Awareness Of Society Research Articles

A statistical analysis-based Bayesian Network model for assessment of mobbing acts on ships

ABSTRACT Mobbing is a fundamental problem that disrupts the organization’s structure and negatively affects its employees’ safe work environment. The most critical issue in combating mobbing is increasing the awareness of victims, businesses and society about this problem. The importance of identifying this problem, which will adversely affect the professional life in the maritime profession, as in every professional group, is obvious. This study offers a statistical analysis-based dynamic Bayesian network to model seafarers’ mobbing acts in merchant ships. In this research, measures against mobbing in the maritime industry are also recommended after determining the most frequent mobbing elements in ships. It is observed that the seafarers who have just stepped into onboard are more exposed to mobbing; in contrast, mobbing attacks experienced by seafarers decrease with an increase in age. The most frequent mobbing behaviours are listed as: “I am continually given new tasks“, “My superiors restrict the opportunity for me to express myself” and ”Unfounded rumours about me is circulated in the ship”. The study reveals that while the maritime authorities such as PSC and the ITF have limited capabilities for solving mobbing related problems, the companies may have a crucial role to play in the process.

Genetic data sharing and artificial intelligence in the era of personalized medicine based on a cross\u2010sectional analysis of the Saudi human genome program

The success of the Saudi Human Genome Program (SHGP), one of the top ten genomic programs worldwide, is highly dependent on the Saudi population embracing the concept of participating in genetic testing. However, genetic data sharing and artificial intelligence (AI) in genomics are critical public issues in medical care and scientific research. The present study was aimed to examine the awareness, knowledge, and attitude of the Saudi society towards the SHGP, the sharing and privacy of genetic data resulting from the SHGP, and the role of AI in genetic data analysis and regulations. Results of a questionnaire survey with 804 respondents revealed moderate awareness and attitude towards the SHGP and minimal knowledge regarding its benefits and applications. Respondents demonstrated a low level of knowledge regarding the privacy of genetic data. A generally positive attitude was found towards the outcomes of the SHGP and genetic data sharing for medical and scientific research. The highest level of knowledge was detected regarding AI use in genetic data analysis and privacy regulation. We recommend that the SHGP’s regulators launch awareness campaigns and educational programs to increase and improve public awareness and knowledge regarding the SHGP’s benefits and applications. Furthermore, we propose a strategy for genetic data sharing which will facilitate genetic data sharing between institutions and advance Personalized Medicine in genetic diseases’ diagnosis and treatment.

Evaluation of the quality and the content of YouTube videos in Turkish on protection from coronavirus

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the videos in Turkish on protection from coronavirus published on YouTube in terms of general quality and content.
 Material and Method: Search on YouTube website "coronavirus; protection "in line with the keyword" all the time, Turkey and the Turkish language "was held. Among the first 100 results, 63 non-repetitive and completely ad-free videos with a duration of 1-40 minutes were included in the study. The person or institution who provided the information for each video, the video length, the number of views, the number of likes and dislikes were recorded. The Global Quality Scale (GQS) was used to determine the overall quality of the videos. In addition, a scoring system was created and examined whether the information regarding the 14 rules determined by the Turkish Ministry of Health to protect the public from coronavirus was found or not in the published videos.
 Results: While 50.8% (n=32) of the videos analyzed in this study were personal sharing videos for educational and informative purposes, 31.8% (n=20) of them were TV health /news programs. While 71.2% of those who provided information in the videos were medical doctors, 26.9% were out of health. When the general quality of the videos is evaluated according to the GQS scale; It was determined that 39.7% (n=25) of them were of medium quality, and 30.2% (n=19) of them were of good quality.
 Conclusion: As a result of our study, it was determined that the videos that contain at least five rules and have practical application content are of better quality. In pandemic periods when preventive measures are superior to treatment, effective use of social media platforms should be ensured to raise society's awareness.

Human Representation on Environmental Speech in Terms or Transitivity Process

The role of activists in raising humankind’s awareness regarding environmental or ecological issues or phenomenon has gained so much attention since it is spread and told in many different ways. One of them is taken by sharing the idea through speech and statements that are being spoken before the world leaders, politicians, and any other occasions. This study focuses on the speech of an environmental activist regarding climate change, Greta Thunberg. The analysis was conducted on the transitivity analysis, i.e. the distribution of experiential meaning on the speech that was presented at the United Nations Conference of the Parties on Climate Change, 2018. The result shows: 1) the distribution of material process is the dominant one (41,8%), followed by relational process (19,4%), mental process (17,9%), verbal process (14,9%), behavioral process (3%), and existential process (3%); 2) through the process distribution, human beings seem to have their big roles in causing the climate change, but at the same time they are the ones who can prevent it. Therefore, the speech is regarded as beneficial discourse based on Stibbe’s ecolinguistics standard. This type of discourse has to be promoted in order to raise ecological awareness in society.

Determining the coronavirus awareness of the Turkish society and the anxiety stress levels.

The aim of the study is to determine the awareness of the Turkish society in COVID-19, and determine the anxiety stress levels. Research two months after the start of the outbreak in Turkey has reached 2163 individuals completed the online platform. The Integrated Anxiety Stress Scale significantly changed according to age, gender, marital status and working status after the pandemic. According to the results of multiple binary logistic regression analysis, individuals aged 50 and over, female gender, being single and not working after the pandemic for anxiety; female gender, being married, and post-pandemic study were found to be risk factors for Covid awareness. It is recommended that epidemic awareness studies and information sharing on controlled healing measures are planned considering the anxiety levels.

Standard Patch Test Results and Clinical Relevance: A Cross-Sectional Study of 10-year Retrospective Experience.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, and The European Standard Series (ESS) Patch Test (PT) is widely used in determining the possible responsible allergens causing ACD. The dynamic nature of the industrial products, socioeconomic and environmental factors cause the frequency of common allergens to change over the years and among different regions. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the results of ESS PT of our centre in the last decade, and determine the current spectrum of allergens and their clinical relevance. The data of patients who underwent ESS PT in our clinic between January 2010 and March 2020 were included in the study. The patient files were examined retrospectively. The clinical relevance was evaluated according to the COADEX system. Statistical analysis used: SPSS for Windows version 23.0 software program. The data of 1037 patients [623 (60.1%) female, 414 (39.9%) male] were analysed. The mean age was 38.34 ± 14.55 years. The five most common allergens were nickel sulphate (23.1%), cobalt chloride (12%), potassium dichromate (9.5%), Fragrance mix II (7.3%) and balsam of Peru (5.7%). According to the COADEX coding system, current relevance was detected in 319 (49.3%) of 646 patients who had a positive reaction to any substance in the patch test. Our study showed that with increasing awareness in society, the tendency to avoid some well-known allergenic substances and consumer products causes changes in common allergens. These results prove the value of long-term surveillance of contact allergy.

A review of the influence of climate change on coniferous forests in the Balkan peninsula

Evidence of climate change and global warming is becoming more visible; it is an ongoing process that is likely to become increasingly influential in the near future, not only at the global level but also at the local and regional levels. The fact that climate change affects the development of all forest communities and forest tree species, accordingly, has resulted in the increasing awareness in society towards this phenomenon. Having this in mind, the main aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between climate change and coniferous forests in the Balkan Peninsula, as well as to review the management strategies that may contribute to forest adaptation to climate change, with a special emphasis on the conservation of forest genetic resources. Hence, we have analyzed 202 papers regarding climate change and its effects on coniferous forests in the Balkan region, as well as papers dealing with adaptive forest management and forest genetic resources conservation. We concluded that climate change will likely represent one of the major challenges for coniferous forests on the Balkan peninsula in the future, imposing a need for the application of different management strategies to address these challenges and to facilitate adaptation of forests to the altered environmental conditions.

Teaching the ecosystem service concept: experience from academia

Although ecosystem service (ES) is a well-established concept among the scientific community, it has not reached the mainstream of public awareness because it lacks wide recognition among citizens and educators. Teaching of ES may contribute to the mainstreaming of the ES concept and its framework in society in a critical and meaningful way, toward sustainable development. In fact, the ES concept is a key tool for communicating our social dependence on natural ecosystems, and therefore it has high didactic potential. However, this didactic potential is under-explored, because there is a lack of scholarship related to teaching the ES concept. There is little evidence, for example, on whether scientists who research ES also teach the concept and thus contribute to raising the level of ES awareness in society, and if so, how such teaching processes could be improved, to broaden the impact to citizen awareness. To close this knowledge gap, we delved deeper into how the ES concept is taught and which teaching strategies are currently being used by ES research academics. We aimed to establish connections between those teaching practices and best educational practices described in educational literature. This analysis will help to provide insights into academics’ teaching approaches, as well as how these practices could be improved. A key finding of our research is that teachers with little experience in ES teaching are less likely to use active teaching methods or to evaluate their teaching (both related to best educational practices), whereas lecturers with more years of experience in teaching the ES concept are more in line with best educational practices. Therefore, collaboration and networking among teachers with different levels of experience could help improve the quality of ES concept teaching. We suggest the establishment of a platform to facilitate regular exchange among teachers and educators from different teaching contexts and educational levels. Finally, we propose several future research directions in this emerging research area in order to continue revealing the existing research gap in the teaching of the ES concept.

Factors affects the performance of red crescent paramedics, Bisha, Saudi Arabia.

Context:Saving lives is the ultimate purpose of the Red Crescent paramedics. It is crucial to enable safe, effective, and efficient performance of paramedics globally. In Saudi Arabia, the Red Crescent faces at least over 280,000 cases every year.Aims:Therefore, this study aims to address the factors affecting the performance of the Red Crescent paramedics.Methods and Material:Descriptive qualitative study and all data processed were analyzed using thematic analysis.Settings and Design:In total, 31 paramedic staff in Bisha city were invited to participate in this descriptive qualitative study. Among them, 11 paramedics agreed to participate in an in-depth semi-structured interview.Results:The findings of the research indicated three themes. The first theme was a lack of awareness in society, with three sub-themes: types of emergency calls, the crowd that gathers at the incident location, and people interruptions. Theme 2 was the long distance and road obstacles, and other factors that affect the paramedics were the third theme.Conclusions:Policymakers and the community should obtain a clear understanding of the Red Crescent paramedic interventions to help to create policies, legislation, and guidelines suitable for the needs of paramedics.

Opinions of healthcare students on organ and tissue donation for transplantation.

to analyze the opinions of healthcare students on organ and tissue donation for transplantation. qualitative document analysis study, using the records of a database and analyzing data from two perspectives: 1) Lexical analysis, with the IRAMUTEQ software, and 2) Thematic content analysis. from the analysis, 3 main categories were generated: 1) Organ and tissue donation as an act of love for others and an opportunity of a new beginning; 2) Clarification and awareness on organ and tissue donation; and 3) Importance of communicating the family and promoting organ and tissue donation. despite being in favor of donation, students also recognize the presence of social taboos; the discussion in the family nucleus, promoting the theme and raising awareness in society are considered important. Additionally, the education of students is one of the possibilities of intervention for the issue.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Public School Teachers Regarding Traditional Bone Setters, Khartoum Locality

Background: In Sudan, traditional bone setting (TBS) is still popular and has serious complications. Therefore, awareness and education are essential for TBS. School teachers having a close association with students and parents could be an appropriate medium for health education about TBS after evaluating their awareness. Objectives: To review the knowledge, attitude, and practice among public school teachers toward TBS practice. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional descriptive study 588 school teachers participated from Khartoum locality, Sudan. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Results: Of 588 participants, 246 (41.8%) were males and 342 (58.2%) were females having the age range between 22 and 65 years, and (69.2%) received bachelor’s degrees. Around 249 (42.4%) believed that all/some of the TBSs had good basic knowledge and 331 (56.3%) participants thought that all/ some of the TBSs had clinical knowledge and skills. Half of the participants 300(51%) believed that some/all TBSs knew about trauma complications and 283(48.1%) participants believed that all/some of TBSs can make an accurate diagnosis. The two main reasons for the popularity of TBS were the cost (60%) and illiteracy (52.9%). Most of the teachers (79.8%) will take their injured students directly to the hospital. (41%) teachers visited TBS for themselves, and around 51% showed their commitment to TBS. Most teachers (96%) said that they will advise parents to take their child to the hospital, while only 4% said they will advise taking them to the TBS. In a situation, if the parents insist on taking their child to TBS, the majority (67.7%) teachers will advise the parents to take their students to the hospital. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that most participants’ knowledge level was below expectations and they have a positive attitude and strong beliefs toward the traditional bone setters. Making awareness in society is essential by organizing educational programs introducing how orthopedic hospitals are better for fracture treatment than traditional bone setters. Keywords: Traditional bone setters, knowledge, attitude, practice, fracture, school.

Stroke in the COVID-19 pandemic era.

The aim of this article is to outline the impact of COVID-19 on the frequency of occurrence, course of stroke treatment, and to highlight the cause-effect relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and stroke on the basis of a literature overview. Since the end of 2019, the whole world has been struggling with the effects of the pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The virus induces a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild or serious ones, which may lead to a severe multiorgan failure. Acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) might be associated with COVID-19 as a potentially fatal complication, while hemorrhagic stroke is less frequent. In most cases, stroke is caused by large artery occlusion. One of its reasons is hypercoagulation with a complex mechanism, which has not been fully explained. Research has shown that during COVID-19 pandemic, the number of patients admitted to hospitals due to AIS decreased. During the first pandemic wave there was no change regarding the proportion of patients with cerebral vessel obstruction who received endovascular treatment. In the COVID-19 pandemic era, rapid intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator remains the main treatment for acute ischaemic stroke. Patients often fail to report to hospital for the fear of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is of the utmost importance to raise society's awareness of the necessity to report to hospital when experiencing serious symptoms, including stroke.

Una aproximación a los feminismos situados en los <<márgenes>>. Sus propuestas sociales y políticas desde el activismo digital

Technology is undoubtedly part of our lives, and the pandemic caused by COVID-19 has accelerated the so-called digital transition, causing changes in all social, economic, and political structures. One element that has followed this trend has been activism, which, although it was already taking place in the digital realm, has enhanced its transformation. Because of the globalization and digitization of the world, societies are becoming increasingly plural, diverse, and heterogeneous. Following the principles of the Culture of Peace, it is necessary to welcome and work by, for, and with such diversity; to analyze the mechanisms through which such diversity is, according to certain circumstances, in conditions of inequality and to investigate the strategies of response to such inequalities. Thus, this research proposes to analyze (e)activism as a form of political participation focusing on the case of the feminist struggle from the perspective of several feminist women "from the margins" (Suárez and Hernández, 2008) and having as objectives to analyze the (e)activism of these feminisms in Spain, their social and political proposals and the role played by the digital in its dissemination. To respond to these objectives and considering the nature of the object of study, a digital ethnography is proposed as a methodology, integrating bibliographic analysis, virtual non-participant observation, and online interviews. Finally, the results of this study indicate that the discourses of the interviewees point to the importance of recognizing cultural otherness, and that it is necessary not so much to integrate diversity as to decolonize society and its individuals. As feminists, they are committed to the visibility of gender-specific issues from an intersectional approach. As (e)activists, they transform these demands into content and share them through online media, without ignoring the importance of offline activism, transmitting their speeches publicly, promoting solidarity ties, using art as a tool, and raising awareness in Spanish society. &nbsp

Examining the impact of renewable energy technologies on sustainability development in the middle east and north Africa region

The aims of this study are two folds: First to examine the impact of renewable energy technologies on sustainability development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Second to test the awareness and cultural acceptance of societies in MENA region of the need to preserve the environment and reduce pollution by paving the way for finding alternatives to energy and developing emerging energy, which in turn will contribute to sustainable development and preserve the environment from pollution due to energy produced through fossil sources. The method of the current study relied on both primary data and secondary data. Hence, a questionnaire survey was developed to collect the required data. While, secondary data sources are obtained through the Web site finance.yahoo.com. The data processing techniques were carried out using Stata 16 software and using the Multiple Linear Regression method. The sample of the study consisted of 653 people from different MENA countries, i.e. Egypt, Jordan, Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, and Saudi Arabia. The results revealed two types of data, quantitative data and qualitative data. Quantitative data is excluded from the secondary data analysis that renewable energy technologies have a positive effect on sustainability development in the MENA region. Qualitative data; as the survey includes some open ended questions to give an avenue to respondents to provide further feedback regarding their experience and perception of renewable energy. The results revealed a high degree of cultural perception of Renewable Energy Technologies of the communities in the MENA. Also, people are aware and ready to afford the cost and efforts to generate clean energy that promote sustainability. This study recommends that governments should invest in renewable energy and highlights the urgent need for clean energy to emerge in the MENA region. JEL classifications Q43. Q32. O13

Interactive Effect of Caste and Disability: An Analysis

When Disability theory was formulated, the thinkers hadn’t imagined that their idea would intersect with multiple other concepts and themes; for example, Racial theory, then Feminism, Queer and LGTB. The disability theory originated on the western frontier, but its application requires contextualization and localization. This is the reason why, in the case of India, as a third-world country, needs multiple focus lenses for the applicability of disabled discourse; Dalit discourse is one such lens on which disability discourse can be tested, extended, and improvised. We here try to link "Dalit" as an identity with a disability, to understand its cumulative effect on the Dalit person with a disability. We believe that by taking this approach, we can raise the missing questions and assist the disability discourse in addressing the marginalised and neglected issues. In our analysis, we would first define the Disability and Dalit as distinct entities, and highlight the ordeal and discrimination they face. Then, we would take a look at the life of a Dalit person in India living with a disability, as we have described their situation as doubly disadvantageous and miserable, with particular mention of women with disabilities. We examined Indian laws related to, and addressed the problems of, both identities, and the intersection they forget. In conclusion, we would try to justify the need to look into the intersection of the Dalit identity with a disability, to address the raised concern regarding policy formulation and awareness in civil society and academia.

Spinal medulloblastoma in pregnancy: A pandora of challenges for the anesthesiologist

Tumors of the spinal column, meninges, nerve roots, or the cord parenchyma itself may compress and damage the spinal cord resulting in neural deficits. The presence of spinal cord tumor itself in pregnancy is a rare occurrence. Rapidly progressive neurological involvement due to compression should be considered for immediate decompression. The specific positioning for surgery and inaccessibility to the airway during surgery makes all spinal surgeries technically challenging for the anesthesiologist. The presence of pregnancy along with this disease further complicates patient management. We present the case of a 24-week-old pregnant female who reported to emergency with decreased sensation in her lower limbs and urinary retention. She was operated previously for cranial medulloblastoma and was on regular follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging spine revealed multiple intradural extramedullary masses at the D3-4, D8-9, and D10-D11 vertebral levels. Considering her pregnancy and increased risk of surgery during this condition, only the mass causing her symptoms was decided to be operated upon (D10-11). The surgery was done in the prone position, during which, fetal well-being was insured by the obstetric team using transabdominal ultrasonography. Careful padding of pressure points was done; frames on the Allen table were placed in a manner to avoid any pressure on the abdomen during the surgery. The surgery was uneventful, and the patient was successfully reversed and extubated. Fetal heart rate was monitored perioperatively at regular intervals, and ultrasonographic assessment was done by the obstetric team once the patient was extubated. This case highlights the requirement of training the professionals for tackling nonobstetric surgery in a pregnant patient. The increased awareness and education in society regarding perioperative care issues will bring forth new challenges and thus we need to be more prepared for handling such cases.

Senior Moments Are Never-ending Times When You Are Old (Are They?): First Step of Turquoise Project.

The number of dementia patients in Turkey is increasing, as well as all over the world. However, we do not know how much society knows about dementia. The aim of this study is to evaluate people's concept of dementia, their awareness of dementia research and treatment, whether dementia and forgetfulness are considered normal in old age, and whether having dementia is associated with a lack of mental abilities. A Dementia Awareness Questionnaire was created in the form of a self-report questionnaire, consisting of 20 questions and using a five-point Likert-type answering method in order to question participants' information about dementia. In addition, we asked for demographic information such as age, gender, occupation, education level of the participants, as well as whether they have had relatives diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease. The surveys were administered online. A total of 1551 participants from 53 cities were included in the study. Approximately half of the participants did not know the definition of dementia, 20.9% thought that dementia and Alzheimer's disease were the same; 50.4% considered forgetfulness, and 55.2% considered dementia as a natural consequence of aging. While 34.5% of the participants thought that dementia patients could be dangerous, 10.3% thought they could not continue living as a part of society. While 38.5% of healthcare professionals do not know the definition of dementia, 18.5% of them say that dementia and Alzheimer's disease are the same, 58.5% think that dementia patients are not fit to make their own decisions, 40.6% believe that dementia patients have criminal liability. 15.8% of healthcare professionals thought that dementia is only seen in elderly people; 21.4% thought that dementia, and 49.2% thought that forgetfulness was a result of normal aging. Our study confirms that dementia is still an unknown concept in society and among healthcare professionals. It is widely believed that forgetfulness and dementia are part of normal aging, and there is no cure for dementia. This study, which we have done in order to understand the level of dementia awareness in Turkish society, reveals the necessity for research on dementia and studies on how to increase dementia awareness.

Articulating Methodology – Weaving a Trans-Disciplinary Knowledge

Background: With the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the educational context became more complex, and other challenges were added to the already-existing ones. The way of doing and thinking about education mediated by digital technologies emerged suddenly. It put our view of the world into question because the world has changed, we are no longer the same, and the need for humanitarian health and transdisciplinary education has expanded in all contexts. The new educational reality is evidenced by the social distancing and the teaching and learning processes, requiring prepared teachers and committed to the act of educating. The current pandemic exposed some needs that foster policies, projects and actions with innovative strategies, which enhance learning, so that participants are immersed in an inclusive, trans-disciplinary, dialogic, free and universal education, with a view to unraveling the complexity of social interactions. The new reality aspires to generate a transforming awareness of society, in which people recognize themselves as part of the problems, but above all as part of the solutions. In the education and health sectors, it is essential to reconstruct dynamics, processes, participatory methodologies, and forms of democratic management, which are reaffirmed in the daily practice of educators and health professionals. Objective: Systematize the concepts of the Articulating Methodology (AM) with the Permanent Health Education principles in a perspective that promotes transdisciplinarity, multiple identities, knowledge exchanges and singularities that configure the subjects involved in the education and learning act. Method: This is a descriptive-exploratory study carried out in three stages: description of the authors' personal and professional experiences; conducting of bibliographic research; conducting of an integrative review for a broad discussion on the contextualization of active methodologies in the education and health sectors. Results: We identified important elements in the bibliographic and integrative review that can be added to the Articulating Methodology. In addition, we note that information technology can facilitate trans-disciplinary, as well as a fast, effective and inclusive communication, as long as some dimensions brought by the Articulating Methodology (e.g. lovingness, humanization, intersectoriality, for example, articulation of education and health sectors), interculturality and internationalization of knowledge. Conclusion: We emphasize that it is essential to reaffirm the importance of the role of the educator in the construction of knowledge, whether in the education and health sectors, however, it is necessary to develop a "sensitive reason" for a more humanized practice filled with meanings, emotions and motivation. The applicability of AM, as a device that enhances Permanent Health Education, reinforces dialogue, exchanges of experiences, trans-disciplinary, intersectoral and intercultural actions. In addition, Articulating Methodology, through Proactive Agendas, encourages social participation, the use of information technologies and the creation of bridges between policy maker, managers, inter-disciplinary professionals and social environment, allowing the tone of the narratives and propositions to emerge from the experiences, voices and intercommunication of the participants, thus, enabling a direct impact on the practice of educators and health professionals.

Implication of Local Wisdom in Islamic Law Compilation Legislation

The approach of compromise with local customs (al-‘urf al-khāṣ) in formulation of KHI especially to anticipate the formulation of legal values which is not found in special nas (Koran and Hadits). While the values of the law has grown and evolved as an indigenous norm in the customs of Indonesian society. In addition, the practical level of local customs values that bring goodness and harmony in community life.The possibility of approaching compromise with local customs is not limited to the adoption of local culstoms law values to be adopted and made into Islamic legal provisions, the compromise approach includes also integrating the development of existing Islamic legal values with local customs legal values . The goal is making the provisions of Islamic law more closer to the value of life awareness in society (living law). This kind of methode can be expressed in a phrase: “Islamizing local customs and simultaneously bringing Islamic law into the local customs”.

Ketimpangan Gender di Layar Perak: Representasi Perempuan di Film Terlaris Indonesia

As part of popular culture, film is able to both reflect and shape the understanding and attitudes towards gender in a society. However, despite the increase of gender awareness in Indonesian society, there are still many filmmakers unfamiliar with gender issues. In fact, the unequal treatment and underrepresentation of female characters in film is a real issue within the Indonesian film industry. It is seen in the lack of films that positively representing women. Often, women are portrayed as being inferior to men. In addition, many films still sexually objectify women. This study attempts to analyze the depiction of women between highest-grossing films made by female directors and those directed by males. This paper aims to highlight how female participation within film production influences women’s representation in popular films. The data is analysed using the Bechdel test — a tool to measure representation of women in fictional stories. Furthermore, this study examines female attitudes, characters, and their roles within the film, as well as the ways in which other roles respond to female roles. This study finds that women are represented in greater proportion and are portrayed more positively in films directed by women. In conclusion, gender portrayal within film is greatly influenced by the actors behind the scenes.