Understanding Of Society Research Articles

A critical review of diet-related surveys in England, 1970-2018

BackgroundMany diet-related surveys have been conducted in England over the past four to five decades. Yet, diet-related ill-health is estimated to cost the NHS £5.8 billion annually. There has been no recent assessment of the diet-related surveys currently available in England. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by providing researchers, especially those interested in conducting secondary (quantitative) research on diet, with a detailed overview of the major repeated cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys conducted in England over the last 48 years (1970–2018).MethodA three-stage review process was used to identify and assess surveys and synthesise the information necessary for achieving the paper’s aim. Surveys were identified using the UK Data Service, Cohort and Longitudinal Studies Enhancement Resources (CLOSER), the Medical Research Council (MRC) Cohort Directory and the Consumer Data Research Centre (CDRC) online data repositories/directories. Surveys were summarised to include a brief background, the survey design and methodology used, variables captured, the target population, level of geography covered, the type of dietary assessment method(s) used, primary data users, data accessibility, availability and costs, as well as key survey features and considerations.ResultsThe key considerations identified across the various surveys following the review include: the overall survey design and the different dietary assessment method(s) used in each survey; methodological changes and general inconsistencies in the type and quantity of diet-related questions posed across and within surveys over time; and differences in the level of geography and target groups captured.ConclusionIt is highly unlikely that any survey dataset will meet all the needs of researchers. Nevertheless, researchers are encouraged to make good use of the secondary data currently available, in order to conduct the research necessary for the creation of more evidence-based diet-related policies and interventions in England. The review process used in this paper is one that can be easily replicated and one which future studies can use to update and expand upon to assist researchers in identifying the survey(s) most aligned to their research questions.

Fathers\u2019 Involvement with Their Children Before and After Separation

Changes in fathering over the last decades have led to substantially more involvement of fathers in their children’s upbringing. At the same time, high rates of parental separation and subsequent loss of contact fuel concern about separated fathers’ role in their children’s lives. Underlying such concern is the assumption that separation represents a discontinuity in fathers’ parenting. This paper investigates whether fathers’ pre- and post-separation paternal involvement is linked: are fathers with lower levels of contact after separation those who were less involved fathers when co-resident? To answer this question, we draw on a nationally representative UK longitudinal study of children born in 2000–2001 to interrogate the links between fathering before and after separation for 2107 fathers, who separated from their child’s mother before the child was age 11. We show that fathers who were more involved parents prior to separation tend to have more frequent contact after separation, adjusting for other paternal and family characteristics. The size of this association between pre- and post-separation fathering is, however, modest, and even among more involved fathers, intensity of contact declines over time.

German Family Practitioners' Attitude toward the Legal and Economic Framework of their Professional Work

Advances in medical technology, demographic developments and changes in society's understanding of health and illness are altering the requirements in modern family medicine. In parallel, the privately financed secondary health care market is growing. The practice of family medicine is shaped by the regulatory environment of the Code of Social Law (economical, reasonable, necessary, practicable) but now increasingly by the economic orientation of the secondary health care market and by legal questions as well. To capture the implications of these developments, German family practitioners were surveyed about the resultant attitudes and consequences. A total of 500 family doctors took part in an online survey regarding the medical practice. The questionnaire was developed and pre-tested on the basis of semi-structured interviews. It contained items related to the implications of the secondary health care market as well as questions about commercial and legal consequences. Except for the sex of participants, the sample was representative of the overall distribution of family practitioners in Germany. Every second doctor practicing family medicine dislikes private payment for health care services; 75% perceived negatively the influence of non-medical actors in the public health sector on medical measures. Only 8% of the participants agreed with the statement that integration of innovative care concepts through digitalization improved patient care while 37% rejected it; 41% of those surveyed advocated stronger legal monitoring due to the increasingly negative influence of privatization. However, approximately two-thirds of the participants felt that current legislation, including the passage of the Anti-Corruption Law of 2016, was inadequate. The confidence of family doctors in legal prosecution for medical criminal acts was minimal. The self-image of family medicine will change through stronger integration among the commercial and legal aspects, which will be necessary for modern family medicine. A critical discussion regarding the possible effects of a competitive orientation must closely accompany any innovative care. In addition to the risk of the economization of practices, combining the classical health care system with the secondary health care market also offers opportunities to improve the quality of medical care.

Response to AAR Articles

Response to AAR Articles

Undergraduate nursing students' adoption of the professional identity of nursing through social media use: A qualitative descriptive study

BackgroundPrevious research has addressed nursing course components such as clinical placements that affect students' socialisation processes and the development of their professional identities. Social media is an increasingly important factor that has not yet been explored in-depth in terms of its influence on the development of the professional identity of nursing and is a major gap in our knowledge and understanding of undergraduate nurses' development. ObjectiveTo understand the influence of social media usage on the development of undergraduate nursing students' professional identity. DesignDescriptive qualitative study. SettingTwo universities in Saudi Arabia. ParticipantsSixteen undergraduate nursing students. MethodsSemi-structured and audio-recorded interviews were undertaken between November 2018 and January 2019. The transcribed data were thematically analysed using NVivo 12. ResultsThree main themes emerged: Learning about nursing professional identity through social media, adopting the identity of nursing, and students sharing their understanding of nursing professional identity via social media. Students used social media to learn about the nursing profession, and this helped them to develop a sense of belonging to the nursing profession. The students also used social media to share their experiences as nursing students and to enhance society's understanding of the importance of the nursing profession. ConclusionUndergraduate nursing students should be encouraged to develop their professional identity through socialisation. Social media can facilitate the socialisation process of undergraduate nursing students by connecting them with members of the nursing community.

Influence of living in a multicat household on health and behaviour in a cohort of cats from the United Kingdom

BackgroundLiving in a multicat household has been implicated as a risk factor for various feline issues, but evidence is often anecdotal or based on retrospective studies.MethodsData from the Bristol Cats...

Participant acceptability of digital footprint data collection strategies: an exemplar approach to participant engagement and involvement in the ALSPAC birth cohort study

IntroductionDigital footprint records – the tracks and traces amassed by individuals as a result of their interactions with the internet, digital devices and services – can provide ecologically valid data on individual behaviours. These could enhance longitudinal population study databanks; but few UK longitudinal studies are attempting this. When using novel sources of data, study managers must engage with participants in order to develop ethical data processing frameworks that facilitate data sharing whilst safeguarding participant interests.ObjectivesThis paper aims to summarise the participant involvement approach used by the ALSPAC birth cohort study to inform the development of a framework for using linked participant digital footprint data, and provide an exemplar for other data linkage infrastructures.MethodsThe paper synthesises five qualitative forms of inquiry. Thematic analysis was used to code transcripts for common themes in relation to conditions associated with the acceptability of sharing digital footprint data for longitudinal research.ResultsWe identified six themes: participant understanding; sensitivity of location data; concerns for third parties; clarity on data granularity; mechanisms of data sharing and consent; and trustworthiness of the organisation. For cohort members to consider the sharing of digital footprint data acceptable, they require information about the value, validity and risks; control over sharing elements of the data they consider sensitive; appropriate mechanisms to authorise or object to their records being used; and trust in the organisation.ConclusionRealising the potential for using digital footprint records within longitudinal research will be subject to ensuring that this use of personal data is acceptable; and that rigorously controlled population data science benefiting the public good is distinguishable from the misuse and lack of personal control of similar data within other settings. Participant co-development informs the ethical-governance framework for these novel linkages in a manner which is acceptable and does not undermine the role of the trusted data custodian.

Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Children's Dynamic Skill Accumulation: Evidence from a UK Longitudinal Study

Children are increasingly recognized as secondary victims of intimate partner violence. This paper uses a unique UK longitudinal child development survey to study the relationship between verbal and physical abuse experienced by mothers and children’s development up to the age of seven. Estimating production functions for cognitive, social, and socio-emotional skills we find that exposure during pre-school years has a quantitatively important negative effect on socio-emotional skills among toddlers and negatively affects cognitive and social skills after age three. The estimated impact on cognitive development is consistent with measures of cognitive skills based on school-based tests.

Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Children’s Dynamic Skill Accumulation: Evidence from a UK Longitudinal Study

Children are increasingly recognized as secondary victims of intimate partner violence. This paper uses a unique UK longitudinal child development survey to study the relationship between verbal and physical abuse experienced by mothers and children’s development up to the age of seven. Estimating production functions for cognitive, social, and socio-emotional skills we find that exposure during pre-school years has a quantitatively important negative effect on socio-emotional skills among toddlers and negatively affects cognitive and social skills after age three. The estimated impact on cognitive development is consistent with measures of cognitive skills based on school-based tests.

Criteria and aspects of environmental journalism based on the materials of Kyrgyz authors' works

The article deals with the analysis of environmental problems from the point of view of aspects of publicistic creativity. In the modern period, the issues of preserving life on the planet have become a priority in the list of global world problems, as society stands on the verge of an environmental crisis. Environmental problems are interdisciplinary, but they are based on a sociocultural nature. The mass media and publicists are charged with the task of interpretation of the aspects of interaction between nature and society, the transformation of people's worldview in the aspect of the formation and development of ecological consciousness. Journalism and literature are able to form new meanings and new society's understanding of the importance of restoring harmony in the relationship “Human - Nature”. The problem of environmental journalism is considered on the examples of works of the Kyrgyz authors: Ch. Aitmatov, M. Murataliev, K. Akmatova, A. Tokombayev. The presented material let us conclude that the problem of environmental journalism gains a new meaning in today's society and requires renewal of the scientific definition, which determines the scientific value of this article. The practical importance lies in the possibility of implementing the research results in the process of teaching at the faculties of journalism and philology in specialized and elective disciplines, as well as in the practice of mass media specializing in environmental themes.

An outline framework for the efficient onward-sharing of linked Longitudinal Population Study and NHS Digital records.

BackgroundLongitudinal Population Studies (LPS) typically operate as data resources for global bona-fide research, and therefore routinely share data to inform new research investigations. Current data sharing agreements between LPS and NHS Digital generally do not permit the onward-sharing of linked health records beyond the LPS’s host institution or provide mechanisms to dynamically add new research hypotheses.
 AimTo develop a framework of standardised onward-sharing models which control for risk and legal requirements and fit the context of different LPS.
 ApproachThe CLOSER longitudinal consortium and NHS Digital held consultation meetings with 13 UK longitudinal studies, consortia studies and infrastructure providers to identify requirements and potential solutions.
 ResultsFive onward-sharing models were identified. Two rely on the principle that anonymised data can be shared in a light-touch regulatory framework, and that this principle extends to ‘effectively anonymised’ data processed in line with the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) anonymisation code of practice. Three methods utilise differing permutations of contractual agreements in order to control for risk and enforce NHS Digital’s legal obligations. Establishing and maintaining these contractual arrangements will involve close working arrangements between the LPS and NHS Digital and further work is needed to clarify requirements for international data sharing. All models rely on the use of socio-technical controls used by LPS and infrastructure providers operating ‘Data Safe Haven’ approaches. Secure research facilities offered by national infrastructure providers – such as UK Secure eResearch Platform and UK Data Service – provide powerful risk control tools.
 ConclusionThe identified models provide varied and flexible options for the onward-sharing of linked LPS and NHS Digital data. Greater clarity is needed in order to share effectively anonymised data and to share data internationally. There are opportunities for the LPS community to facilitate elements of these processes through partnership approaches.

PEMAHAMAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP TINGKAT KERENTANAN BENCANA TANAH LONGSOR DI DESA TOOBAUN KECAMATAN AMARASI BARAT KABUPATEN KUPANG

The purpose of this research was to determine the society's understanding of disaster mitigation or preventing the likelihood of landslides, and efforts have been made public as well as solutions regarding prevention or reduction of the occurrence of landslides. This research was conducted in the Toobaun village of West Amarasi, Kupang district. The sampling technique was proportional random sampling. Sampling from entire population was taken as 100 respondents using descriptive analysis. The results showed that: 1) The level of public understanding about vulnerable to landslides and how to cope with and mitigate that are in the low category, where people suffered a lot of losses and damages caused by landslides, 2) Efforts have been made public categorized as high, and solutions in case of landslide still categorized low, people's knowledge and understanding of disaster mitigation less than the maximum so that the public is less aware of the potential damage caused by landslides. Keywords: The public's understanding, mitigation, landslides, Toobaun

INTERIORITY OF PUBLIC SPACE IN THE DEAF EXHIBITION CENTER IN BEKASI

The study aims to show the implementation of Deaf Space design guidelines application in the Deaf Exhibition Center building. Even to increase society's understanding of the need for public space access facilities for hearing disabilities. The relation between persons with hearing disabilities and space is the most fundamental thing in creating a space experience (interiority). Interiority is processed prioritizing high visual orientation, and encourages the totality of other sensory experiences based on the philosophy of Deaf Space. In terms of interior design, persons with hearing disabilities have other space needs and are more specific.. Space experience, using the principle of Deaf Space design, namely 1) space and proximity, 2) sensory reach, 3) mobility and proximity, 4) light and color, dan 5) acoustic as a concept of implementation, is one way to create a particular space experience. As a conception of application, is one way to create a particular space experience. Deaf space design guidelines are considered an important aspect in determining design concepts and are influenced by hearing disabilities' behavioral characteristics of interiority (relations between space and humans). Context of hearing disability behavior which includes a series of stages of exploration process and interpretation by subject in it gives birth to an interiority. Interiority is the presence of oneself being able to comfort in this space. Interiority isnot merely a spatial concept, but concept in which disunited spaces can be one uniting body, mind, and space. The interiority in exhibition space toward hearing disability behavior can be implemented in design concept for hearing disability, so hearing disability users or visitors can engage in community interaction conversations and need space called "deaf space". The results of this study contribute to application of the Deaf Space design concept in DEC building toward behavior of hearing disability user, so that they can activity independently and productively.

Trust in Autonomous Systems-iTrust Lab: Future Directions for Analysis of Trust With Autonomous Systems

With a renewed interest in the rise of robots and autonomy, in conjunction with the increase in awareness of the technology domain, general citizens have become even more crucial in the field of autonomous systems. Science is pacing toward an Autonomy of Things at a rate faster than society's understanding of autonomous systems. This is causing a backlash against autonomous systems in general. For example, many well-known people have called the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) an existential threat to the human race, while the wave of self-driving cars is facing huge regulatory and ethical obstacles. Industrial robotics had posed a similar kind of threat to job security and human safety in the past. However, benefits from industrial robotics outweighed the problems they imposed, and society has been able to see that. This visibility was made possible by the contributions of many scientists, engineers, and policy makers.

MENAKAR IDEALITAS LAPANGAN PUPUTAN SEBAGAI RUANG PUBLIK MASYARAKAT KOTA DENPASAR

This research discusses public space in Denpasar, Bali, focusing on Lapangan Puputan. Theoretically, public space has three functions, namely recreational, social interaction and political aspect. Using Habermas's theory on public space, this article found Lapangan Puputan fulfils three functions of public space. Yet, there is a lack of society's understanding on the function of public space, in which the space is functioned more for economic activity. They also refuse if Lapangan Puputan is used for political activity.

Medical Neoliberalism in Rape Crisis Center Counseling: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Clinicians’ Understandings of Survivor Distress

AbstractA neoliberal medicalized framework shapes society's understanding of distress as a disease or disorder and places the responsibility on individuals to “fix” themselves, situating the problem within a person, rather than in a sociopolitical context. This framework has become increasingly prevalent in Western society and has permeated rape crisis centers (RCCs), which play a vital role supporting sexual violence survivors. The goal of the present study was to explore the impact of a neoliberal medicalized discourse on RCC clinicians’ understandings of survivor distress. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed. Six RCC clinicians were interviewed. Analysis revealed four master themes: Wielding the Double‐Edged Sword of the Medical Model, Navigating the Healing Process with Survivors, Stay in Your Lane: The Role of the RCC, and Understanding and Honoring Survivor Shame. Recommendations for researchers and clinicians working with survivors are provided pertaining to how to (1) critically adopt medical neoliberalism, (2) empower survivors with medication information, and (3) employ alternatives to individual counseling to foster healing. Suggestions for future research are also provided.

A Population-Based Study of the Behavioral and Emotional Adjustment of Older Siblings of Children with and without Intellectual Disability

This is the first study on the behavioral and emotional adjustment of siblings of children with intellectual disabilities (ID) to use a population-based sample, from the third wave of the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS); a UK longitudinal birth cohort study. We examined differences between nearest-in-age older siblings (age 5–15) of MCS children (likely mainly with mild to moderate ID) identified with ID (n = 257 siblings) or not (n = 7246 siblings). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) measured all children’s adjustment. For SDQ total problems, 13.9% of siblings of children with ID and 8.9% of siblings of children without had elevated scores (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.04, 2.62; p = 0.031). Similar group differences were found for SDQ peer and conduct problems. In logistic regression models, variables consistently associated with older sibling adjustment were: adjustment of the MCS cohort child, older sibling being male, family socio-economic position, primary carer psychological distress, and being from a single parent household. The ID grouping variable was no longer associated with adjustment for all SDQ domains, except siblings of children with ID were less likely to be identified as hyperactive (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.10, 0.87; p = 0.027). Some older siblings of children with ID may be at additional risk for behavioral and emotional problems. Group differences were related mainly to social and family contextual factors. Future longitudinal research should address developmental pathways by which children with ID may affect sibling adjustment.

About Outreach: Prison Transformation through Creative Writing Design

About Outreach:Prison Transformation through Creative Writing Design Adelle Sefton-Rowston (bio) The YWrite project investigates the role of creative writing in prisons through a state-of-the-art prison education program designed specifically for incarcerated women and children in the Northern Territory. The workshops teach incarcerated students how to express themselves through creative writing in various forms of prison prose, graffiti art, and storytelling. Graffiti constitutes a special genre of writing that has been deployed by prisoners to reflect on their circumstance, to protest their penal incarceration, or even to transform their understanding. Because "graffiti" remains unconstrained by traditional writing conventions (of spelling, grammar, and punctuation), such writing provides a space for resistant writers or those of lower literacy levels to write intuitively. A writer of graffiti can articulate messages with a sense of urgency, uninhibited by conventional expectations of normative writing. The aims of the project are to foster motivation and self-efficacy through creativity, which in turn can lead to improved self-image and reduced emotional stress, an increase in literacy, and more postrelease opportunities. A major outcome of the program will allow detainees to share their "stories" through the publication or exhibition of their work, which will in turn contribute insights for society's understanding of effective prison arts programs and the effects of writing to transform. Why is this project important to the Northern Territory? In 2016, the Four Corners program "Australia's Shame" revealed the ongoing abuse of Indigenous youth in Darwin's Don Dale Youth Detention Centre and sparked many reasons why a penal system that does not rehabilitate at-risk Indigenous people should be completely transformed, if not abolished. Footage from the program showed children as young as twelve years old being punished with the use of restraint chairs, covered in spit-hoods, and locked up in isolation cells for indefinite periods of time. Such cruel and archaic forms of punishment have not far progressed since the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries in Europe, when criminals were punished with infliction and discomfort to their bodies through humiliation—or, to a worse extent, maimed, flogged, or sen-tenced to death. In Australia, Ronald Ryan was the last man to be executed at Pentridge Prison, and it was only in 1967. Yet even after the thirtieth anniversary of the Royal Commission into the Aboriginal deaths in custody, there remains a lack of willingness to transform prisons into places of support and rehabilitation for those who are incarcerated (who are mostly victims of domestic violence, the poorest of the poor, and those suffering from mental illness). The absence of a model of care to transform prisons in [End Page 432] Australia points to a gap in national consciousness regarding the humanity of those who are incarcerated. So why a creative arts program? Since the abuse of Indigenous children in Darwin's Done Dale Detention Centre was exposed, several fiction books on the theme of Indigenous incarceration in Australia have been published, including Kim Scott's Taboo, Paul Collis's Dancing Home, and some of the stories in Tony Birch's Common People. Such texts include the bitter fear of an alleged offender being chased by police authorities and the appalling circumstances of incarceration once caught. Yet these stories also show how the grit and determination of a few characters can transform prisons into places of colonial freedom when language and culture are strong, when there are opportunities to write, to share stories, and to empower oneself in preparation for release on the outside. To write is one of the most empowering acts of rebellion one can take—whether in the form of a novel or as graffiti written on a concrete wall. To write is to protest by creating the new formation of words in a different order to realize something new. Graffiti has a broad yet unique readership: it is not always read by choice, but nonetheless it has a fluid and encompassing range of readers—it is for everybody. The writing of graffiti is not an autonomous or mono act but can speak to many people in various ways. In prisons, for example, graffiti may communicate with inmates, prison staff, or perhaps even tourists...

THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF SHARḤ HADITH IN AL-ANDALUS IN THE SECOND TO THE THIRD CENTURY AH: A BOOK STUDY OF TAFSÎR GHARÎB ALMUWAṬṬA BY ‘ABD AL-MALIK BIN ḤABÎB

The fuqahâ’ (Legal Scholars) and muḥadditsûn (Hadith experts) have constructed theepistemology of Sharḥ Hadith in al-Andalus by its use and application. Interpreting Hadithby understanding the reality and context in al-Andalus provides a comparative understandingfor society to better get the messages of the Hadith, rather than focus on its transmission andvalidity rules. Such approach is taken considering the situation and condition in al-Andalusdemand the dissemination of practical knowledge, not theoretical knowledge as in Masyriq (theEast) where the people have achieved deeper knowledge. The epistemology developed by ‘Abdal-Malik bin Ḥabîb (d. 238/852) in the second to the third century AH gives an illustration thatSharḥ Hadith is developed in its epistemic corridor. Basically, the study of Sharḥ Hadith in Al-Andalus does not only have a passive role in the domination of Islamic centrist in the Masyriq,but also play an active role in interpreting various situations and conditions in the region.The relation of power between the Mâlik School and local knowledge in the epistemology ofSharḥ Hadith hadith are productive, producing practical and principle-based knowledge forthe people in al-Andalus

Exploration of NO2 and PM2.5 air pollution and mental health problems using high-resolution data in London-based children from a UK longitudinal cohort study

Air pollution is a worldwide environmental health issue. Increasingly, reports suggest that poor air quality may be associated with mental health problems, but these studies often use global measures and rarely focus on early development when psychopathology commonly emerges. To address this, we combined high-resolution air pollution exposure estimates and prospectively-collected phenotypic data to explore concurrent and longitudinal associations between air pollutants of major concern in urban areas and mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Exploratory analyses were conducted on 284 London-based children from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study. Exposure to annualized PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations was estimated at address-level when children were aged 12. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were assessed at ages 12 and 18. Psychiatric diagnoses were ascertained from interviews with the participants at age 18. We found no associations between age-12 pollution exposure and concurrent mental health problems. However, age-12 pollution estimates were significantly associated with increased odds of major depressive disorder at age 18, even after controlling for common risk factors. This study demonstrates the potential utility of incorporating high-resolution pollution estimates into large epidemiological cohorts to robustly investigate associations between air pollution and youth mental health.