parents, the descendants of Portuguese immigrants, regarding their native social environment, are experiencing upward social mobility associated with the development of an “hybrid” cultural identity, composed of values both of the country of birth of their parents and of Luxembourg.

International Marketing Capacities and Export Performance: An Empirical Study of Indochinese Exporting Enterprises

The tendency towards globalization, regionalization and the wide and deep integration into the world economy leads to the fact that foreign trading activities has a specially important and decisive position in the entire process of socio-economic development and integration into the regional and global economics of the countries. The role played by foreign trade, including export, thus becomes more essential for those developing countries such as the Indochinese ones (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia). In the perspective of the resource-based approach, this article aims to analyze the export performance of Indochinese companies. Our findings indicate positive relationships between four international marketing capabilities and exporters’ performance. We also propose some measures to improve and optimize the export performance of Indochinese exporting companies.

유럽연합의 경제위기 속에서 평생교육정책의 패러다임 전환과 과제 -한국의 평생교육정책 발전 과제에 주는 시사점을 중심으로-

유럽의 통합은 1991년 12월 마스트리히트에서 유럽연합조약을 처음 체결하면서 시작되었다. 근대 민족 국가의 요람이라고 할 수 있는 유럽은 현재 각국들의 사회경제적 통합은 물론 정치적 분야에서도 단일 유럽을 실현해 왔다. 이러한 가운데 유럽연합의 새로운 통합성장동력을 개발하기 위한 평생교육정책은 무엇보다도 사회경제적 환경 변화에 대비 할 수 있는 교육적 대응이 필요하다고 보고 있다. 특히 평생교육분야의 협력과 통합발전에 있어서는 다양성과 상호 조절을 통한 효율성의 조화를 이루어야 하는 중요한 과제를 안고 있다고 본다. 그러나 그들의 노력에도 불구하고 2008년 이후 유럽연합의 몇몇 국가들은 경제 침체로 인하여 국가재정의 위기를 맞이하였으며, 급기야 유럽전체의 재정위기로 까지 영향을 미치고 있다. 이와 같은 위기는 현재 유럽연합의 사회경제적 통합을 흔들고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유럽연합의 사회경제적 통합을 위한 평생교육 체제구축 및 정책 추진 현황을 살펴보고, 유럽연합에 속한 국가들 간의 성인평생교육 참여율이 1인당 국민소득과 어떠한 관련성이 있는지 분석하고자 하였다. 그리고 유럽연합의 경제위기 속에서 회원국 간의 사회경제적 통합이 지속 가능할 수 있을지를 통합적 평생교육체제의 문제점을 중심으로 알아보았다. 또한 이를 통하여 우리나라 평생교육의 새로운 패러다임 전환과 정책 수립 및 발전 방향 제시에 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. Integration of Europe was started when European Union Treaty was concluded at Maastricht for the first time on December, 1991. Europe which may be called as a cradle of modern national state has realized a single Europe not only in the socio-economic integration field but also in the political field. Under this background, it is considered that life-long education policy for developing a new integrated growth engine of EU requires educational response that may get ready for socio-economic environmental transformation more than anything else. In particular, this policy is faced with an important task of having to achieve harmony of efficiency through diversity and mutual coordination in pursuing cooperation and integrated development of life-long education field. However, notwithstanding their efforts, since 2008, some countries of EU were faced with economic crisis due to economic recession and this situation starts to drive the whole Europe even to the point of their financial crisis at last. This crisis is currently shaking socio-economic integration of EU. This study intends to observe a status of establishing life-long education system and promoting a policy for socio-economic integration of EU and to analyze as to what kind of relevance adult participation rate of life-long learning among the countries belonged to EU has with per capita income and to explore as whether socio-economic integration among member countries could be sustained based on problems of integrative life-long education system under the economic crisis of EU. In addition, through this study, an implication required for presenting a new paradigm conversion, policy establishment and development direction for the life-long education of our country is intended to be deduced.

Socio-Economic Effects of Foreign Workers on the Host Labour Market: The Malaysian Perspective

Managing the inflows of foreign workers, and the ability of the domestic labour market to integrate them, is now at the heart of the policy debate in Malaysia. It is therefore relevant to assess the socio-economic interactive effects of foreign workers with the domestic job market to provide a better understanding of their assumed influence specifically on the Malaysian manufacturing sector. This paper has a two-pronged objective. First, it estimates the impact of foreign workers on wage inequality. Second, it complements the economic discussion with social ills related to foreign workers. The results suggest that a higher presence of unskilled foreign workers raises wage inequality through plausible wage suppression of the unskilled segments. From the social perspective, the problems related to foreign workers stem from the unfair treatment in terms of poor terms and working conditions accorded to unskilled foreign workers. The paper contends that appropriate socio-economic integration and positive interactions of unskilled foreign workers with the domestic labour market could be acquired through the recognition and deployment of basic human rights.

Examining spatial patterns in affordable housing: the case of California density bonus implementation

California State Density Bonus Law §65915–18 financially incentivizes housing developers to produce affordable housing by granting density bonuses to those who designate a percentage of the total units for residence by low or moderate income households. By incorporating affordable housing units alongside market-rate units, state density bonus law fosters opportunities to enhance neighborhood level socio-economic diversity. This paper investigates the effectiveness of density bonus policy at promoting socio-economic diversity within the City of San Diego by examining locational patterns of density bonus implementation and neighborhood demographic characteristics. This study utilizes spatial and non-spatial statistical analyses to identify trends and correlations in density bonus usage, housing stock, and racial and economic characteristics. The results indicate that density bonus usage in San Diego has not fostered socio-economic integration; rather its usage is clustered in neighborhoods characterized by high concentrations of Hispanics, Blacks, and multi-family housing units. The findings underscore the need to refine supply-side affordable housing tools so that they are effective in a range of land markets, and not only in the traditionally lower value land markets where minority households tend to reside.

Self-Employment as an Indicator of Segmented Assimilation among Six Ethnic Minority Groups

Investigations of socioeconomic assimilation among immigrant and ethnic minority groups are often limited to analyses of labor market outcomes only. This study investigates the relationship between self-employment, as one overlooked indicator of socioeconomic integration, and segmented assimilation. Using 1980, 1990, and 2000 census data this research examines how length of residence in the US and nativity affect ethnic minority group differences in: 1) self-employment trends as a percentage of all men and women; 2) changes in these percentages from 1980 to 2000; and, 3) the odds of being self-employed compared with US-born non-Hispanic Whites. Drawing from segmented assimilation theory, findings demonstrate a mainstream assimilation trajectory as measured by self-employment participation for most ethnic minority groups, although there is some evidence that Filipino men may follow a downward assimilation trajectory. The delayed assimilation hypothesis associated with the “ethnic entrepreneurship” paradigm is not supported. Findings also reveal differences in self-employment participation by gender; however, women’s segmented assimilation trajectories are not markedly different from that of men with one exception: foreign-born Filipinas demonstrate mainstream assimilation. Evidence presented in this study encourages the use of self-employment as one aspect of socioeconomic assimilation.

Aktualność myśli i doświadczeń Anieli Godeckiej w świetle współczesnych dylematów ekonomii społecznej

Aniela Godecka was a co-founder of non-habit Congregation of Little Sisters of Mary Immaculate an active initiator of actions connected with social economy amongst the contemporary factory population. For Aniela Godecka in the sphere of the social economy above all a penetrating analysis and a correct identification of needs of social, professional and economic women were a base of her effective news. Growing disproportions and divisions of the society and the reaction to exclude larger groups from the mainstream of the social life became the base of distinguishing principal areas of Godecka’s activity: service delivery for the society, educational activity, social welfare and health care. Socio-economic transformations taking place throughout the centuries have had a significant impact on the perception of femininity and shaping social mentality. It can therefore pose the question: Whether and to what extent the potential of historical experience Godecka can be used by women 21st century? Godecka’s activity can constitute the inspiration for women living in the 21st century. Aniela Godecka’ experience constitutes the incentive for contemporary women to take part in socio-economic integration, to propagate behaviours and enterprising attitudes and the behaviours in accordance with accepted system of values.

Interethnic Marriages and Their Economic Effects

Immigrants who marry outside of their ethnicity tend to have better economic outcomes than those who marry within ethnicity. It is difficult, however, to interpret this relationship because individuals with stronger preferences for ethnic endogamy are likely to differ in unobserved ways from those with weaker preferences. To clarify some of the complex issues surrounding interethnic marriage and assimilation, this chapter starts by considering the determinants of intermarriage, proceeds with an examination of the economic consequences of intermarriage, and ends with a discussion of the links between intermarriage, ethnic identification, and measurement of long-term socioeconomic integration.

Nice CV! You Will Hear From Us: Canadian Labor Market and the Phenomenology of the Marginalized Ethnic Professional Migrant

Abstract: Problem statement: In the last several decades, the quest for human capital has meant that Canada's consideration of potential migrants hinged largely on the needs of its labor market. Applying the human capital theory espoused by Schultz (1961) Canada, like other industrialized countries shows interests only in those migrants who it strongly believes will make exemplary contributions to the economy. Approach: Whereas migrants of European descent have run the gauntlet of Canadian labor market integration, Visible Minorities especially have experienced and share narratives of unprecedented devaluation of their education, training, skills and lived experience. At the pre-migration stage, most of these migrants were highly qualified professionals in various fields. At the post-migration phase they are cleaners, cab drivers, nurse's aide, telemarketers and despondent citizens. Results: This study evaluated international lived experiences of some ethnic migrant professionals to Canada; provided a comparative analysis of the migrant professionals and resident or non-migrant types. It examined systemic barriers to full integration, including the intersectionality of race, ethnicity and gender in the integration or exclusion of migrants from the labor market and participation in the economy. Conclusion: It proffered research-based policy approaches to full integration of migrants into the labor market, economy and citizenship participation.Key words: Immigration, ethnic/visible minority, race, gender, employment, exclusion, integrationINTRODUCTIONWith the globalization of enterprise, such industrialized economies as Canada have increasingly and diligently sought out and admitted a large number of points-tested professionals and skilled migrant workers from across the globe. To this extent, 59.6 percent of new immigrants to Canada in 2004 have arrived with the status of economic migrants (NSO, 1995). Canada's visible minority population includes the following groups: Chinese, South [Asian East Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan]; Black-including Africans, Filipino, Latin American; Southeast Asian [Cambodian, Indonesian, Laotian, Vietnamese]; Arab, West Asian [Afghan, Iranian]; Japanese, Korean and Pacific Islander (NSO, 1995). Inasmuch as Canada has delighted from the importation of this human capital, its purveyors on landing have remained on the margins of socioeconomic integration.(Li, 2001; Krahn et al., 2000) all speak to the Canadian government's decades-long practice of applying the human capital theory (Schultz, 1961) to enlist the immigration of a large pool of highly skilled immigrants to Canada. With the opening up of immigrations in recent years to previously undesirables, (Frost, 2005) most of these imports are increasingly ethnic minorities, who ostensibly are for the purposes of promoting growth and competitiveness of the Canadian economic system. MacBride-King and Benimadhu (2004) estimate that about 73 percent of internationally educated professionals in Canada, are ethnic or visible minorities, a lot of whom face labor market exclusion. Highlighted the interview by the New York Times with Joe Volpe, Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration. The minister confirmed the existence of an esoteric network of professional bodies and licensing organizations, whose activities figuratively hold the integration into the labor market of highly qualified and skilled immigrants at a full nelson.Girard and Bauder (2005) argue that most immigrant professionals upon landing in Canada immediately find that gaining admission into the corresponding professional field was contingent on legal eligibility for employment in professions that are highly regulated. Worse still, they realize that their credentials, skills, training and employment experience must be evaluated by licensing professional bodies, which always, as if by default, deem the international credentials and work experience of immigrant professionals inadequate, unacceptable, or even inferior to those of their Canadian counterparts (Goldberg, 2000). …

The Complexity of Immigrant Generations: Implications for Assessing the Socioeconomic Integration of Hispanics and Asians

Because of data limitations, virtually all studies of the later-generation descendants of immigrants rely on subjective measures of ethnic self-identification rather than arguably more objective measures based on the countries of birth of the respondent and his ancestors. In this context, biases can arise from “ethnic attrition” (e.g., U.S.-born individuals who do not self-identify as Hispanic despite having ancestors who were immigrants from a Spanish-speaking country). Analyzing 2003-2013 data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), this study shows that such ethnic attrition is sizeable and selective for the second- and third-generation populations of key Hispanic and Asian national origin groups. In addition, the results indicate that ethnic attrition generates measurement biases that vary across groups in direction as well as magnitude, and that correcting for these biases is likely to raise the socioeconomic standing of the U.S.-born descendants of most Hispanic immigrants relative to their Asian counterparts.

Gendering Cross-Border Networks in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Drawing Invisible Routes to Thailand

This article discusses human traffi cking within the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) in relation to the strengthened inter-state economic and infrastructural co-operation and connectivity, taking the life history of sex workers in Thailand into account. Over the last decades, Thailand became known as a hub of entertainment sectors. Traffi ckers often use socio-economic integration in the GMS to their advantage. A large number of traffi cked women ends up in the Thai entertainment industry doing sex work in confi ned conditions similar to slavery. Poor women are often lured by false promises of well-paid jobs abroad and pay exorbitant fees to agents for such an opportunity. Intermediaries introduce family members to agents who promise to make arrangements for the relevant documentation and transportation across borders. Traffi ckers use their own marked routes to transport their prey which are more invisible than generally could be imagined.

Improving Planting Stocks for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Restoration through Community‐Based Seed Harvesting Strategies

High‐diversity reforestation can help jumpstart tropical forest restoration, but obtaining viable seedlings is a major constraint: if nurseries do not offer them, it is hard to plant all the species one would like. From 2007 to 2009, we investigated five different seed acquisition strategies employed by a well‐established tree nursery in southeastern Brazil, namely (1) in‐house seed harvesters; (2) hiring a professional harvester; (3) amateur seed harvesters; or (4) a seed production cooperative, as well as (5) participating in a seed exchange program. In addition, we evaluated two strategies not dependent on seeds: harvesting seedlings from native tree species found regenerating under Eucalyptus plantations, and in a native forest remnant. A total of 344 native tree and shrub species were collected as seeds or seedlings, including 2,465 seed lots. Among these, a subset of 120 species was obtained through seed harvesting in each year. Overall, combining several strategies for obtaining planting stocks was an effective way to increase species richness, representation of some functional groups (dispersal syndromes, planting group, and shade tolerance), and genetic diversity of seedlings produced in forest tree nurseries. Such outcomes are greatly desirable to support high‐diversity reforestation as part of tropical forest restoration. In addition, community‐based seed harvesting strategies fostered greater socioeconomic integration of traditional communities in restoration projects and programs, which is an important bottleneck for the advance of ecological restoration, especially in developing countries. Finally, we discuss some of the limitations of the various strategies for obtaining planting stocks and the way forward for their improvement.

Borders and 'Belongers': Transnational Identities, Border Security, and Cross-Border Socio-Economic Integration in the United States Borderlands with Canada and the British Virgin Islands

This paper comparatively analyzes processes of contemporary borderlands identity formation in the context of reinforced security and socio-economic integration in the cross-border regions of the Pacific Northwest and the Virgin Islands. Interviews and surveys of stakeholders reveal how narratives of belonging enable the articulation of a pluralist borderlands identity even in the context of re-aligned border security and socio-economic cross-border integration. The asymmetry in the relationships between the United States and its neighbors — Canada and the Virgin Islands — is as integral to security and integration as to expressions of borderlands identity. While notions of belonging in these cross-border regions remain in transition, expressions of localism are already creating a baseline for a pluralist version of transnational identity formation and culture. A tentative official movement beyond dominant notions of US security, as focused on its borders with Mexico and Canada, toward more flexible conceptualizations of perimeter security that have characterized the Virgin Islands, may also assist in the formation of such 'new regionalisms' and transnational borderlands identities.

Economic immigrants in Greek rural areas: socio-economic integration and questions of ethnic exclusion

The current paper, based on field research in two rural areas in Greece, focuses on the attitudes and perceptions of both farmers-employers and immigrants on various aspects of the latter's integration into the local socio-economic system(s). The results show that farmers are positive as far as immigrants' contribution to agriculture is concerned but hold ‘defensive’ views and rather ambivalent, ethnocentric attitudes in relation to a multicultural local society. Additionally, farmers' views are, more or less, differentiated between the two research areas. Finally, immigrants' views denote a positive perception of their integration into their host societies.

The New Suburban History edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue

The New Suburban History edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue

Color Lines, Country Lines: Race, Immigration, and Wealth Stratification in America (review)

Reviewed by: Color Lines, Country Lines: Race, Immigration, and Wealth Stratification in America Min Zhou (bio) Color Lines, Country Lines: Race, Immigration, and Wealth Stratification in America, by Lingxin Hao. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007. Ix + 316 pp. $47.50 cloth; $24.95 paper. ISBN-13: 978-0-87154-338-7. Color Lines, Country Lines: Race, Immigration, and Wealth Stratification in America is a quantitative study of immigrants' assimilation and their impacts on social and racial inequality in the United States. Using repeated national survey data, Lingxin Hao thoughtfully and meticulously examines the patterns of wealth by various national origins, changes in American race stratification caused by immigration, and implications for assimilation theory and public policy. She argues that contemporary immigrants have changed the class structure of America but not in ways commonly believed. She shows that, while many immigrant groups—Cubans, Jamaicans, Chinese, and others—have acquired more wealth than their native-born coethnics, their progress in America has more to do with structural characteristics—homeland political and educational systems, social reception and treatment by the U.S. society, immigration selectivity, and occupation and residential segregations—than with individual or cultural characteristics. To tell a coherent story about immigrants' assets and wealth inequality in the United States and to account for immigrant-native differences, Hao organizes her book into nine chapters containing 316 pages including sixty-four tables and seventy-four figures. In her introductory chapter, Hao makes a compelling argument that wealth is a better measure than income in capturing immigrants' socioeconomic integration or structural assimilation while gauging more accurately immigration's impact on American society. As a concept, wealth contains assets and debts, absorbing the consequences of past economic behavior and activity, including earning, saving, consuming, portfolio allocating, and investing in children and for old age (2). Drawing on theories of international migration, assimilation, stratification, and wealth accumulation, Hao introduces nativity as a key factor into the racial-ethnic stratification system and conceptualizes the host society as structured by a two-tier race-nativity stratification system in which race stratifies wealth at the primary level and nativity stratifies wealth at the secondary level (chapter 2). She asserts that this two-tier system allows some immigrant groups to transcend color lines and eventually assimilate into the mainstream America while weakening the racial hierarchy. At the same time, many immigrant groups are trapped within the host racial hierarchy. Hao then establishes, step-by-step, the logical linkage between microlevel behavior in motivation, consumption, saving, and lifestyle and macrolevel constraints in wealth accumulation to provide a systematic and comprehensive portrait of [End Page 317] immigrants' wealth over a twenty-year period. She looks closely at the trajectories of both assets and debts in total and specific components by country of origin, family life cycle, and arrival cohort (chapters 3–6). She shows that the existence and salience of a second-tier hierarchy and attributes it to the large variations in the modes of incorporation within different national-origin groups of different racial/ethnic backgrounds. For example, Cuban immigrants make substantially more progress than arrivals from the Dominican Republic, but they do not top whites; Chinese immigrants from Mainland China have more success than Vietnamese or Korean immigrants, but they do not top whites either; and Jamaicans fare better than Haitians and sub-Saharan Africans, but they still fare much worse than whites and some other racial minorities such as Hispanics. Hao provides evidence to show how nativity differences can be subsumed by race-ethnicity and education. For example, while rates of return to education may favor racial minorities, postsecondary degrees earned in developing countries of origin may offset this advantage, which can have varied effects on immigrants of darker or lighter skin color. Hao also shows that a strong motivation to improve life chances of family and a home country culture honoring having children and emphasizing children's education can boost asset building among members of some national origin groups regardless of their current marital and parenthood statuses. In Chapter 7, Hao builds and empirically tests a model of immigrant assimilation through wealth attainment. Her model estimates the strength of racial-ethnic effect and education effect and the strength...

Placements dans l’enfance et devenir à l’âge adulte : insertion générale et qualité de vie liée à la santé

Background Child welfare literature underlines a higher prevalence of health problems and psychiatric disabilities in fostered young people than in the general population. Questions remain about their social integration and health in the long term: Which risk factors continue to alter their pathway? Which protective factors have minimized a problematic psychosocial adaptation over time? Purpose A follow-up study in the past was conducted on a SOS children's village on 123 young people who had been reared for more than 3 years and left care after the age of 14. A survey was mailed to these adults aged 23–50 years old, followed by face-to-face interviews. All relevant institutional files were analysed. Attrition rates were very low in this high-risk population. An overall score of social integration aggregates data regarding: occupational situation, family life, relationships, general psychosocial state. Health-related quality of life (Duke Profile) was analyzed by means of multiple dimensions including mental and social health, self-esteem, depression and disability. Multivariate analyses by logistic regression were used to examine the specific roles of decisive factors on social integration. Key findings At a mean age of 36.5 years, two thirds were well integrated socio-economically, only one out of five had psychosocial problems. Three factors increased the risk of poor socioeconomic integration: accumulation of parental risk factors, having been placed with two or more siblings’ groups and persisting mental health problems when leaving care. The quality of life was significantly associated with a better perception of social and mental health and with self-esteem. It varied positively, taken into account with professional integration, relationships and supportive environment, and negatively according to past adversities: parental domestic violence, maltreatment, and persisting mental health problems. Except from disabilities and to a lesser degree sociability, globally, these former fostered population did not seem different from counterparts in terms of health measures, anxiety and depression. Implications Results highlight the importance of continuity and stability in placement. For the professionals, it is necessary to give more attention to the question of rearing together several groups of siblings. Persisting mental health problems during placement and when leaving care would suggest a vital need for the staff to identify and to implement intensive, appropriate therapeutic care.

Metropolitan Growth Patterns and Socio-Economic Disparity in Six US Metropolitan Areas 1970-2000

Widening socio-economic disparities between urban and suburban communities have increasingly concerned urban scholars and policymakers. This is because growing disparities may be associated with the socio-economic exclusion of disadvantaged households from jobs, housing and public services. However, existing empirical studies have not sufficiently addressed the importance of regional growth patterns that are associated with socio-economic disparity and polarization within metropolitan areas. After identifying the intra-metropolitan subareas of six metropolitan areas and utilizing longitudinal census data from 1970 to 2000, this research investigated intra-metropolitan socio-economic disparity and polarization in terms of income, class and race within six metropolitan areas exhibiting different regional growth trends and patterns. The primary focus of this research is the relationship between socio-economic disparity and regional growth trends as well as patterns that pertain to both urban sprawl and compact development. The key findings of this study indicate that while metropolitan areas with compact development patterns show a relatively lower level of intra-metropolitan socio-economic disparity and polarization, those with urban sprawl exhibit a higher level over time, despite endogenous differences in each metropolitan area. Finally, this study discusses the issue of causality among spatial patterns and socio-economic disparities as well as policy implications for promoting metropolitan growth patterns aimed at socio-economic integration and balanced metropolitan growth.

Influences from and Influences on Europe: the Evolution of Spatial Planning and Territorial Governance in Finland

Simultaneous processes of accelerated socio-economic transformation, geopolitical repositioning and rapid integration into the EU make Finland an interesting case and testbed for the analysis of processes of Europeanization of territorial governance and spatial planning. Focusing on institutional preconditions and underlying debates, this paper explores the ways in which “Europe” (in its manifold forms) has shaped and influenced Finnish territorial governance and how Finland has attempted to upload domestic interests to the European agenda. EU regional governance requirements, the spread of European planning concepts, and a Nordic epistemic community are identified as important catalysts for Europeanization. Overall, the findings cannot be taken as an indication of significant process of convergence of spatial planning and territorial governance in a European context. Instead, they represent a case of a country's specific engagement with the EU dimension in territorial governance.

First 4 Years in Canada: Post-secondary Education Pathways of Highly Educated Immigrants

This paper addresses issues relevant to the socioeconomic integration of highly educated immigrants in Canada by undertaking a secondary analysis of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada. It illustrates the promptness of immigrants’ participation in further post-secondary education (PSE) in Canada within the first 4 years of arrival and proposes a typology of PSE pathways to examine individual, situational, dispositional and immigrant-specific factors that determine adult immigrants’ choices. The Canadian immigrant experience involves the interplay between structural constraints and agency to shape individualized pathways along which newcomers use existing human capital to create new forms of human capital (Canadian credentials) as a strategy to improve their employment opportunities.