Concept Of Society Research Articles

Más allá de la socialización y de la sociabilidad: jóvenes y bachillerato en México

Resumen El artículo presenta la línea de investigación sobre jóvenes y escuela en México. La línea busca construir un puente entre los estudios sobre alumnos y los estudios sobre jóvenes: los estudiantes son a la vez jóvenes y gran parte de la vida juvenil se desarrolla en la escuela. Se enfoca la doble condición de ser estudiante y de ser joven, pero también la condición de ser adolescente hijo o hija de familia. El artículo da cuenta del desarrollo de la línea de investigación y establece desde sus hallazgos una discusión con dos conceptos: el concepto de socialización en los estudios sobre alumnos y el concepto de sociabilidad en el campo de los estudios sobre jóvenes, a la vez que propone restituir el concepto de subjetivación. Se presenta el enfoque metodológico de esta línea de investigación que combina elementos de la tradición etnográfica con elementos de la tradición hermenéutica. En una primera parte el artículo muestra los hallazgos de las investigaciones sobre el sentido del bachillerato y discute desde ahí los límites del concepto de socialización. En una segunda parte presenta los hallazgos sobre la escuela como espacio juvenil. En este espacio se despliegan procesos de socialización y sociabilidad, pero más allá de lo que comprenden estos conceptos es necesario conceptualizar los procesos de subjetivación. Estos procesos no son solitarios: los jóvenes comparten con compañeros, amigos y novios vivencias y conversan sobre ellas. La conversación es una forma privilegiada de reflexión y convierte las vivencias en experiencias que permiten crecer.

Sociability networks of migrant youngsters: The case of Dutch Hindustanis

This article introduces the concept of sociability as an alternative to social capital theories in understanding the expansion of ethnic networks of Dutch Hindustani youngsters. The author argues that the concept of sociability, launched by Simmel and characterized by joy, relief and vivacity, captures these networks better than theories of social capital because they presume rationality and exchange. While sociability appears to be a useful alternative, it lacks specification of the preconditions and the relational glue. It is argued that for sociability relations to emerge, agency is required as well as a common ethnic content, including Indian Bollywood cinema culture. Finally, the author emphasizes that the increased bonding is by no means exclusive to Hindustani youngsters as their peers in other ethnic communities meet both preconditions that enable them to expand community networks. Therefore, the process addressed in this article has a much wider relevance.

The concept of sociability as a referent of historical analysis

Este articulo analiza la utilidad del concepto de sociabilidad como categoria historica. Para ello hemos empleado bibliografia especializada, partiendo de lo sociologico para aterrizar en lo historico. En el texto, demostrando que el concepto de sociabilidad es primordial al momento de analizar las sociedades del pasado y su proceso de politizacion, ya que permite observar la trama politica desde la optica de las relaciones sociales de los actores superando la forzada limitacion de derecha e izquierda o para el caso colombiano liberal y conservador. Igualmente, llegamos a la conclusion de que el concepto de sociabilidad hay que situarlo en un tiempo y espacio, debido a que si no se realiza dicho ejercicio se puede convertir en un termino ambiguo que puede remitir a todos los procesos historicos o ninguno de ellos.

Listen and Speak: Power-Knowledge-Truth and Cochlear Implants in Toronto

Cochlear implants and auditory-verbal therapy are the latest techniques and technologies used to make deaf people learn to listen and speak. This paper provides a genealogical analysis of the Cochlear Implant Program at SickKids Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and shows how this program exemplifies the medicalization of deafness while denying deaf children the opportunity to learn sign language. Using Foucault's concept of governmentality, the relations between power, knowledge, truth and their influences on the program's practices are revealed in order to provide insight into Canadian society's conceptions of deafness. This analysis reveals the Cochlear Implant Program as a capitalist establishment that is supported by unquestioned reverence of modern medicine and technology, oriented by a quest for normalcy. The paper concludes by encouraging members of the Deaf community and their supporters to challenge the hegemony of normalcy by utilizing alternate research-based knowledge-truths of cochlear implants and sign language.

Sociability, Perfectibility and the Intellectual Legacy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the concept of sociability was used mainly to refer to the putative range of primary human qualities or capabilities that preceded—or existed independently of—the formation of political societies. This article is an examination of the impact of Rousseau's thought on this then standard usage. Its initial focus is on Rousseau's concept of perfectibility and its bearing on the thought of Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, and Friedrich Schlegel. Its broader aim is to show how their respective responses to Rousseau were part of a more deep-seated transformation of the concept of sociability itself.

Hong Kong citizens’ understanding of Islam: the case of the Sheung Shui Mosque development project

The Hong Kong government consistently emphasizes how Hong Kong is a society marked by cultural pluralism, as all citizens can enjoy freedoms of religion and belief under the Basic Law. Reality is more complex than this. To fulfill the needs of increasing numbers of worshippers, several representatives of Hong Kong's Muslim community suggested, in the early 2000s, the building of a new mosque in Sheung Shui, a rural area of the territory. However, social protests and governmental stone-walling created barriers for its building. In this article I suggest that the difficult development of a new mosque in Sheung Shui appears to be against the free and open religious policy espoused by the Hong Kong government. Through the lenses of Sheung Shui Mosque's development, and making use of multiple sources (from local newspapers to government documents), this article aims to reassess Hong Kong citizens’ understanding of Hong Kong's Muslim community as well as Hong Kong society's concept of pluralism and multiculturalism.

Introduction: Between Morality and Anthropology—Sociability in Enlightenment Thought

SummaryThis introductory article sketches out the evolution of the concept of sociability in moral and political debates from Grotius to the German Romantics, so as to elucidate the range and scope of the contributions to this special issue. The article argues that the concept of sociability serves as a bridge between moral theory, domestic politics and international relations, just as it also connects the jurisprudential mode of enquiry to subsequent Enlightenment enquiries into political economy, aesthetics, individual and collective moral psychology, forms of government and philosophical history. Particular attention is paid to sociability's relationship to moral scepticism, and to its position between morality and anthropology. The article highlights the central role of Rousseau in radically reformulating the debate and in sparking new controversies up to the nineteenth century.

Inked: historic African-American beach site as collective memory and group ‘Third Place’ sociability on Martha’s Vineyard

Using data gained from ethnographic research and interviews, this article examines ‘third place’ sociability in the social interactions of the Polar Bears of Martha’s Vineyard, a group of predominantly but not exclusively middle-aged and senior African-American men and women who swim, exercise and socialise together each morning at ‘the Inkwell’ beach. Using Georg Simmel’s concept of sociability and Ray Oldenburg’s third-place theoretical framework, this study explores the key role of the Monday communal breakfast and the function of conversation in establishing bonds between individuals. It further investigates the promotion of strong feelings of social connectedness, belonging, social support, social capital gains and community among its group members. The ongoing sociability and informal rules of the Polar Bears of Martha’s Vineyard has enabled it to become a model group demonstration of third-place community building. The importance of race, class and place is socio-historically investigated within the broader social context of the popular racialised section of the beach, ‘the Inkwell’, of African-American community life, and within the sub-community milieu of group social interaction.

La concepción socio-política y económica de Bolívar en la primera etapa de la guerra por la independencia de la Nueva Granada, 1810-1816.

This work aims to analyze the thinking andaction of Bolivar on proposals and actions ofIndependent “Neogranadinos” between 1810and 1816 that were divided about federalism andcentralism. Bolivar opted for a centralist politicalproposal in the context of war, socialambiguities, the vastness and diversity of theterritory and the international circumstances;parallel, opted for democracy in the socialrealm. This work is performed under a hermeneuticalapproach: various primary sources,such as proclamations, speeches, letters anddecrees elaborated by Bolivar and through theseare reviewed, reconstructed, study explain and interpret continuities and changes in the conceptionof society , politics and the economy inNew Granada between 1815 and 1816 , and waseventually intended to reduce social disparity tostrengthen the social foundations of the people’sarmy and accelerate the freedom process.

A interação entre estranhos no Omegle.com: sociabilidade, relacionamento e identidade

À luz do método proposto por Simmel, centrado no conceito de sociabilidade, investigamos neste artigo a dimensão lúdica do site de conversação Omegle.com, com o objetivo de apreender a forma das suas interações. Para isso, problematizamos as duas características diferenciais do site. Primeiramente, baseados na fenomenologia social de Schutz, discutimos a formação de relacionamentos através do uso de um sistema randômico. Em segundo
 lugar, fundados na dialética da identidade de Ricoeur, refletimos como o site constitui um sujeito anônimo, designado de “estranho”. Como conclusão, entendemos que o jogo social praticado no Omegle se caracteriza pelo equilíbrio, dinamismo e efemeridade, sendo utilizado para os mais diferentes propósitos, como a simples conversa, o sexo virtual, a aprendizagem autônoma e a observação social.
 
 Palavras-Chave:
 Interação social. Omegle. Sociabilidade. Relacionamento. Identidade.

Melodrama, mimicry, and menace: Reinventing Hollywood in Indian science fiction films

In the last 10 years science fiction (sf) movies have seen a perceptible increase in the Indian film industries. Although this rise in the number of sf films reflects Indian society's changing concepts of science, technology and rationality in the context of the country's rapid development in the industrial and scientific sectors, an undeniable cause is the influence of Hollywood blockbusters, through direct and indirect borrowing and reinventing of plots, themes, and images. These borrowings, though, are more like extracted skeletons than proper remakes, because Bollywood cannot use Hollywood's socio-cultural values. Consequently, in sf movies the Indian viewer is presented with a curious amalgam of Western techno-science and a traditional, often anti-modern, values system: a blend of Western technological imagery and Indian melodrama. Even if an Indian film directly copies from a Hollywood movie, it alters the purpose, effect, and associations that the original work emphasizes. Such a process of modification embeds these films into the discourse of cultural mimicry mentioned by Homi Bhabha – a menacing, subversive, and partial copy that mocks its own sources.

“Your Heart Is My Piñata”: Chuck Palahniuk's Unconventional Love Stories

Despite not knowing her name, the Prince in Cinderella recognizes the title character as his true love because the lost shoe can fit only her foot. This story epitomizes our society's conception th...

Should Rebels Be Amnestied?

This paper was first presented at a conference organized by the Grotius Centre in Hague on the jus post bellum. It seeks to take a new look at a critical question, whether rebels in non-international armed conflicts should benefit from an amnesty at the close of hostilities. Such an amnesty effectively amounts to recognizing a privilege of belligerency retrospectively for rebels, at least insofar as the penal consequences of their acts are concerned. Protocol II takes a cautious position in that direction requiring states to endeavor to grant such amnesties, but the provision clearly created some unease at the 1974-77 conference. The chapter traces this unease to the fact that it is not clear what the rationale for the rule is, nor why it has its place in an international humanitarian law treaty. Amnesties may indeed facilitate peace or reconciliation, but one could also argue that in absolving those guilty of some of the worst offences against the state's order they are the very anti-thesis of seeking to reestablish the rule of law. The argument is often heard that conferring a privilege of belligerency will encourage non-state actors' compliance with international humanitarian law, but that simplistic assumption is criticized as not psychologically or sociologically plausible. Inquiring into the foundation of the privilege of belligerency in international armed conflicts, it is argued that contrary to what is often assumed the privilege has no logical or necessary connection to the jus in bello project, and instead manifests the relative legitimacy of war, even in an age of jus contra bellum, as that form of violence engaged in by states or entities that can be assimilated to it. In this classical view, then, the privilege of belligerency results from an agreement to disagree between equals against the background of an irreducible international order. In a priori non-international situations, the ability to emulate state-like characteristics and produce an objectively international situation by puncturing the legal unity of the state substantially aligns such situations with those of international armed conflicts. The amnesty then manifests a recognition that the criminal had effectively become the enemy. However, that particular concept of the foundation of the privilege of belligerency is only so strong as international society's concept of the jus ad bellum is relatively weak. The privilege effectively protects the situation of the unjust/illegal warrior in ways that may be hard to rationalize, especially in a context where its humanitarian benefits have been shown to be meagre. In non-international armed conflicts, Protocol II's injunction to confer amnesties covers both acts of killing in war and the very fact of taking up arms. The latter is not a humanitarian issue, and it is therefore unclear what business a humanitarian treaty has of telling states how they should deal with a fundamental threat to their internal sovereignty. To the extent that the former is not strictly necessary to the humanitarian project, the encouragement to provide an amnesty is both over inclusive (encouraging amnesties for unjust/illegal rebellions) and under inclusive (failing to render amnesty compulsory in cases where they are manifestly just/legal). The paper finds that whether amnesties should be granted ultimately depends on whether one considers that there is at present a jus ad rebelium in international law. It concludes with a few thoughts on the power of considering these issues ex post in the just post bellum, as a way of evaluating a non-state actor's overall performance in war that safely fuses jus in bello and jus in bellum issues.

Knowing Insects: Hosts, Vectors and Companions of Science

The social analysis of insects has challenged our concepts of sociability, intentionality and language, while investigations of their habitats have informed how we construct and manage public space. Including entomological expertise, insect knowledge has been integral to the expansion of empire, the emergence of secular science, and in the managerial revolution that linked technology to agricultural improvement. Reading insects as hosts, vectors and companions of science, this special issue Introduction opens up the epistemic, biopolitical and social dimensions of human–insect connections. Drawing insight from studies into the material culture of science, postcolonial geographies and a burgeoning literature on human–animal relations, we invite readers to consider how practices and products of science are made up of encounters between scientists and insects. By parsing these intersections, we can begin to understand the kinds of knowledge made possible and elusive by insects' capacity to connect and carry, inscribe and destabilize, disgust and inspire. Insects are good to think with because of the analogies that can be drawn to human life and social order. Moreover, thinking with insects is foremost a task of theoretical innovation, one that has allowed us to re-examine how life produces space, time and history, and to intensify entanglements of ecological, institutional and experimental relations.

A preliminary study of college room-bound male students: Concept exploration and instrument development

From time to time, cases of over-dependence on the Internet have been observed on college campuses. Some students, especially male students, remain connected to the Internet as long as they are awake. In Chinese, the emerging term @[email protected]? (chai-nan) is used to describe this kind of young man, meaning ''room-bound male,'' who seldom leaves his residence and stays online with few interruptions. Thus far, the term 'room-bound male' has become a popular component of Taiwan students' slang, society's common conceptions of technology-savvy youths, and media coverage of these youths, but how people, especially college students, exactly perceive room-bound males is still unclear. The purposes of this study are to explore this emerging concept and possible underlying dimensions of room-bound males in the college-campus context, to examine college students' perception of this concept, and to construct an instrument-the Image of the Room-bound Male Scale (IRBMS)-for measuring these dimensions. Based on an exploratory factor analysis of 533 valid responses, the results indicate that respondents expressed significantly stronger agreement with the described dimensions of computer activities, social life, and eating habits than with the described dimensions of adult hobbies, clothing styles, and computer use. The results also indicate that female students were in stronger agreement with the statements regarding all six IRBMS dimensions than were male students; and that freshmen and sophomores were in stronger agreement with the statements regarding the dimensions of computer hobbies, social life, and eating habits as well as with the overall IRBMS than were juniors and seniors. Respondents who evaluated themselves as non-room-bound were in greater agreement with the descriptions of the adult-hobbies dimension than were respondents who evaluated themselves as room-bound. Interpretations of these results, future research directions, and implications for educators are discussed.

Editorial: the philosophy of trade union rights

lUR H EDITORIAL Editorial: the philosophy of trade union rights It journal organisations isa fairly would safe and agree bet that that that trade most trade union ifnot unions rights allreaders are areimportant important ofthis journal would agreethat trade unions areimportant organisations andthat trade union rights areimportant rights. But itisby nomeans certain that allreaders would agree astowhy trade union rights areimportant. Itistothis seemingly straightforward question that weturn our attention for the current edition ofIUR. Wehave encouraged our contributors totake us right back tophilosophical basics, examining how a number oflines ofphilosophical reasoning might beapplied tothe question. Wedonot suggest that the philosophers inquestion supported trade union rights. Rather that the ideas they put forward canserve asjustifications orrationales for trade unionism and /or for the protection of trade union rights. Most of thephilosophical theories weconsider inthis edition are concerned with the articulation of human rights orsocial justice .Our contributors were asked toreflect onthe extent to which these diverse theoretical positions could besaidto support arguments infavour of trade union rights. Early thinkers took their cuesastowhat wasmorally right from principles handed down bythechurch orfrom the emerging theory ofnatural innate rights ofman. Academic lawyer Filip Dorrsemont examines the evolution of the official teaching of the Catholic Church ontrade unionism and concludes that the Church offers a timid andrestricted vision of trade union rights, but notes that ithasconsistently emphasised its support for these rights. Tonla Novltz, alsoa legal academic, examines the more secular side ofnatural rights thinking inorder toexamine how a novel aspect ofLocke's 17thCentury natural rights framework, property rights, might serve workers' interests. The18th Century German thinker Immanuel Kant was concerned with the'good'.Hethought that morally right principles could beascertained by abstract reasoning by a disinterested person, and that a person could live a moral life by reflecting onwhat these principles were and by respecting them intheir conduct. Contemporary philosopher Nina Power takes usthrough some of these ideas inanoverview ofoneofthetrue giants ofthehistory ofphilosophical thought. Kant, asPower tells us,'clears the ground for trying toimagine what equality anduniversality would look like inpractice'. 20th Century American liberal philosopher John Rawls alsorelied onthis ideaofdisinterested metaphysical reflection, employing a radical 'thought experiment' toask the question astowhat principles of justice individuals would agree towhen designing society if they hadnoideawhat their placewould be within that society. Contemporary philosopher Stuart White talks usthrough thedemocratic, liberal concept ofsociety that Rawls believed his'original position' thought-experiment entailed. Materialists, suchas 19th Century German thinker Karl Marx, reject theideathat quiet, disinterested metaphysical reflection canalone provide solutions tomoral andpolitical problems. Rather, materialists argue that moral and political problems arerooted clearly in the material world, in the relations ofthesocial classes, andaround themeans ofproduction . John Kelly, professor ofindustrial relations, argues that 'diffuse notions offairness' probably influence unions more than serious Marxist analysis. From a democratic position professor Steven Friedman takes upa materialist mode ofargument andtells usthat unions are'essential' engines ofengagement that facilitate participation bythe poor Inpolitics anddecision-making. German philosopher andlegal critic Jürgen Habermas alsocited much of his early work ina Marxist context though inlater years histhinking became rather more complex. Legal academic Ruth Dukes explains Habermas' communitarian views. Contemporary American philosopher Michael Sandel is another communitarian, butonewhose ideas evolved from Rawlsian liberalism rather than Marxism. Alan Bogg argues that Sandel's ideashave direct relevance to trade unionists. Heargues that the participation ofcitizens inpublic life, facilitated by trade unions, canhelp toproduce a more just world. Inclosing, egalitarian thinker andco-author of TheSpirit Level Richard Wilkinson outlines how heseetrade unions fitting within a framework of social equality. Crucially for trade union internationalists heshows how the Cold War period of ideological confrontation influenced social conditions and thinking onequality inthe 20th Century. Looking around us today Wilkinson reminds usthat internationally there isa correlation between countries with strong trade union movements andgreater equality. Daniel Blackburn andElizabeth Molinari INTERNATIONAL union rights Page 2Volume 18Issue 42012 Next issue of IUR Articles between 850and1,900words should besentbyemail (mail@ictur.org) andaccompanied bya photograph andshort biographical note oftheauthor. Photographs illustrating thetheme ofarticles arealways welcome. Allitems must bewith usby20March 2012if they are tobeconsidered for publication inthenext issueofIUR. Subscribe toIUR: tosubscribe, complete theboxbelow. I/we would like tosubscribe toInternational Union Rights andenclose£20/US$30/€25. Name/Organisation Address PostCode Four issues£20/US$30...

Commedie al femminile: The Gendering of Space in Three Films by Antonio Pietrangeli

The article uses three of Antonio Pietrangeli's films with female protagonists — La parmigiana (1963), La visita (1963), and Io la conoscevo bene (1965) — as case studies for a spatial approach to the analysis of gender in Italian cinema. Applying feminist theories of space to the Italian context, it addresses the way in which profilmic spaces, including the country, the city, and domestic space, are constructed as filmic space in these films through the use of techniques and devices such as sequence shots and point of view cinematography, and links these spatial constructions with wider historical processes of social change. The increasing gap between both traditional and contemporary Italian society's essentialist conception of women, and the female protagonists' own desires for autonomy is articulated through a use of cinematic space which allows for female identities characterized by contradiction, fragmentation, and complexity.

Relativistic conception of heritage protection: preconditions, principles, opportunities

The relativistic conception of the heritage protection phenomenon is actualized in this article – the motives of such viewing existence, its underlying theoretical principles are formulated, and some tendencies of modern theory of the heritage protection are criticized based upon it. The conclusions of comparative analyses of various social heritage protection concepts and practices, and the experience of the international heritage protection (UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM), give preconditions for the existence of this conception. In the first case, the comparison of the European, USA, Japanese, and other examples states that there exist different, and sometimes incompatible and even contradictory interpretations of this conception. In the last decade of the 20th century, it was also realized in the international heritage protection: from the search for universal standards of the heritage protection, one came to the acknowledgment of its relativity. Its angular point is considered to be the Nara Document on Authenticity (1994). Unfortunately, the relativistic perspective is not sufficiently adopted in the theoretical plane of the heritage protection, and this, first of all, leads to some mistakes and failures. The most typical and vivid of them is the presentation of one society's conception, most often that of the European countries, as the whole of the heritage protection phenomenon. There still is the vital and progressive evaluation. Moreover, there dominate the researches oriented to generalization (and at the same time to the partial levelling), but not to the revelation of the concrete social conceptions of the heritage protection. This illustrates perfectly well one of the most popular matrixes (paradigmatic model) of the heritage protection research – critical analysis. Three underlying principles of the relativistic conception of the heritage protection are stated based upon the modern provision of the heritage protection practice – the principles of multiperspectiveness, conventionality, and equivalence. They respectively describe that the heritage protection is ideologically and practically expressed as a variety of conceptions, that these conceptions are determined by the lifestyle and needs of a concrete society, and that all conceptions are equally good and correct.

A PSICOLOGIA E A FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES NAS DÉCADAS DE 1910 E 1920: PARTICULARIDADES HISTÓRICAS E CAMPOS DE DIÁLOGO

Thisarticle is a reflection on psychology and teacher training between 1910 and 1930, a period when the Escolanovista Movement took root in the Brazilian historical context. Points of interest identified different intellectuals who formed a network which discussed, among other issues, the introduction of Psychology into education and teacher training. Out of Simmel and Sirinelli’s concept of sociability, a social structure was formed, influenced by the thinking of these intellectuals. This study set out to understand not a stagnant period but rather an era marked by the emergence of psychology onto the educational scenario outlining the significant subjectivities, agreements, disagreements, relationships and complexities to be presented.

Sociability and the Market

This paper addresses two classroom activities for exploring sociability and the role it plays in market and non-market allocations. Adam Smith’s moral sentiments theory provides a conceptual framework for understanding such behavior. In the Desert Island activity students have conversations about competing allocation methods (e.g., rationing, lottery, competition, brute force) that provide a backdrop for learning about market mechanisms and behavioral economics. Beginning students consistently pick egalitarian distributions that signal the implicit willingness to share for reasons that might be instinctual, reputational or other. Fairness in allocations mimics that found in the playing of the Ultimatum Game. The results suggest that economic instructors can successfully bring into the classroom concepts of sociability and the roles it serves in human institutions when introducing a new and different institution—the market.