Socio-economic Instruments Research Articles

ZAKAT SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN SOSIOEKONOMI PADA MASA RASULULLAH SAW

The majority of Muslims' understanding of zakat is still limited to the normative dimension. Zakat tends to be understood in a legalistic way and seems to be separated from the main mission of zakat, namely the economic welfare of Muslims. This article aims to describe zakat as a socio-economic instrument during the time of the Prophet Muhammad. Methodologically, this article uses the library research method with data collection techniques through articles, books and other supporting documents. This article confirms that the historicity of zakat is closely related to Islamic efforts to achieve economic balance in society. Initially, this zakat collection was a criticism of economic inequality at that time and therefore, within the minimum limit of a person's wealth reaching 85 grams, he was obliged to pay zakat. The meaning is that the zakat instrument is presented for economic equality and pays attention to eight social groups from economic and theological aspects. The article recommends that contemporary zakat governance pay attention to aspects of sustainable economic improvement for zakat mustahik.

What influences the regional variation of heart failure in Poland?

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Science Center, Poland. In Poland, more than 1.5 million people suffer from chronic heart failure (HF), and the rate of hospitalization for HF is one of the highest in Europe The risk of hospitalization of patients with HF is related not only to lifestyle, but also to environmental, economic, social factors and the organization of the health care system. The main purpose of the research is an assessment the impact of environmental and socioeconomic factors on hospitalized heart failure prevalence. We analyzed age- and gender-standardized data on the frequency of hospitalizations due to CHF in Poland in 2012-2019. In addition, using data from the National Institute of Public Health, the Central Statistical Office and Provincial Environmental Inspectorates, as well as panel data regression techniques, the impact of environmental and socioeconomic factors on HF in Poland in 2012-2019 was estimated. During the period analyzed, there were 1,618,734 hospitalizations due to CHF (51.3% male; 82.6% over 65 years of age). An increase in the number of physicians by 10/10000 population resulted in a 3% decrease in hospitalizations due to CHF (β=-0.029; 95%Cl -0.004 - -0.013; P=0.001). In addition, the development of a network of outpatient health care facilities resulted in a 0.3% decrease in hospitalizations for each newly established unit per 1,000 residents (β=-0.031; 95%Cl -0.048 - -0.014; P=0.000). The main environmental factors reducing hospitalized prevalence due to CHF were the proportion of green areas in the analyzed environment (2.7% decrease for a percentage point increase in the proportion of green areas; β=-0.027; 95%Cl -0.053 - -0.001; P=0.047) and pollution levels (a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the province resulted in a county-wide increase in hospitalizations of 7.5% [β=0.075, 95%CI 0.013-0.137, P=0.017] and 6% [β=0.060; 95%CI 0.012 -0.108, P=0.015]). The opposite relationship was observed for the number of cars; an increase of 100 cars per 1,000 residents was associated with a 6% increase in hospitalizations due to CHF (β=0.064; 95%Cl (0.008 - 0.121; P=0.026). An injection of PLN 100 per capita per year into the health sector by local governments results in a 3.5% decrease in hospitalizations (β=-0.003; 95%Cl (-0.006 - -0.001; P=0.002). Also, the situation in local labor markets translates into hospitalizations due to CHF - a 1 pp increase in the unemployment rate results in an average one percent increase in HF. The number of hospitalizations for heart failure has been increasing in the last decade and this trend is most noticeable in regions with low levels of socioeconomic development and poor medical facilities. Health policy measures using environmental and socioeconomic instruments can result in no less positive health effects than the use of health care tools alone.

Environmental and socioeconomic determinants of heart failure.

Over 1.5 million people in Poland suffer from heart failure (HF). The risk of hospitalization is related to environmental and socioeconomic factors and the organization of the healthcare system. The study aimed to assess the influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of hospitalization for HF. The impact of environmental and socioeconomic factors on HF hospitalizations in Poland in 2012-2019 based on data from the National Institute of Public Health and Central Statistical Office in Poland was estimated by panel data regression techniques. There were 1 618 734 HF-related hospitalizations (51.3% male; 82.6% aged >65 years). An increase in the number of physicians by 10/10 000 population and healthcare expenditure of 100 PLN per capita resulted in 3.5% (-0.035; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.06 to -0.01; P = 0.002) and 3% (-0.029; 95% CI, -0.04 to -0.013; P <0.001) decrease in hospitalizations, respectively. For each new outpatient healthcare facility per 10 000 population, there was a 3% (-0.031; 95% CI, -0.048 to -0.014; P <0.001) decrease in hospitalizations. One percentage point increase in the proportion of green areas resulted in a 2.7% (-0.027; 95% CI, -0.042 to -0.01; P = 0.049) decrease in hospitalizations. However, an increase in cars by 1000 inhabitants and a 1 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate were associated with a 6% increase in HF hospitalizations (0.064; 95% CI, 0.008-0.121; P = 0.026). The number of HF-related hospitalizations has been increasing in the last decade. This trend is most noticeable in regions with low socioeconomic development and poor medical facilities. Our study indicates that health policy measures including environmental and socioeconomic instruments may result in positive health outcomes. Additional analyses are needed to compare the impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors against the impact of healthcare alone.

Fostering Spatial Efficiency in the Marine Space, in a Socially Sustainable Way: Lessons Learnt From a Soft Multi-Use Assessment in the Mediterranean

In a context of growing claim for marine space and in the pursuit of maritime “spatial efficiency,” Multi-use (MU) becomes necessary to assemble more or less compatible sea uses. In this paper, the potential of the soft MU involving small-scale fisheries (SSF), tourism, and nature conservation related to marine protected areas (MPAs), widely encountered in the Mediterranean Sea basin, is being assessed in Greece. Despite the fact that the MU concept is not yet included neither in maritime spatial planning (MSP) laws nor in strategic policy documents due mainly to the dominance of terrestrial spatial plans that favor exclusive rights of highly competitive and expansive maritime activities (e.g., aquaculture), the above MU is increasingly being practiced by local communities as a socio-economic instrument (fishing tourism), able to be also occasionally oriented to nature conservation. Following the Drivers, Added Values, Barriers and Negative Impacts (DABI) analysis, a spectrum of challenges/constraints and opportunities for the application of the MU under study was revealed, grouped in socio-economic, environmental, political–regulatory, and technological factors that can enable or undermine this MU in the Greek seas. The paper concludes that there is a huge potential for the said MU development in areas dependent on fisheries, consistently to the longstanding SSF tradition that despite its decline, continues to be one of the most important among those practiced in the coastal zone and in remote and insular communities, essentially defining their particular social and cultural identity. Besides, SSF have low environmental impact, and also tourists and the local communities are gradually becoming more conservation-oriented. Hence, the MU is highlighted as a tool for sustainable use of marine space supporting the Blue Growth Agenda and reconnecting natural and cultural capital at sea, thus redefining also the role of fishers that under equitable conditions may become defenders of marine biodiversity and key actors for the sustainable management of fish stocks and ecosystems in the protected areas.

Education as a factor in the formation of human capital in rural areas.

The article considers the influence of education on the formation of a qualitative component of human capital in rural areas. The current state of educational training of the rural population is being assessed. The main root causes of the low share of residents of rural settlements with higher education have been identified. It is proved that the low level of prestige of agricultural work is almost the main factor that prevents young people from choosing agricultural education and stimulates them after graduation - to work in other sectors of the economy. It is established that the relatively low educational level of the rural population of Ukraine is due not only to limited access to general secondary and higher education, but also to the constant migration losses of the most active part of young people who go to cities for higher education and try to stay there. An assessment of the current state of scientific work of institutions of higher education in agriculture. The root causes of low activity in attracting private investment in the development of innovative products have been identified. It is established that the current financial support of innovation in higher education institutions does not correspond to the real possibilities of their scientific potential. This situation limits the development and effectiveness of innovation, as well as the prospects for its commercialization. On the basis of generalization of foreign and domestic experience of higher education institutions of agrarian profile the forms of development of public-private partnership of higher education institution with agrarian business are offered. The root causes of the reluctance of scientists of higher education institutions to engage in the development of innovative products for the needs of business entities in the field of agribusiness have been clarified. In order to form an entrepreneurial environment in agricultural universities, it is necessary to create conditions under which scientists will have the opportunity to develop innovative projects based on infrastructure support, namely: jobs, expert advice, opportunities to communicate with the business community. In the university - is the formation of a single educational research and innovation space, which will involve departments, research laboratories and small innovative enterprises created with the participation of scientists of the departments, as well as students, graduate students and doctoral students. The necessity of forming a system of intensive human education on the basis of mass retraining both at the expense of personal human resources and at the expense of social investments of business groups is substantiated, which will allow to support the continuous process of "lifelong learning". Key words: human capital, sustainable development, rural areas, expanded reproduction, socio-economic instruments, education, innovation infrastructure.

PERCEPTION OF IMPACTED COMUNITY BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS IN PONOROGO AND PACITAN, EAST JAVA

The aims of this study is to determine whether there are differences impacts and perception on the construction dams in the Ngindeng Village, Sawoo District, Ponorogo Regency and in Karanggede Village, Arjosari District, Pacitan Regenc. The dam construction sites are the location where they live before receiving relocation or compensation in the form of money. In addition, the researchers also looked for differences or similarities related to the socio-economic impacts for community in two different locations. This study used quantitative research methods. The total sample population taken in this study was 29 respondents from each place with a total sample of 58 respondents. Based on research conducted by researchers, it can be concluded that there are differences in perceptions between the people of Ngindeng Village and Karanggede Village, where in the instrument, Ho's perception was accepted and Ha was rejected. While indicators of the impact of development based on socio-economic instruments have the same answer between the people of Ngindeng Village and the people of Karanggede Village, where Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected.

HEALTH TOURISM IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS AND THE BLACK SEA COAST: CURRENT STATE AND TRENDS

Problem Statement and Purpose. Medical, recovery and treatment and rehabilitation tourism is becoming more and more popular in the world. In Ukraine, this type of tourism occupies a high economic niche in two major recreation and tourism areas - the Carpathian and Black Sea region. These regions are characterized by unique forms of tourist services, which use health and healing properties of natural resources in the form of mineral waters and curative mud, as well as mountain and sea climate. The purpose of this article is an integrated assessment of social and economic factors and prerequisites for the development of balneological tourism in the Carpathian and Black Sea regions, as well as identifying the main aspects of economically viable tourist destinations in these territories.Data &amp; Methods. The article uses official statistics on tourism in seven regions of Ukraine: four Carpathian regions (Transcarpathian, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Chernivtsi) and three regions of the Black Sea region (Mykolaiv, Odesa, Kherson). Analytical methods were used both by nature conservation and socio-economic instruments in order to value the tourism processes in there areas. As a methodological basis, the developments described in the scientific papers published by V.S. Preobrazhenskiy, O.O. Beydyk, M.P. Malska, O.O. Lyubitseva and other pofessionals are used.Results. To development of curatively-health, in particular balneological tourism in Carpathians and Ukrainian Black Sea Region recreational-tourist districts considerable resources and marketabilities of sanatorium-resort activity promote. Districts have in Ukraine most of the specialized establishments of placing and high indexes amounts of tourists, that are in these establishments. In today's unfavorable conditions for the development of relevant institutions in the country, the identified trends in the expanded use of forms of health tourism, primarily in the Black Sea region and to a lesser extent in the Carpathian region. The need for annual recuperation is already taking root in the psychology of broad layers of the population with middle and low income levels. The analysic showed the paramount importance of the studied territories for medical tourism. In the process of statistical processing, a certain increase in the coastal tourist destination over the mountain and balneological in the Carpathians was revealed. The article offers several groups of recommendations based on previous research and current statistics. They are common to the two areas studied. It is necessary to introduce a new tax regime and attract foreign investors, which will contribute to the effective work of enterprises. Expanding the list of tourist and recreational services will attract more tourists. The new advertising paradigm of promotion of sanatorium and resort services will allow to increase the number of tourists among all age and property layers of the population. The main directions of development of the medical and health-improving sphere in the Carpathians and the Black Sea region are: attraction of investments of domestic and foreign origin for renewal of material and technical base of sanatorium and resort establishments, increase of personal interest of industry workers in production indices, development of which has not yet been mastered.

Impact of agriculture activities on a coastal aquifer in Tunisia and options for a better water management

The quality of a coastal aquifer (Korba, Tunisia) in a semi-arid agricultural region was studied by the collection and analysis of groundwater samples for their main chemical and biological parameters in relation to the SEQ evaluation system for groundwater quality. Results indicate important anthropogenic deterioration. Most of the samples were unsuitable for drinking-water production; animal drinking and irrigation with these waters will require caution. The high contamination is mainly due to the local intensive agriculture. Based on the objectives-oriented project planning method, regulatory and socio-economic instruments were extensively developed to encourage sustainable agriculture through a participatory exercise.

SUSTAINING CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION—POLICY, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

In a world that is becoming more and more exposed and vulnerable to the effects of global climate change, combining integrated risk assessment tools with effective strategies for both mitigation and adaptation is a key prerogative for policy-making. With the focus of both researchers and decision-makers gradually shifting from observing and assessing the bio-physical aspects of climate change to a more human and society centered understanding of the nature of the problem, the social, behavioral, economic and technological aspects have entered center stage of the public discourse. Responses to the climate change challenge have to establish an optimal interplay between mitigation, adaptation and socio-economic instruments. Yet, given the band-width and scale of the climate problematique and its projected impacts, very ambitious mitigation measures have to be undertaken without delays, a fact that is particularly true for emerging economies with their very rapid and unprecedented growth rates, both in GDP and GHG emissions terms. The challenge for the next years is to harmonize poverty eradication and attaining the Millenium Development Goals through stable economic growth with mitigating the effects of climate change. Therefore, “inclusive green growth” has become the motto of the day. But how can this goal be achieved? Obviously, quite fundamental changes have to be introduced that affect both the production and the consumption sectors and allow for real innovation in technologies and energy, in urban mobility, infrastructure and transportation grids. This paper illustrates the deep social and societal nature of climate change response strategies, especially in the area of mitigation, and shows that transitions to green and low-carbon economies will have to embed policies, incentive schemes and economic instruments in a larger societal context of social learning and behavioral change.

Anemia ferropriva em atletas adolescentes da Fundação Vila Olímpica de Manaus-AM

Considerando a escassez de informações quanto ao estado nutricional de atletas jovens, identificou-se a prevalência de anemia ferropriva e sua associação com indicadores nutricionais de atletas adolescentes participantes do Programa de Iniciação Esportiva da Fundação Vila Olímpica de Manaus-AM. A amostra foi constituída por 194 atletas adolescentes do gênero masculino, voluntários, praticantes de diferentes modalidades esportivas classificados como iniciantes. A coleta dos dados foi realizada mediante verificação de medidas antropométricas (peso corporal, estatura e espessuras das dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular), dosagem de hemoglobina utilizando o hemoglobinômetro portátil (Sistema Hemocue) e instrumento socioeconômico. No diagnóstico do estado nutricional foram utilizados os indicadores Estatura para a Idade (E/I) e Índice de Massa Corporal para a idade (IMC/I), assumindo pontos de corte propostos pela OMS. Os resultados mostraram que 9,4% dos adolescentes apresentaram desnutrição, 8,2% sobrepeso e 4,6% obesidade. A prevalência de anemia ferropriva encontrada na amostra foi de 41,7%, com predominância na classe socioeconômica mais baixa. Embora a prevalência de anemia tenha sido elevada, o estado nutricional dos adolescentes não influenciou sobre este resultado, considerando que a maioria dos adolescentes apresentou-se eutrófica. Diante do exposto, sugere-se a adoção de medidas efetivas de intervenção e de educação nutricional visando à minimização e/ou o controle da anemia ferropriva.

English in Its Social Contexts: Essays in Historical Sociolinguistics

This is a collection of contributed essays on the social history of the English language. It will be the second volume in the Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics series, edited by Edward Finegan. Linguists are increasingly aware that external social contact can be as significant as internal grammatical structure in instigating and determining the direction of changes within a language's syntax, phonology, and lexicon. Despite this fact, however, existing textbooks on the history of English give scant attention to this sociolinguistic perspective. The present work is designed to serve as a much needed supplement to such texts. The essays in the volume, written by recognized authorities in their fields, address each of the traditional periods of English. Topics covered include: the social status and uses of English, the relations between English and co-existent languages, the relations between varieties of spoken and written language, language as a political and socio-economic instrument, and attitudes towards varieties of English. The book should attract supplementary use in courses in applied linguistics and sociolinguistics as well as in the history of the English language.