Socioeconomic Influences Research Articles

Patterns of resilient functioning in early life: Identifying distinct groups and associated factors.

Resilience, the capacity to maintain or regain functionality in the face of adversity, is a dynamic process influenced by individual, familial, and community factors. Despite its variability, distinct resilience trajectories can be identified within populations, yet the predictors defining these distinct groups remains largely unclear. Here, using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ages 0-18), we quantify resilience as the remaining variance in psychosocial functioning after taking into account the exposure to adversity. Growth mixture modeling identified seven distinct resilience trajectories, with over half of the study population maintaining resilience throughout early life. Factors increasing the likelihood of resilient trajectory membership included a less emotional temperament, high cognitive abilities, high self-esteem, low levels of autistic social traits, strong sibling relationships, high maternal care, and positive school experiences. Among the socioeconomic factors considered, maternal education - a significant indicator of socioeconomic status - and birth-order were associated with resilient trajectories. Our findings underscore the importance of fostering cognitive abilities, self-esteem, social relationships, positive school experiences, and extracurricular engagement to bolster resilience in adversity-exposed individuals and communities. This research informs resilience-focused interventions in mental health, education, and social policy sectors, and prompts further exploration of socioeconomic influences on resilience trajectories.

Assessing Racial Effects on Adjudicative Competence.

As racial influences on forensic outcomes are identified in every aspect of practice, scholars are exploring methods to disentangle race from its historical, economic, and attitudinal antecedents. Because jurisdictions vary in these influences, definitions and data may differ among them, creating inconsistencies in analysis and policy. This retrospective database review compared differences in racial outcomes among 200 pretrial defendants, 160 Black and 40 White, exploring a wide range of socioeconomic, clinical, and forensic influences before, during, and after hospitalization. Because of the tight relationship of socioeconomic factors and race, investigators hypothesized that it would be difficult to distinguish racial influences alone. Using a confirmatory approach to data collection and a statistical analysis based in logistic regression, only differences in referral for psychological testing were identified. Application of this method based on local demographics and culture may prove useful for institutions interested in evaluating racial influences on forensic outcomes.

Influence of Culture and Socio-Financial Elements on the Career Choice of Students in Bwari Area Council in Abuja, Nigeria

One of the most important decisions a person makes is their career choice, which will shape their future. The investigation examined cultural factors' impact on Bwari Area Council students' career choices in Abuja, Nigeria. Two hypotheses guided the research. All Bwari Area Council senior secondary school students are studied. The study includes all SSII male and female seniors. The study selected 315 SSII students using simple random sampling. The study included 63 students from each of the five schools. The self-structured questionnaire Influence of Sociocultural Factors on the Career Choice of Students (ISCFCCCS) with sub-instruments (Cultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Career Choice) and Career Choice Questionnaire (CCQ) with reliability coefficients of 0.88, 0.86, and 0.75 were used to collect data. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that culture and parents' socioeconomic status strongly influence students' career choices. The study recommends that school leaders teach students about social factors that may influence their career choice. Parents should also stop pushing their kids into careers they don't fit into. Guardians should be cautious about pushing their children toward unrealistic careers. Parents should also work with school advising or professional guides to help their children choose smart careers. Keywords: Sociocultural, Financial status, Career choice Culture, Understudies, Influence

Parental Investment and Social Class: An Exploration of Socioeconomic Influences on Child Development

This paper delves into the intricate relationship between parental investment and social class, examining how socioeconomic disparities shape parenting practices and child development outcomes. Parental investment, encompassing time, resources, and emotional commitment, is foundational to human behavior and is influenced by the multifaceted framework of social class. Through a comprehensive examination, this study highlights the profound influences of social class on access to opportunities and resources, which in turn impact the choices parents make in nurturing their children. The paper also explores the intersectionality of gender roles and cultural norms with social class, adding another layer of complexity to the analysis. By synthesizing existing research and introducing new perspectives, this study aims to shed light on the mechanisms reinforcing or ameliorating inequality, offering profound implications for policy formulation and interventions. The ultimate goal is to understand the distribution of resources, opportunities, and aspirations across social classes and to suggest strategies to address intergenerational inequality, championing equitable opportunities for all children.

O.6.3-3 Gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: intersectoral factors influencing adolescent girls’ participation in sport

Abstract Purpose Adolescent girls’ sports participation are low, particularly among females living in low socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods. Inequalities accumulate at the intersection of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Understanding this inequity is essential to support better female opportunities in sports participation to reduce inequalities in health. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate how gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status influence girls’ participation in sport. Methods Eleven focus groups were conducted from July-October 2021 with in total 44 adolescent girls living in low SES neighbourhoods. Ten had Danish ethnic origin and 34 had other ethnic minority background of whom 18 were born in Denmark with parents born in non-western countries. 21 of the girls were wearing veil as a symbol of their religious background. The inclusion criteria were non-participation in organised sport in their leisure time. The girls were recruited through purposive sampling via schools placed in five different low SES neighbourhoods. Drawing on an intersectoral framework as a tool to understand the complex interaction between gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, a deductive thematic analysis was conducted from verbatim transcripts using NVivo. Results Capturing the girls’ own voices, the analyses identified three overarching themes; 1) The little voice inside, 2) Sports are not for girls, 3) Can you do sport with veil? Findings revealed that the barriers for this group of girls had more complex intertwined layers, where gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status were accumulated. The analyse indicates that gendered societal expectations and stereotypes about femininity, along with cultural and religious norms and socioeconomic factors, act as a barrier for girls to participate in sport. Conclusions The results provide insight into intersectional factors that influence sports participation among adolescent girls living in low SES neighbourhoods. The findings among this underrepresented group indicate that gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status should be considered to ensure equal opportunities to sports participation. The findings will be useful to shed light on how interventions should be designed to promote sports participation among adolescent girls in low SES neighbourhoods and thus help promote equity.

Socioeconomic Influence on Cervical Fusion Outcomes.

A retrospective observational study. The aim of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes following cervical fusion based on socioeconomic status (SES) variables including race, education, net worth, and homeownership status. Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of patient race and income on outcomes following cervical fusion procedures. However, no study to date has comprehensively examined the impact of multiple SES variables. We hypothesized that race, education, net worth, and homeownership influence important outcomes following cervical fusion. Optum's de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart (CDM) database was queried for patients undergoing first-time inpatient cervical fusion from 2003 to 2021. Patient demographics, SES variables, and the Charlson comorbidity index were obtained. Primary outcomes were hospital length of stay and 30-day rates of reoperation, readmission, and postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes included postoperative emergency room visits, discharge status, and total hospital charges. A total of 111,914 patients underwent cervical spinal fusion from 2003 to 2021. Multivariate analysis revealed that after controlling for age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity index, Black race was associated with a higher rate of 30-day readmissions [odds ratio (OR): 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03-1.20]. Lower net worth (vs. >$500K) and renting (vs. owning a home) were significantly associated with both higher rates of 30-day readmissions (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.17-1.41; OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.22-1.49), and emergency room visits (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.18-1.42; OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00-1.23). Lower net worth (vs. >$500K) was also associated with increased complications (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14-1.31). Socioeconomic variables, including patient race, education, and net worth, influence postoperative metrics in cervical spinal fusion surgery. Future studies should focus on developing and implementing targeted interventions based on patient SES to reduce disparity.

Influence of socioeconomics and social marketing on smoking in Thailand: A National Survey in 2017.

Smoking is one of the risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and is harmful to both active and passive smokers. This study aimed to identify the influence of socioeconomic and environmental issues on smoking in Thailand. The study is a secondary dataset analysis of cross-sectional data using data from the 2017 Smoking and Drinking Behaviors Survey of the National Statistical Office of Thailand. The survey collected the data among 88689 participants using a structured questionnaire. The multi-level analysis was used to identify the association between socioeconomics, environmental factors, social marketing, and smoking while controlling for the effects of covariates and presenting the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Among 88689 respondents, the prevalence of smoking was 18.2% (95% CI: 18.00-18.51). Factors that were associated with smoking were: exposure to secondhand smoke in residential settings (AOR=15.31; 95% CI: 14.47-16.20) and alcohol regular drinking (AOR=4.44; 95% CI: 4.14-4.76). In addition, social marketing factors include: disagreeing or being unsure of the opinions that cigarettes should be categorized as harmful goods (AOR=3.15; 95% CI: 2.94-3.37); not having been exposed to the disadvantages of smoking in social media (AOR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.43-1.61); not having been exposed to the disadvantages of smoking in newspapers, television, radio, advertisements, or other sources (AOR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.37-1.62); having never seen the warning cautions or having seen them but ignored the hazardous effect (AOR=4.81; 95% CI: 4.5-4.9); and having ever seen the warning cautions/ever seen but ignore the hazardous effect (AOR=4.81; 95% CI: 4.54-5.09), and ever seen advertisements or billboards which motivate smoking in various places (AOR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.24-1.42). Smoking and secondhand smoke are crucial problems that affect health. In addition, related sectors should help to develop a policy recommendation to reduce the smoking rate through social marketing. Strict and comprehensive policies and laws on non-smoking in work places, public spaces, and homes, will help to reduce secondhand smoke exposure among non-smokers.

Trends in breast cancer screening during the COVID-19 pandemic within a universally insured health system in theUnited States, 2017-2022.

In the United States, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in women. Early detection through mammogram screening is instrumental in reducing mortality and incidence of disease. The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to the provision of care, including delays in preventive screenings. We examined trends in breast cancer screening during the COVID-19 pandemic in a universally insured national population and evaluated rates across racial groups and socioeconomic strata. In this retrospective open cohort study, we used the Military Health System Data Repository to identify female TRICARE beneficiaries ages 40-64 at average risk for breast cancer between FY2018 and FY2022, broken down into prepandemic (September 1, 2018-February 28, 2020), early pandemic (March 1, 2020-September 30, 2020), and late pandemic periods (October 1, 2020-September 30, 2022). The primary outcome was receipt of breast cancer screening. Screening dropped 74% in the early pandemic period and 22% in the late pandemic period, compared with the prepandemic period. Compared with White women, Asian/Pacific Islander women were less likely to receive mammograms during the late pandemic period (0.92RR; 0.90-0.93 95%CI). American Indian/Alaska Native women remained less likely to receive screenings compared with White women during the early (0.87RR; 0.80-0.94 95% CI) and late pandemic (0.94RR, 0.91-0.98 95% CI). Black women had a higher likelihood of screenings during both the early pandemic (1.10RR; 1.08-1.12 95% CI) and late pandemic (1.12RR, 1.11-1.13 95% CI) periods compared with White women. During the early and late pandemic periods, disparities by rank persisted from prepandemic levels, with a decrease in likelihood of screenings across all sponsor ranks. Our results indicate the influence of race and socioeconomics on mammography screening during COVID-19. Targeted outreach and further evaluation of factors underpinning lower utilization in these populations are necessary to improve access to preventative services across the population.

Examining the association between social context and disengagement: Individual and classroom factors in two samples of at-risk students

Disengagement is a concept that captures the gradual behavioral, affective, and cognitive distancing from school, and is thus an early indicator of students being at risk for dropout. Based on a social identity framework, we predicted that higher social identification with the class and a positive classroom climate would be associated with lower rates of disengagement at both the individual and classroom level. In two samples from 16 German middle schools (n1 = 255, n2 = 287) with high annual dropout rates (> 10%), we assessed three disengagement facets: affect (daily mood at school), cognition (amotivation), and behavior (truancy). To examine both the individual and the classroom level, we utilized a 2-level mixed model. Gender, grade-level, and migration background were controlled in both samples, and economic learning resources (ELR) were included in sample 2 to better control for socioeconomic influences. In Study 1 (24 classrooms), we found a significant, positive association between social identification and daily mood at the individual level. In Study 2 (21 classrooms), we replicated initial findings for daily mood. In addition, social identification also impacted amotivation. At the class level, a higher grade, and a higher proportion of students with migration background were related to increased truancy. Classroom climate did not show a significant effect on disengagement in either of the studies. Our study sheds further light on the social dynamics of disengagement and highlights the need to control for classroom dynamics and student composition, particularly in classrooms with diverse student backgrounds.

Digitalization of higher education to achieve sustainability: Investigating students’ attitudes toward digitalization in Bangladesh

This study examines university students’ attitudes toward digitalizing higher education in Bangladesh. The objectives of the study are to examine the nature and the subjective causes of the student's attitudes and to examine the influence of gender, prior exposure to digitalization, and socio-economic background on the attitudes. This study uses the ABC Model of Attitudes and the Digital Divide Theory to prepare a questionnaire and analyze the data. A semi-structured interview questionnaire was developed based on the ABC Model of Attitudes to collect data from 32 interviewees. The interviewees from three public universities in Bangladesh were selected using random purposive sampling. Students from every socio-economic, gender, and level of digital experience category were selected to ensure heterogeneity of the sampling. The interview transcripts were analyzed using NVivo in conjugation with pen-and-paper thematic analysis. Data triangulation in the form of data analysis and data analyst triangulation was done to ensure the credibility and reliability of the research. The findings from the data analysis show that most of the students hold positive attitudes toward the digitalization of education. However, the gap in students’ access to digital facilities causes differences in students' attitudes. Students with digital accessibility generally hold positive attitudes. On the contrary, students who don't have access to digital facilities hold negative attitudes towards the digitalization of education, although they perceive the digitalization of education as essential and timely. In addition, the findings also confirm that gender, prior exposure to digitalization, and socio-economic background influence students’ attitudes significantly.

Contrasting socio-economic influences on colorectal cancer incidence and survival in England and Wales

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world and second most common cause of cancer death. The relationship between socio-economic deprivation and CRC incidence is unclear and previous findings have been inconsistent. There is stronger evidence of an association between area-level deprivation and CRC survival; however, few studies have investigated the association between individual-level socio-economic status (SES) and CRC survival.Data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (LS) in England and Wales was used. LS members aged 50+ were stratified by individual-level educational attainment, social class, housing tenure and area deprivation quintile, measured at the 2001 Census. Time-to-event analysis examined associations between indicators of SES and CRC incidence and survival (all-cause and CRC death), over a 15-year follow-up period.Among 178116 LS members, incidence of CRC was lower among those with a degree, compared to those with no degree and higher among those employed in manual occupations compared to non-manual occupations. No clear relationship was observed between CRC incidence and the area-based measure of deprivation.Disparities were greater for survival. Among 5016 patients diagnosed with CRC aged 50+, probability of death from all-causes was lower among those with a degree, compared to no degree and higher among those employed in manual occupations, compared to non-manual occupations and among those living in social-rented housing, compared to owner-occupiers. Individual indicators of SES were also associated with probability of death from CRC. Those living in the most deprived areas had a higher probability of death (from all-causes and CRC) compared to those in the least deprived areas.Both individual and area-based indicators of SES were associated with CRC survival, and the relationships were stronger than those observed for CRC incidence. These findings could help inform more effective targeting of public health interventions for CRC.

Development of a Systems Medicine Approach to Spinal Cord Injury.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a sudden onset multi-system disease, permanently altering homeostasis with multiple complications. Consequences include aberrant neuronal circuits, multiple organ system dysfunctions, and chronic phenotypes such as neuropathic pain and metabolic syndrome. Reductionist approaches are used to classify SCI patients based on residual neurological function. Still, recovery varies due to interacting variables, including individual biology, comorbidities, complications, therapeutic side effects, and socioeconomic influences for which data integration methods are lacking. Infections, pressure sores, and heterotopic ossification are known recovery modifiers. However, the molecular pathobiology of the disease-modifying factors altering the neurological recovery-chronic syndrome trajectory is mainly unknown, with significant data gaps between intensive early treatment and chronic phases. Changes in organ function such as gut dysbiosis, adrenal dysregulation, fatty liver, muscle loss, and autonomic dysregulation disrupt homeostasis, generating progression-driving allostatic load. Interactions between interdependent systems produce emergent effects, such as resilience, that preclude single mechanism interpretations. Due to many interacting variables in individuals, substantiating the effects of treatments to improve neurological outcomes is difficult. Acute injury outcome predictors, including blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, neuroimaging signal changes, and autonomic system abnormalities, often do not predict chronic SCI syndrome phenotypes. In systems medicine, network analysis of bioinformatics data is used to derive molecular control modules. To better understand the evolution from acute SCI to chronic SCI multi-system states, we propose a topological phenotype framework integrating bioinformatics, physiological data, and allostatic load tested against accepted established recovery metrics. This form of correlational phenotyping may reveal critical nodal points for intervention to improve recovery trajectories. This study examines the limitations of current classifications of SCI and how these can evolve through systems medicine.

Operationalizing the Nature Futures Framework for ecological infrastructure

AbstractScenarios are useful for considering development pathways under different future conditions. To manage a functioning ecological infrastructure (EI) as a network of natural and semi-natural habitats that can promote biodiversity and provide nature’s contributions to people (NCPs), one needs to understand future biophysical and socio-economic influences on its development. However, scenarios often do not incorporate the reciprocity of biophysical and societal changes. This has prompted new proposals from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) on the importance of creating nature-centered multiscale scenarios that include a normative dimension accounting for diverse human–nature relationships. In this contribution, we operationalize the Nature Futures Framework (NFF), developed under IPBES, into integrated normative and exploratory scenarios framing the development of a functioning EI in Switzerland until 2060. We follow a two-stage participatory approach methodologically aligned with the IPBES development. First, we elaborated positive visions for future EI with stakeholders in four regions of Switzerland. We then collaborated with experts to create integrated normative and exploratory scenarios through a process comprising literature research, workshops and a survey. By positioning status quo and future scenarios within the Nature Futures Framework, we demonstrate the diversity of nature values in a specific context of EI in Switzerland, thus contributing to the global set of Nature Futures scenarios. Integrating both plausible and desirable developments, these scenarios will serve as a valuable tool in the planning of long-term measures to ensure a functioning EI in Switzerland.

Associations between socioeconomic factors and depression in Sri Lanka: The role of gene-environment interplay

BackgroundLow socioeconomic status is a risk factor for depression. The nature and magnitude of associations can differ cross-culturally and is influenced by a range of contextual factors. We examined the aetiology of socioeconomic indicators and depression symptoms and investigated whether socioeconomic indicators moderate genetic and environmental influences on depression symptoms in a Sri Lankan population. MethodsData were from a population-based sample of twins (N = 2934) and singletons (N = 1035) in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Standard of living, educational attainment, and financial strain were used to index socioeconomic status. Depression symptoms were assessed using the Revised Beck Depression Inventory. Structural equation modelling explored genetic and environmental influences on socioeconomic indicators and depression symptoms and moderation of aetiological influences on depression symptoms by socioeconomic status. ResultsDepression symptoms were associated with lower standard of living, lower educational attainment, and financial strain. Sex differences were evident in the aetiology of standard of living, with a small contribution of genetic influences in females. Educational attainment was moderately heritable in both males and females. Total variance in depression was greater among less socioeconomically advantaged individuals. Modest evidence of moderation of the aetiology of depression by standard of living and education was observed. LimitationsWhile the sample is representative of individuals living in Colombo District, it may not be representative of different regions of Sri Lanka. ConclusionsThe aetiology of depression varies across socioeconomic contexts, suggesting a potential mechanism through which socioeconomic disadvantage increases the risk for depression in Sri Lanka. Findings have implications for cross-cultural investigations of the role of socioeconomic factors in depression and for identifying targets for social interventions.

SIOSAR VILLAGE COMMUNITY SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS

Regional development planning isaimed at achieving harmony and balance in development between regions in accordance with their natural potential and utilizing this potential in an efficient, orderly and safe manner. The purpose of this study was to see the role of socio-economic impacts on the planning of the Siosar tourism village area. This research method is a quantitative study by testing the hypothesis of the socio-economic influence of the community on regional planning in Siosar Village, Karo Regency. By involving 559 samples of family heads to be distributed research questionnaires and data processing using SEM-PLS. The results of the study stated that there is a Socio-Economic influence of the community (X) on Regional Development (Y) because it has a P value of 0.009 which is smaller than the significant level of 0.05.

Socioeconomic Influence on Speech Rehabilitation After Total Laryngectomy.

Speech rehabilitation following a total laryngectomy significantly impacts the quality of life. Indwelling prosthetic voice restoration provides optimal outcomes; however, the long-term maintenance of these devices carries considerable financial costs, which are not universally covered by insurance. This investigation aimed to analyze associations between socioeconomic factors and outcomes in postlaryngectomy speech rehabilitation. Retrospective cohort analysis. Academic tertiary-care center from May 2014 to September 2021. In patients undergoing total laryngectomy, the incidence of tracheoesophageal puncture with indwelling vocal prostheses (TEP-VP) placement within the first postoperative year was compared amonghousehold income, demographic factors, and disease characteristics. Functional and maintenance outcomes served as secondary endpoints. Seventy-seven patients were included. Forty-five (58%) underwent indwelling TEP-VP (41 primaries). Eighty-nine percentof patients with annual incomes greater than $50kunderwent TEP-VP compared to only 35% with incomes less than $50k/year. TEP-VP was performed in 85% of patients with commercial insurance, 70% with Medicare, 42% with Medicaid, and 0% with no insurance. On multivariate analysis, annual household incomes greater than $50k were predicted for TEP-VP placement (odds ratio: 12.7 [2.45-65.8], p = .002). The utilization of postoperative speech therapy and functional communication outcomes were similar amongsocioeconomic groups. Twelve patients were unable to afford supplies within the first year, with differences noted amonginsurance (p = .015) and income status (p = .003). Disparities in vocal and speech rehabilitation following laryngectomy may disproportionally affect underserved patients.

Newcastle 1000 (NEW1000) Study: an Australian population-based prospective pregnancy cohort study design and protocol

IntroductionMultiple cohort studies have been established to investigate the impact of early life factors on development and health outcomes. In Australia the majority of these studies were established more than...

Longitudinal profiles of neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability influence blood pressure changes across the female midlife period.

To examine whether longitudinal exposure to neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability influences blood pressure changes throughout midlife in a racially, ethnically, and geographically-diverse cohort of women transitioning through menopause. We used longitudinal data on 2738 women (age 42-52at baseline) living in six United States cities from The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Residential histories, systolic blood pressures (SBP), and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were collected annually for ten years. We used longitudinal latent profile analysis to identify patterns of neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability occurring from 1996 to 2007 in participant neighborhoods. We used linear mixed-effect models to determine if a woman's neighborhood profile throughout midlife was associated with blood pressure changes. We identified four unique profiles of neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability - differentiated by residential socioeconomic status, population density, and vacant housing conditions - which remained stable across time. Women residing in the most socioeconomically vulnerable neighborhoods experienced the steepest increase in annual SBP growth by 0.93mmHg/year (95% CI: 0.65-1.21) across ten-year follow-up. Neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability was significantly associated with accelerated SBP increases throughout midlife among women.

Pengaruh Sosial Ekonomi Pada Perempuan Terhadap Pernikahan Dini (Studi di Kecamatan Pemayung, Batanghari)

The aim of the study was to analyze the socio-economic influences on the occurrence of early marriage and the causes of young women marrying early in Pemayung District, Batanghari Regency, Jambi Province. This research is a mixed research type (mix method), namely presenting quantitative data as the main data by using multivariate statistical analysis of multiple logistic regression while qualitative data by conducting interviews and documentation. The research sample was 80 girls aged <19 years and 80 girls >20 years with a ratio of 1:1. The research variables were the age of mother's first marriage, mother's education, father's education, teenage girls' education and parents' income. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Factors that influence the occurrence of early marriage are the education of young women (P-Value 0.000; OR 30.429; 95% CI = 7.057-131.199), father's education (P-Value 0.004; 0.367; 95% CI = 0.186-0.727) and parents' income ( P-Value = 0.000; OR 5.707; 95% CI = 529-20.373) means that the factor that most influences the occurrence of early marriage is the education of young women. It is known that the education of adolescents in the low category is 30 times the risk of experiencing early marriage. The results of the in-depth interviews also found another reason why young women marry early because of unwanted pregnancies and risky sexual behavior in adolescents. Efforts can be made by providing economic strengthening programs to poor families who are at risk of early marriage so as to increase access to schooling for young women and increase access to services and education on reproductive health for adolescents and their parents.

Do Demographic Factors Affect Digitial Financial Literacy?

The purpose of this study is to determine the socio-economic influence on digital financial literacy. This research also focuses on differences in digital financial literacy by age category. Data analysis in this study was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through AMOS software to see the causal relationship between variables. Meanwhile, the one-way ANOVA test was used to see differences in digital financial literacy by age category. The results showed a negative and significant relationship between socio-economic factors and the level of digital financial literacy based on age and also found to have a significant difference. This research suggests policy makers to consider digital financial literacy as part of the knowledge offered at schools or universities.