Socio-cultural Elements Research Articles

PERSUASION IN PAKISTANI SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCERS’ DISCOURSE-AN INTRODUCTION TO MODEL OF CULTURAL EXEGESIS

Technological advancements have greatly influenced societies and cultures in general. Social media influencers (SMI) have impacted the lives of people and this phenomenon is hard to ignore. This research aims to explore the socio-cultural elements of persuasion in Pakistani SMI discourse. For this purpose, written posts of six categories of Instagram social media influencers have been sampled and analyzed. In order to analyze persuasiveness through socio-cultural elements in social media influencers’ discourse, the Model of Cultural Exegesis has been introduced and used, which adheres to explaining not only the socio-cultural transitions inherent in the discourse, but also addresses these changes from a critical point of view. The results are significant in highlighting the elements of persuasiveness in social media influencers’ discourse that have become a major reason for cultural shift or adaptation in society.

PERSUASION IN PAKISTANI SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCERS’ DISCOURSE-AN INTRODUCTION TO MODEL OF CULTURAL EXEGESIS

Technological advancements have greatly influenced societies and cultures in general. Social media influencers (SMI) have impacted the lives of people and this phenomenon is hard to ignore. This research aims to explore the socio-cultural elements of persuasion in Pakistani SMI discourse. For this purpose, written posts of six categories of Instagram social media influencers have been sampled and analyzed. In order to analyze persuasiveness through socio-cultural elements in social media influencers’ discourse, the Model of Cultural Exegesis has been introduced and used, which adheres to explaining not only the socio-cultural transitions inherent in the discourse, but also addresses these changes from a critical point of view. The results are significant in highlighting the elements of persuasiveness in social media influencers’ discourse that have become a major reason for cultural shift or adaptation in society.

THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS IN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

This article focuses on the role of intercultural pragmatics in modern foreign languages teaching and, on the notion, issues of intercultural pragmatics. It also analyses the importance of intercultural communication in the teaching of foreign languages, pragmatic aspects of intercultural communication, the interdependence of linguistic and cultural phenomena. While pragmatics is a branch of linguistics, intercultural pragmatism is developing as a new supplement to pragmatics. The process of intercultural communication includes linguistic and socio-cultural elements. The importance of intercultural communication in the study of a foreign language is that it eliminates cultural misunderstandings, mistrust and helps to adapt to other civilizational traditions of intercultural communication. Nowadays, according to communicative language teaching the main focus is on the development of communicative competence in foreign languages teaching. Sociolinguistic and pragmatic competencies are the integral aspects of this competence. Cultural and social factors are important in developing intercultural communicative competences in order to avoid difficulties that may arise in understanding interlocutors of different cultural backgrounds. Knowledge of the components of a language and cultural foundations such as phraseological units, words and proverbs help to overcome difficulties in intercultural communication and lead not only to understanding of “foreign” culture through “own” culture, but also the pragmatic factors that arise in this case. Given that English is the lingua franca in the world, there are many problems with intercultural pragmatics in the process of communication in this language. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of intercultural communication competence in the process of teaching English. However, there are a number of problems in the process of teaching a foreign language. The problem can be divided into linguistic, lingua-didactic and methodological aspects.

Символический мир модернизируемых обществ: изобретение традиций (кейс Японии)

This article discusses the specifics of Japanese modernization laid down during the Meiji reforms, which is believed to have achieved a kind of viable synthesis of Western and non-Western patterns of behavior, thinking patterns, and complexes of symbolic elements and ideas. Japan in the second half of the 19th century was faced with the task of catching up with Western countries, which implied, for example, copying certain Western traditions and social institutions. Nevertheless, Japan managed to carry out its modernization quite successfully, without losing its national identity. Today Japan is already an object itself, whose modernization experience other countries are trying to copy. Thus, under the conditions of globalization, Japanese behavioral patterns and other socio-cultural elements are spreading. The authors of this article utilize the concept of Eric Hobsbawm’s “invented traditions” to reveal the specifics of Japanese modernization. This approach assumes that Meiji modernity was designed or “invented” by some consensus of the Japanese elites of that time. Thus, in order to achieve modernity, Japanese elites had to “invent” traditions in a certain way, so that people could accept said traditions as their own. The invention of traditions itself, in turn, is a complex process of constructing socio-cultural patterns during which new practices and behaviors are made to seem older than they actually are, emphasizing their originality and connection with the people’s past. In Meiji Japan, various groups of Japanese elites had their own designs for the invention of traditions, in other words, the achievement of modernity. The authors conclude that the winning model implemented by the Meiji government was quite successful and allowed Japan to compete with Western powers on relatively equal terms.

Barriers to development of entrepreneurial ecosystems and economic performance in Southern Africa

Southern Africa has fewer innovative entrepreneurs per capita than other regions of Africa and a high failure rate amongst SMEs. Common problems such as corruption, crime and poverty plague the region, and as a result many of the economies do not perform well. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what barriers hinder the development of innovative entrepreneurship and economic performance in the region, based on entrepreneurial ecosystem theory. Panel data at national level was collected for eight countries in the region. Using SEM-PLS estimation, it was found that poor national strategies, corruption, excessive taxes, and high entry barriers put innovative entrepreneurship out of reach for many people. Government policies and the socio-cultural elements encourage entrepreneurship; however, the support is not enough to contribute positively towards economic growth. Unhealthy entrepreneurial ecosystems block access to resources and opportunities, limiting entrepreneurial activity and economic output. These findings highlight problem areas that can be used as the basis for policy formulation and restructuring efforts to target the most crucial barriers to innovative entrepreneurship, thereby encouraging entrepreneurial development. This study contributes towards the understanding of entrepreneurial ecosystem dynamics in the novel and unique context of middle- and low-income countries and can inform appropriate policy restructuring to ameliorate entrepreneurship in the region.

Ēhara tāku toa i te toa takitahi, engari he toa takitini: the power of a collective

ABSTRACT Transmission of skills and knowledge is a core message in dominant discourses surrounding early verbal and non-verbal communication of babies. Narrow conceptualisations fail to place adequate emphasis on sociocultural elements of language and children’s sophisticated non-verbal communication. Utilising Kaupapa Māori research methods, this study describes a critical reflective narrative of a community-led parenting programme that makes space for whānau to re-centre Indigenous linguistic and cultural practices. ‘He Awa Whiria/The Braided Rivers’ metaphor is used to illustrate three themes derived from the analysis: Ma te kotahitanga e whai kaha ai mātau/In unity we have strength, reciprocity/whakaututu, whānau ki te whānau and manaakitanga/love and compassion for others. Data sources included focus groups; interviews; and reflective researcher memos. The evolution of the collective-agentive approach is illustrated within each theme with selected critical episodes. This study describes the parent-coaches-researchers journey to illustrate how a community’s rangatiratanga/sovereignty led to system transformation. The whānau collective journey represents an organic response of one ‘targeted’ community to lead the way in responding to deficit assumptions of parents and their children held by educators in the realm of early oral language. Indigeneous knowledge, ways of being and languaging are central and valid for the success of all tamariki/children.

Making the Move Online: Interactive Read‐Alouds for the Virtual Classroom

AbstractInteractive read‐alouds are a mainstay in traditional literacy classrooms because they support wide‐ranging goals in reading development. As educators make the transition to virtual classrooms, it is paramount that core practices, such as the interactive read‐aloud, are intentionally adapted to ensure that their purpose remains central to their use. Although the production of digital read‐alouds has flourished during the recent pandemic, many of these videos lack key components necessary to foster meaningful literacy growth. Educators need to be aware of the affordances and limitations offered by digital read‐alouds to analyze and create materials for classroom use. In this article, we offer resources to guide intentional planning to ensure that digital read‐aloud experiences go beyond passive student consumption. In addition, specific recommendations illustrate how digital read‐alouds can be positioned within synchronous and asynchronous classroom activities to preserve and amplify the sociocultural element that can be more challenging to maintain within virtual environments.

Loving local beans? The challenge of valorizing local food in the Thai highlands

Highland areas in Thailand suffer from deforestation due to overproduction of maize and more ecologically favorable crops such as coffee are an attractive alternative. Beyond the obvious option to export coffee, policy schemes are being enacted to promote local production for local consumption. Rural development literature has long-lauded policies and strategies to add value to agricultural products by valorizing place and emphasizing socio-cultural or ecological elements unique to a certain region. A domestic boom in coffee consumption and shifting cultural values toward the practice of coffee drinking has put farmers in a position to benefit by cashing in on “local coffee” and improving environmental conditions. This research examines the strategy of valorizing the “localness” of food products and the process of embedding introduced foods in a developing country context. Combining fieldwork and survey data from a choice experiment to examine changing consumer culture and preferences, we show how the “localness” of an everyday drink is perceived and embedded in very different and unexpected ways by residents and tourists in Nan Province. While tourists acknowledge and value coffee from Nan, Nan residents would rather pay less for coffee made with local beans, which has implications for the economic viability of a local production for local consumption strategy and potential repercussions for regional environmental health. Careful consideration is needed to co-evolve new markets and new social practices when valorizing introduced products as local to a place.

PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON TRADITIONAL DOLL SELLERS OF IMA MARKET: A CASE STUDY

This qualitative research study illustrates the relationship between ongoing pandemic crisis and the economic impact on a small section of women of Ima market, Manipur, whose livelihood depends on making and selling of traditional dolls of the Meiteis, known as Laiphadibi. In many significant ways, Laiphadibi is also a socio-cultural element of Meitei society. In this study, the participants are all women as the Laiphadibi making, selling, and playing is culturally conditioned as roles of women in Meitei society since antiquities. This case study is based on unstructured interviews and conversation analysis of four women who were engaged in traditional doll business in Ima Market before COVID-19 pandemic. The findings indicate that the shutdown of Ima Market for more than seven months due to pandemic crisis-related lockdown adversely affected their livelihood. The art of Laiphadibi making is already on the verge of losing as only a small section of women engages in this business in present-day Meitei society, and Ima Market is their primary point of business. Furthermore, the pandemic ensued lockdown paused their livelihood as they cannot sell Laiphadibis in conventional shops as dolls are not included as essential items according to the guidelines of the Government. Therefore, at this critical juncture, it is crucial to analyze the discourses on the future of this socially and culturally significant artefact and the livelihood of those women engaged in this business.&nbsp

The changing faces of fandom? Exploring emerging ‘online’ and ‘offline’ fandom spaces in the English Premier League

This article examines how spaces of fandom in the English Premier League (EPL) have developed over the last decade in light of globalization processes and technological advancements. This conceptual paper thus utilizes the existing literature and frames these insights to outline emerging ‘offline’ and ‘online’ spaces of fandom in the English football’s top-tier. It is argued that these under-explored spaces have been enacted by broader, powerful processes and the two spaces – the fan zone (‘offline’ space) and the independent Fan TV (‘online’) do now comprise two important spaces that add vibrancy, meaning and socio-cultural elements to the practice of ‘being’ a fan. Crucially, the article ties into and extend current debates around the technology-fandom pair. It sustains that, in order to understand contemporary fan culture in the EPL, these spaces must, increasingly, be considered as sites for collective and individual identification, the performance of fandom and social interaction.

The differentiated role of language knowledge and linguistic acculturation strategies in the configuration of occupational aspirations: the case of the descendants of migrants in Western Catalonia

ABSTRACT One of the most influential factors in the future access to the labour market of a young descendant of migrants is their occupational aspirations. Sociodemographic, socio-cultural, and socio-professional family elements or knowledge of languages are key in their formation. But in bilingual societies like Catalonia, the symbolism associated with languages is an added complexity. Thus, this article aims to analyse the influence and predictive power of linguistic knowledge and linguistic acculturation profiles on occupational aspirations, using a questionnaire completed by 205 young people of African, European, and Latin American origin in Lleida. The findings indicate that better knowledge of Catalan and a profile of linguistic acculturation which emphasises this language predict above-mean occupational aspirations. Knowledge of Spanish has an unclear role and a profile prioritising Spanish is a negative predictor. We conclude that language knowledge becomes a resource ‘through’ its symbolic value, questioning theories postulating that multilingualism always allows/facilitates access to better occupations.

Coal, climate and change: The narrative drivers of Australia’s coal economy

Coal phase-out poses significant challenges for resource intensive economies with substantial coal sectors. Narratives are a key strategy for managing these challenges. As a resource intensive nation, the contributions of the coal sector to Australia’s economy are central to explaining the country’s on-going political commitment to coal. But the country’s socio-cultural context – social, cultural and geographic - is also critically important, since it amplifies the economic impact. Additionally these socio-cultural elements are increasingly utilised narratively by energy regime incumbents in strategic efforts to maintain business-as-usual. This is particularly so at a time when climate awareness is growing and renewables have established themselves as both popular and viable. The paper focuses both on the key narratives employed by Australian federal Coalition governments from 2013 to early 2020, and also how they change over time in response to changing societal contexts. Since narrative analysis helps reveal an issue’s power relations, telling Australia’s coal story through the conduit of these narratives helps to disclose both the characteristics and strategies of its contemporary coal politics. We focus on the state of Queensland, one of Australia’s largest coal mining states. Many of this study's findings can inform understanding of similar contexts across Australia and other coal-rich democracies worldwide.

Análisis y solución de errores socioculturales a través de mundos virtuales

Considerando la evolución de las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas a la enseñanza y la creciente demanda del aprendizaje de español en distintos lugares del mundo, el incremento de la importancia de la educación a distancia es inminente. Sin embargo, la toma de conciencia de los aspectos socioculturales de un país se produce en gran medida al encontrarse físicamente en el mismo. Por estos motivos, en este trabajo describimos una investigación sobre cómo el uso de recursos atractivos, motivadores y adaptados a las nuevas generaciones de aprendices, como son los mundos virtuales, pueden influir positivamente en el desarrollo de los elementos socioculturales en situaciones cotidianas sin necesidad de estar en el propio país hispanohablante. Para ello, se ha propuesto al alumno la interacción en diferentes eventos comunicativos tanto a través de role-play en el aula como de la inmersión lingüística como metodología para poner en práctica sus conocimientos de la lengua en un entorno virtual tridimensional que se asemeja a la vida real. Estas conversaciones han sido analizadas posteriormente a través de categorías, tanto pragmáticas, como propuestas por el Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes (2006).

Integration of Health Education and Cultural Value of Bimanesse Called “Maja Labo Dahu” toward the Intention to Stop Smoking of Smoker Student at Bima District-Indonesia

Socio-cultural elements may affect someone to follow or leave a behavior. Cultural values in the BimaDistrict-West Nusa Tenggara Province community that are in line with health behavior are the culturalvalues called “Maja Labo Dahu/MLD”, “Maja” means self-aware and “dahu” means carefulness. This studyaims to determine the effect of integrating the cultural value of “MLD” and health education toward theintention of high school student to stop smoking in Bima district . This study is a quasy experiment withpre-post-test with control group design with purposiv sampling on 60 students of 5 Senior High School inBima district. Self report was used to analyze the intention to stop smoking. Data analysis was examined byusing Pairred T-Test. The results showed 86.7% had strong intention to stop smoking and 13.3% had weakintention. The mean standard pre-post deviation in the treatment group was 4,633 ± 8,046 with a p-value<0.001. It can be concluded that there was a significant effect of interventions integrating MLD culturalvalues and health education toward the intention of student to stop smoking. Therefore, “Smoking session”efforts are required by considering elements of local culture and family resources.

Lexical “portraying” of cognitive concepts

The article is devoted to the cognitive emotiological concept of pride. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the compilation of conceptual lexical “portraits” and their subsequent comparison in different languages will reveal the similarity and difference in the natural language metaphysics of the compared cultures. Developed new author’s technique of “lexical portraying” of the concept determines the novelty of the research. The linguistic material of the research was the data from the corpus dictionaries “British National Corpus (BNC)” and “Russian National Corpus (RNC)” which represent a collection of grammatically marked texts. The first part of the article highlights the relevance of the study, defines the term “emotiological concept”, as well as provides general and specific for this area of research discussion issues from the field of cultural and cognitive linguistics. The authors analyze the interpretation of the term “concept”, the scope and content of this meaning and the ways of its description. The second part of the article is devoted to the study of the cognitions of “a proud man” and “a prideful man”. The authors conclude that the actualization of emotional feelings occurs under the influence of both external (socially conditioned) and internal (psychological) factors – the “provocateurs”. The third part presents the results of the cognitive analysis of the concepts “pride” and “гордость”. To provide this the authors refer to the definition of the realeme (a unit of the given lexical system). The ontogeny of the characterological behavioral qualities of “a proud man” and “a prideful man” is traced, and the amount of semantic and pragmatic information is established. Based on the analysis of the empirical vocabulary data and the considered connotations of lexical units “pride” and “гордость”, the authors propose a new type of “lexical portraying” and provide in the article the sample of one for the concepts “pride” and “гордость”. The developed etymological entry of the concept indicates 1) the cognitive elements of the concept, 2) the socio-cultural elements of the concept, 3) the semantics of the concept and 4) the syntax of the concept. The article dwells on emphasizing the fact that it is the cognitive elements that are universal for both Russian and English, while sociocultural, semantic, and syntactic elements might not always coincide in different natural language metaphysics. In conclusion, the authors summarize the data of the study and outline the promising areas of work in the field of concept science and cognitive linguistics.

A study of socio-cultural elements in common proverbs in Khorasan Razavi with emphasis on Kashmar city

One of the manifestations of culture and civilization and even literature of any country is the proverbs, rulings and short and rich words that arise from the greats of science and literature or from the common people and in our vast and ancient language there are thousands of proverbs and words Which has taste, thought and kindness and good interpretation in saying the meaning. The people of a society, when they find their experiences and reserves and those of the past as accepted and certain facts, express them in short sentences, in the form of poetry or prose, so that when they use them, the audience Immerse yourself in deep thought and leave a lasting impression on him. In fact, proverbs are the essence of a nation's collective wisdom that has been polished over time and passed down to us heart to heart. In our country, due to its ancient history, there are many proverbs. Although in different Iranian ethnic groups these proverbs have differences in language and dialect, but many of them are common in terms of meaning or concept. This article tries to examine the socio-cultural elements of the proverbs common in Kashmar city, its roots, dialect and their uses.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЛЕЧЕБНО-ОЗДОРОВИТЕЛЬНОГО ТУРИЗМА В АЛТАЙСКОМ КРАЕ ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ АНКЕТИРОВАНИЯ РЕСПОНДЕНТОВ

The article analyzes the results of a survey conducted in 2019–2020 among the clients of the Altai Territory health resort complex. Special attention is paid to the objects of medical and health tourism that are part of Bolshaya Belokurikha (the town and three municipal districts – Altaisky, Smolensky and Soloneshensky). The paper presents the structure of the tourist cluster of medical and health-improving services, describes the natural-ecological, economic-infrastructural and socio-cultural elements of the tourist cluster. Analysis of 1,700 responses to the questionnaires sent to the sanatoriums revealed the most preferred types of services for tourists in the sanatoriums of the region (by target activities – treatment with mineral baths, by related activities – massage). According to the results of the survey, satisfaction with the quality of medical services was 97%, with professionalism of medical personnel – 96%, with medical procedures – 93%, with entertainment programs – 87,9%, and with children's entertainment – 67,9%. Among the main problems in the development of health-improving tourism is the insufficient number of accommodation facilities for SPA and Wellness, VIP-segment tourists, tourist activities of a health-improving nature, including those for children. A positive image of the Bolshaya Belokurikha health resort cluster has developed in the country. Further development of the complex is linked to the need to organize a public-private partnership in the creation and operation of health tourism facilities in the Altai Territory.

The Intellectual Structure of Relationship Marketing Scientific Field: proposing new Avenues of Research from a Systematic Review

We aim to analyze the evolution and the social and intellectual structure of relationship marketing/CRM scientific field and develop a research agenda. We performed a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 290 articles published between 2015 and 2020. The social structure of the field shows the concentration of publication in developed countries and the predominance of the North-American approach and its focus on consumer centricity. Five research perspectives compose the intellectual structure of relationship marketing scientific field: business-to-business, customer loyalty, adoption and implementation strategies, theoretical developments and digital relationship marketing. We recommend scholars to address relational studies in emerging economies and the role of sociocultural elements in relationship marketing strategies; the impact of social media in consumers and firms relational dynamics; the multichannel context; and the rise of consumption journey as an opportunity to develop relationships in the multiple touchpoints between consumers and firms during the stages of consumption experience.

THE MEANING OF CREATIVE ECONOMY IN THE MINANGKABU COMMUNITY IN THE WEST SUMATRA TOURISM DESTINATION AREA, INDONESIA

The aim of this project was to analyze the meaning of the creative economy in the Minangkabau community in the tourist destination area of West Sumatra. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. This research was from the province of West Sumatra. Data collection by observation, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and in-depth interviews. The results showed that the creative economy had created economic added value, increased tourism, and strengthened local culture. Economic actors' actions in tourist destination areas prioritize rational economic actions and do not consider economic motives. The creative economy is not influenced by local habits or culture in taking action so that economic actors prioritize earning profits. The meaning of the Minangkabau community's creative economy in the tourist destination area is action prioritizing profit, action-oriented towards prospects, the action being accessible to all levels, action prioritizing opportunities, and actions have attractiveness and habits. It is shown that these creative economic actions tend to ignore the socio-cultural elements of local products. Cultural values drive the development of the creative industry in West Sumatra. The attractiveness and habits of local tourists and tourists from mancanagara (foreign tourists) become capital and action in the creative economy.

The contribution of sociocultural elements to learning processes in the teaching French as a foreign language: Example of Francofolie 1

İnsanoğlu var olduğu andan itibaren edindiği tüm bilgi birikimlerini ve kültürel deneyimlerini çeşitli biçimlerde gelecek nesillere aktarmıştır. 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren dünya nüfusunun hızla artması, ülkeler arası sınırların kalkması, göçler, teknolojik gelişmeler ve toplumların kendi kültürleri dışındaki diğer kültürleri tanıma gayretleri tüm alanları etkilediği gibi, eğitim-öğretim süreçlerinin de daha dizgesel bir düzende ilerlemesine neden olmuştur. Yabancı dil öğretme/öğrenme süreçleri de bu gelişmelerden önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, 1996 yılında Avrupa Konseyi’nin taslak olarak hazırladığı, 2001’de uygulamaya başladığı diller için Ortak Başvuru Metni (OBM), AB ülkelerinde ve birliğe üye olmak isteyen ülkelerde yabancı dil öğretme/öğrenme süreçlerinde kaynak metin olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Konsey, bu metinle, dil öğretiminin daha etkili bir biçimde gerçekleştirilebilmesi için programlarda ve ders araç-gereçlerinde olması gereken ölçütleri (yöntemsel, eğitsel ve kültürel vb.) belirlemiş ve öğretme/öğrenme süreçlerini, bu ölçütlere göre düzenleme yoluna gitmiştir. OBM’nin kaynak olarak alındığı bu çalışmada amaç, A 2 düzeyinde Fransızca öğretimi için tasarlanmış “Francofolie 1” ders kitabının eğitsel içeriğini oluşturan sosyokültürel öğeleri belirlemek ve bu öğelerin, OBM‘deki sosyokültürel öğeleri hangi düzeyde karşıladığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu nedenle, 2005 yılında 14-16 yaş arası gençler için hazırlanmış “Francofolie 1” ders kitabının içeriği, doküman analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Kitap, biçimsel olarak üç ana parkur ve bu parkurlara bağlı dokuz üniteden; üniteler ise dört dersten ve toplamda otuz altı dersten oluşmaktadır. Doküman analizinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre “Francofolie 1”de, OBM ölçütlerine uygun biçimde hedef dilin kültüründen Frankofon ve diğer ülke kültürlerine kadar birçok örnek bulunmaktadır. Kitabın “Unité 0” ve “Civilisation” bölümlerindeki Fransız kültürüne ait örnekler rengarenk, kaliteli ve albenili görsellerle sunulmuştur. Buna karşın diğer ünitelerdeki sosyokültürel içeriğe eşlik eden görsellerin birçoğu, basit çizimlerden ve az sayıdaki gerçek resimlerden oluşmuştur. Bu durum öğrenenlerin motivasyonlarını etkileyeceği için metinlere ya da sosyokültürel öğelere eşlik eden görsellerin öğrenenlerin ilgisini çekecek, yaratıcı düşünmelerine katkı sağlayacak ve öğrenme ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak biçimde düzenlenmesi gerekmektedir.