Safe Society Research Articles

'That was the Night I Became an Insomniac': Guilt, Trauma and Recovery in Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner

‘The Kite Runner’ is the debut novel written by Afghan American author Khaled Hosseini. This novel is the story of Amir and Hassan, who struggles to find their space in the world because of the after-effects and fallout from a series of traumatic childhood events.The story is told by its lead character Amir who is a Pashtun belongs to the upper social class. Hassan is a Hazara who belongs to a socially backward class. Both Amir and Hassan are inseparable best friends until the day when Amir witnesses Hassan being raped by Aseef. Amir could not do anything to save Hassan and also ignores the incident and hides in silence. Rather, he drives away Hassan from his home with a false accusation to forget his trauma. But it actually intensified his guilt and trauma. Later, political instability in Afghanistan forces Amir and his father to flee to Pakistan and later to the United States. Years later Amir gets a call from his uncle when he becomes aware that Hassan has been killed and that he was Amir’s half-brother. He also learns that Hassan’s son Sohrab is in Taliban’s clutches. Amir takes it as a call for his redemption and sets to Taliban ruled Afghanistan to save Sohrab and bring him back to the United States. This study focuses on the role of guilt leading to psychological trauma, socio-cultural factors effecting the individual's and the collective trauma, and also analysing the recovery process of the traumatised characters. The message of this narrative is that social stratification of individuals or groups makes them an easy victim. A broader understanding of social equality can help in preventing traumatic evils thereby creating a safer society.

تضمين مناهج التربية الاسلامية لمفهوم السِّلْم من وجهة نظر المعلمين: المدارس العربية بكوالا لمبور نموذجا INCLUSION THE CONCEPT OF PEACE IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM FROM TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVE: ARAB SCHOOLS IN KUALA LUMPUR AS A MODEL

The view of the Islamic education curriculum on the function of peace and its roles does not change with the change of the requirements of modern life. It is the basis of all civilization and progress. Islamic education begins with an attempt to implement peace first in the conscience of the human individual so that his heart is reassured. Then in the family environment because it is an essential cell in building a safe society. Then in the midst of the society to which that human individual belongs. It is surrounded by nations and peoples for acquaintance, diversity and solidarity in the spirit of human tolerance. This study aims to collect the purposes of peace from the Noble Qur’an and the Sunnah, And then to identify the level of inclusion of these meanings in the curricula of Islamic education in Arab schools in Kuala Lumpur. The meanings of peace have been divided into three axes; peace of the individual; peace in the family; The third axis includes peace in society. Whereas, a questionnaire designed to measure this was distributed to (119) teachers of the Islamic education curriculum in Arab schools in Kuala Lumpur. The results showed the low level of inclusion in Islamic education curricula of the foundations of peace, and that it does not amount to achieving the five religious necessities. and the most important purposes of Islamic law for students.

A narrative review of international legislation regulating fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility: Is there a perfect system?

Mentally ill offenders have a right to a fair trial and adequate treatment in terms of the law. The diversion of mentally ill offenders between the criminal justice and the mental health care systems is linked to the forensic psychiatric assessment and based on two psycho-legal constructs, fitness to stand trial (FTST) and criminal responsibility (CR). Forensic psychiatric assessment is therefore an important element in criminal law and plays a major role in the court's decisions regarding the sentence, detention, placement, or treatment of mentally ill offenders. The legislation aims to ensure balancing the rights of mentally ill offenders to psychiatric care and society's safety. A narrative overview of the literature summarizing the findings on legislation regulating FTST and CR assessment and their practice in different areas of the world was conducted. It offers insight into the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches and examines the way court proceedings function in these different geographical and psychosocial-legal contexts. This may have policy implications for individual systems and allow countries to consider feasible mechanisms to refine the relevant legislation to improve their practices in forensic psychiatric assessments. Worldwide, relevant legislation is considered as essential in protecting mentally ill offender's right; it has been established for many years regarding specifying the procedures and responsibilities for the mental health care and criminal justice systems. Despite similarities in the principles of the psycho-legal constructs in different countries, there are differences in the way legislations are implemented, often depending on the available resources.

Democratic policing: a conceptual framework

ABSTRACT Democratic policing, as opposed to regime policing, must meet at least three requirements: there is democratic accountability of and for the police; the police adhere to the rule of law; and the police behave in a manner that is procedurally fair in service of the public. The article presents a conceptual framework of nine dimensions applicable to different contexts with a view to facilitate policies and practices towards democratic policing. It is argued that the ultimate result being sought is a legitimate police service. If legitimacy is the result, then trust is the outcome preceding it. Legitimacy is dependent on the public's trust that State power will be used in the public interest. Public trust therefore fulfils an important legitimising function. Levels of trust in the police are driven by the police's ability and performance record with reference to three outputs : objectivity, empathy and responsivity. The latter three outputs flow from five input variables, namely: knowledge of what works in creating a safer society from a policing perspective; rights-based policing; accountability of the policing (inclusive of transparency); efficiency and effectiveness of resource utilisation; and the police as citizens also entitled to rights and protections. The utility of the conceptual framework lies in providing a coherent and linked-up view to analyse police organisations and support the development of reform proposals. Keywords: Democratic policing; regime policing; public trust; legitimacy; human rights; police reform; professional policing.

A proposal for a White Paper on Geoethics in Forensic Geology

Abstract This paper outlines the construction of a White Paper on Geoethics in Forensic Geology. It focuses on forensic geology, although it also relates to the wider sphere of the forensic geosciences. Forensic geology is rapidly evolving to provide assistance in police investigations and in criminal and civil courts with providing scientific advice and evidence, but there also should be associated clear guidelines to benefit both the practitioner and the justice system. Examples of where forensic geology delivers to society in a vital way are required and also where potential malpractice could happen. The paper discusses where forensic geology should pursue social justice in compliance with current legal systems. In order to achieve this goal, it outlines the main areas that we suggest should be developed within the discipline: the competence of the scientist in forensic geology; the creation of best practice guidelines; the establishing of clear duties of the expert in forensic geology; and consideration of ethical aspects in forensic geological activities and ethical aspects in communicating geoscience evidence. When developing geoethics within forensic geology, the following practices were identified as of prime importance: improved standardization of methods; the use of appropriate methods and/or combination of complementary methods; greater clarity of approach used for the location of areas of interest; collection and recovery of evidence; scene examination and sample collection evaluation of data; construction and appropriate use of databases, background information, documentation, cartography and communication of forensic data; and summary of evidence and acknowledgement and consideration of uncertainty and bias. Honesty, integrity, respect, transparency, competence and reliability are vital for the forensic geoscientist to adhere to. Raising the ethical profile of the forensic geoscience profession aims to pave the way for forensic geoscientists to be empowered now and into the future to serve society: acting responsibly and adopting effective ethical codes is vitally important for a safe society. This paper highlights the necessity to hold urgent discussions on the ethical and social implications of forensic geology and their potential repercussions on societal justice. Forensic geology is a very useful tool, but like any other tool in human hands, it presupposes responsibility in its application. Professionalism and honesty in forensic geology are fundamental to assure the public that geoscientists involved have the highest scientific respectability, social credibility and community respect for their role to help pursue judicial truth. The aim of this draft White Paper is to stimulate an open and informed debate on geoethics.

KNOWLEDGE IMPROVEMENT OF NEW HABITS ADAPTATION TOWARDS A PRODUCTIVE SOCIETY AND SAFE COVID-19

Public fear of the Covid-19 virus has resulted in social restrictions. This has an impact on determining the productivity and economy of society. For this reason, it is necessary to adapt new habits so that people can be productive again in breaking the chain of spreading the Covid-19 Virus. This service aims to provide knowledge to the public about the Adaptation of New Habits Towards a Productive and Safe Covid-19 Society. Community service activities were carried out on September 4, 2020 with a total of 25 participants from the people Mojo Agung Hamlet, Seputih Jaya Village in the form of socialization and discussion. The assessment was carried out using quantitative methods by distributing the pre-test and post-test. The results of this service concluded that there was an increase in participants' knowledge about the adaptation of new habits during Covid-19 pandemic. This is shown by the increase in the value of the participants' knowledge after being given some materials and simulations as much as 38%.

Da’wa in National Context

The Indonesian nation chooses moderate Islam as the choice in understanding and practicing religion. The choice of moderate Islam is the right choice considering that Indonesia is a pluralistic and multicultural country. By making moderate Islam as a choice in religion, it will provide enormous opportunities for the creation of a harmonious, harmonious, and safe society. Therefore, the preaching of Islam must also be appropriate in the corridor of da’wa that develops peace and safety. The propagators of Islam (da'i) certainly have to develop their da’wa by using an approach based on the desire to create a society based on Islam, Indonesian, and modernity. If the da'i can do it, it will be certain that in welcoming Golden Indonesia, in 1945, Indonesia will become a country that can be used as an example as a country with a high Islamic civilization.

Technological Solutions for Complex Problems: Emerging Electronic Surveillance Regimes in Eurasian Cities

This essay examines ‘smart city’ initiatives rapidly emerging across Eurasia that are aimed at the surveillance of disorderly and criminal behaviour in public spaces. They are a result of both locally driven demand to modernise law enforcement and global pressures to innovate. We specifically compare Kyiv, Almaty, and Bishkek. Each city differs in regard to who initiated smart city policies and under what conditions new technology was purchased from foreign vendors. Our essay contributes to the growing socio-legal literature on Eurasia by analysing how these electronic surveillance projects are used to manufacture an orderly, safe society and achieve modernity without the burden of deeper political change.

Conferința Națională de Asistență Socială Penitenciară cu participare internațională – ediția Ia, Iași, 14-16 martie 2019

The context or pretext of this Conference was a challenge for the experts of different domains to identify some solutions in order to build a safer society for us and our children by studying: the aspects regarding the origins and typologies of criminal behaviors, the elements of the theory and practice of social services towards inmates and the mechanism and importance of institutional collaboration for relapse prevention. The penitentiary as “a total institution”, tight, with its own organization, is just like any other community, governed by written and unwritten rules. Besides solitude, depression, rage, indignation, in this world one can feel positivism, power of rehabilitation and desire for affirmation. This is the context where the penitentiary social worker has to, on the short term, demonstrate the capacity of fast decision making. On the other hand, on the long term, he/she must intervene one step at the time using high-fidelity techniques, scientifically approved for the targeted population; all of this representing an assurance of professional success. The complexity of the detention imposes an integrated and complete approach; thus the actual approaches must be completed with new techniques that regard the human as a whole in a shifting dynamic.

Da’wa in National Context: Da’wa for a Modern and Peaceful Indonesia

The Indonesian nation chooses moderate Islam as the choice in understanding and practicing religion. The choice of moderate Islam is the right choice considering that Indonesia is a pluralistic and multicultural country. By making moderate Islam as a choice in religion, it will provide enormous opportunities for the creation of a harmonious, harmonious, and safe society. Therefore, the preaching of Islam must also be appropriate in the corridor of da’wa that develops peace and safety. The propagators of Islam (da'i) certainly have to develop their da’wa by using an approach based on the desire to create a society based on Islam, Indonesian, and modernity. If the da'i can do it, it will be certain that in welcoming Golden Indonesia, in 2045, Indonesia will become a country that can be used as an example as a country with a high Islamic civilization

Toward a Sustainable Cybersecurity Ecosystem

Cybersecurity issues constitute a key concern of today’s technology-based economies. Cybersecurity has become a core need for providing a sustainable and safe society to online users in cyberspace. Considering the rapid increase of technological implementations, it has turned into a global necessity in the attempt to adapt security countermeasures, whether direct or indirect, and prevent systems from cyberthreats. Identifying, characterizing, and classifying such threats and their sources is required for a sustainable cyber-ecosystem. This paper focuses on the cybersecurity of smart grids and the emerging trends such as using blockchain in the Internet of Things (IoT). The cybersecurity of emerging technologies such as smart cities is also discussed. In addition, associated solutions based on artificial intelligence and machine learning frameworks to prevent cyber-risks are also discussed. Our review will serve as a reference for policy-makers from the industry, government, and the cybersecurity research community.

PUBLIC AWARENESS AND PREPAREDNESS ON LOCAL INSTITUTIONS COPING STRATEGIES TOWARDS NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Recent years, Malaysia had experienced natural disasters such as landslides and flood. Lack of emergency management when dealing with natural disaster will exacerbate the problem and lead to financial, structural and even human losses. This study intends to examine the impact of coping strategies by local institutions on public awareness and preparedness towards natural disaster management. This research involved an exploratory phase and a detailed reflective phase which covered the Klang Valley. In this study, about 1500 copies of self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. Questionnaires were collected once the respondents completed the survey. During the reflective phase, in-depth interviews were conducted to measure the level of awareness and preparedness towards natural disaster management of communities. The local residents and residence association representatives were the targeted respondents for the in-depth interviews. The findings of this study are the coping strategies used by local authorities are unsustainable and had not constructed permanent solution in overcoming the growing negative effects of hazards. This research will help promote a safe and secure urban society in Malaysia through a better understanding of the proactive disaster management activities and the significant role of local institutions.

Estado e o Monopólio da Violência: os planos de segurança pública no Brasil

O trabalho exposto visa colaborar para a discussão da segurança pública no Brasil, considerando a necessidade do protagonismo estatal em afiançar uma vida segura para a sua população. O objetivo alinhado foi demonstrar o papel do Estado no atributo do monopólio legítimo do uso da violência física para repressão da criminalidade na sociedade. A metodologia descritiva/qualitativa foi a escolha empregada na pesquisa consultando fontes bibliográficas e documentais. O resultado abaliza a ineficiência dos planos nacionais em legitimar o monopólio do Estado na garantia da segurança. À guisa conclusiva demostra insipientes avanços alcançados pelos planos brasileiros de segurança pública e a ausência de políticas públicas sociais corroborativas de uma sociedade segura.

Policy for Promoting Safety Education Designed to Create Safe Society: Focusing on Fire Safety Educator

In order to meet public expectation amid rising demand for safety caused by frequent safety-related accidents and the occurrence of expanding and complex disasters, the importance of safety education designed to help people develop abilities for survival from fire and disasters as well as for protecting both you and other people. This article aims to seek ways to promote safety education policies using standardized manuals and the Fire Safety Educator led by the Fire Fighting Department in charge of public safety on the front. Currently the South Korean government employ fire fighters using a standardized manual for national safety education and the Fire Safety Educator. It is essential to continue efforts to reinforce safety awareness across the nation. In addition, the government needs to provide assistance to continue developing and studying safety education and relevant practice programs that enables people to be familiar with the standardized manual guided by the Fire Safety Educator.

PUBLIC AWARENESS AND PREPAREDNESS ON LOCAL INSTITUTIONS COPING STRATEGIES TOWARDS NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Recent years, Malaysia had experienced natural disasters such as landslides and flood. Lack of emergency management when dealing with natural disaster will exacerbate the problem and lead to financial, structural and even human losses. This study intends to examine the impact of coping strategies by local institutions on public awareness and preparedness towards natural disaster management. This research involved an exploratory phase and a detailed reflective phase which covered the Klang Valley. In this study, about 1500 copies of self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. Questionnaires were collected once the respondents completed the survey. During the reflective phase, in-depth interviews were conducted to measure the level of awareness and preparedness towards natural disaster management of communities. The local residents and residence association representatives were the targeted respondents for the in-depth interviews. The findings of this study are the coping strategies used by local authorities are unsustainable and had not constructed permanent solution in overcoming the growing negative effects of hazards. This research will help promote a safe and secure urban society in Malaysia through a better understanding of the proactive disaster management activities and the significant role of local institutions.

Safety Related Challenges when Designing Sustainable Cities

The transition towards sustainable city planning is challenging from many perspectives, e.g. the speed of development towards fossil free fuels and updating of regulations for controlling risk in the transport infrastructure do not manage to keep an even pace. This applies both at the detailed level regarding technical design requirements and on a more comprehensive performance level of safety objectives that can be verified to confirm compliance with society's safety objectives. This paper presents challenges, experiences and results in connection with the analysis of the risks associated with an underground bus terminal operated with gas-powered buses. A risk analysis approach used in an ongoing project in the final stage of the planning process, which makes it possible to discuss experiences and difficulties based on work in practice. Two main types of injury are studied; fire and explosion, where people can be exposed to both high temperatures, toxic smoke, radiation, pressure waves and impact by flying debris. Fire, may occur with ignition of combustible gas mixture (in air). It can be noted that an underground bus terminal operated by gas-powered buses constitutes a complex facility from a risk perspective and that the risk level without special consideration for additional safety measures is expected to be high. Therefore, a safety concept is required that is balanced between different types of measures, such as supervision, control and safety enhancing installations as well as inherent passive protection.

Ethics education in prison: a pilot study on an ethics programme for offenders

Education is a fundamental process of human life with ethics having an important place in all areas of our life. It is thus important to incorporate ethics into education as a subject (Gulcon Procedia-Social and Behavioural Science 174: 2622–2625, 2014). Reports have indicated in how “teaching philosophy can enhance people’s capacity for critical (rather than emotional) thinking, encourage critical engagements with ideas of self, and improve interpersonal skills, with these being important transferable skills that could help prisoners to prosper once released” (Reported by The University of Edinburg n.d.). This is in line with the South African prison system’s mandate, which is to maintain and promote a just, peaceful and safe society by correcting offending behaviour in a safe, secure and human environment, thus facilitating optimal rehabilitation and reduced repeat offending (Department of Correctional Services 2017). Therefore, for the system to fulfil some of its mandate; ethics education in prison for the purpose of rehabilitating offender’s moral thinking and reasoning in order to correct their behaviour before being released is vital. Ethics training was done at the Johannesburg Correctional Service, with a maximum of 40 voluntary participants (who self-selected themselves to take the training). Training was dived into three categories: 1. Tutorials. 2. Practical application of moral values of Ubuntu. 3. Discussion and debating another set of moral values as well as writing of assignments. Participants reported to have gained and learned to respect themselves as well as others (in their immediate community- prison and society at large), identify their faults (crimes they committed) and gained self-confidence. Application of this method in ethics education proved to be well received by the participants, as well as how ethics training in prison might be used as an effective tool for moral development and reasoning, thereby rehabilitation.

Determinants of child safety seat use among parents in an International Safe Community, Tehran, Iran

Objective: Road traffic accidents are a global issue and serious threat for public health. Children are at high risk of serious injury or death from motor vehicle crashes. Child safety seats (CSSs) can reduce the risk of death and serious injury in children. This study was done to determine the prevalence of child safety seat use in vehicles and the factors influencing their use in a safe society (Tehran, Iran) in 2015.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 804 parents with children under 12 years old who owned private cars were questioned in different areas of Tehran. A questionnaire included demographic data, and 2 specific questionnaires were used for families that used a CSS and those did not use a CSS. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All analyses were carried out using SPSS 21.Results: The prevalence of child safety seat use was 18.7% and was significantly higher among parents with an income greater than 50 million rials/month, parents who received child safety seat recommendations, parents living in the north of Tehran, and fathers with more driving experience. Age, weight, and height of children were also factors that influenced the use of child safety seats. The most common reasons for parents to use child safety seats was awareness about the benefits of this device and fear of harm to the child, and the most common reasons for nonuse were child intolerance while sitting in the seat and cost.Conclusion: The prevalence of child safety seat use in Tehran is very low, and most parents are not aware of the importance of child safety seats. Comprehensive programs, including legislation, law enforcement, public education, and publicity to promote the benefits of using CSSs, in Tehran can be an effective step toward increasing the use of child safety devices.

Design of Real-time Safety Accident Prevention Solution for Socially Vulnerable using Object Recognition and Tracking Technology

All countries around the world want to create a safe society and a safe nation. However, crime targeting the socially vulnerable groups continues to increase. This is because the vulnerable groups have physical and physical weaknesses. Therefore, in order to pursue a safe society, it is necessary to protect the socially vulnerable. In this paper, we utilize the latest trend, drones, to protect against vulnerable groups. That is, we designed a real-time accident prevention solution for the elderly, the disabled, children and women using the drones. Drones' autonomous flight technology, obstacle detection technology, collision avoidance technology, wireless communication linkage technology, and real time image transmission technology. Through this, we have studied to enable safe activities in the blind spot of CCTV. In this paper, we have identified the problem of crime prevention system using existing CCTV system. To solve this problem, we have developed a safety accident prevention solution using drones. To this end, we designed the drones to enable real-time tracking by applying autonomous flight technology, obstacle avoidance technique, and object tracking technology. In addition, wireless communication between the object and the drone was applied to prevent flight deviation. And, it is designed to link emergency notification service through real-time video transmission during flight.

Using Mental Illness as a Scapegoat for Mass Shootings: The Perils of Being a Bystander in a World of Misinformation—A Psychologist's Perspective

Using Mental Illness as a Scapegoat for Mass Shootings: The Perils of Being a Bystander in a World of Misinformation—A Psychologist's Perspective