Society Leaders Research Articles

Fostering leadership development and growth of nurse leaders: Experiences from Midwest Nursing Research Society Leadership Academy

Leadership development and growth of nurse leaders is critically important for the thriving of the nursing profession. Formal leadership training programs are helpful in building leadership knowledge and skills. The Midwest Nursing Research Society (MNRS) launched the Leadership Academy (LA), a new initiative to foster leadership development among MNRS members and intentionally create a steady pool of members prepared to step into MNRS leadership positions. Mentoring by an experienced board member is a key component. The purpose of this article was to describe the experiences of a mentor and mentee dyad through the MNRS LA and discuss their perspectives on fostering leadership development and growth. The success of a leadership development program has a far-reaching impact on novice and potential future leaders. A tailored leadership mentoring relationship helps increase one’s self-confidence in being a leader and provides individualized leadership development opportunities. Engagement of both the mentee and mentor in the leadership mentoring relationship is a key to ensure an optimized leadership mentoring experience.

Virtual Education is the Need of the Hour for the Global Gastroenterology Community: A Survey of Leaders of Professional Gastroenterology Organizations.

Since the onset of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a significant opportunity to leverage virtual platforms for communication and dissemination of knowledge. An online survey was conducted to examine the viewpoints of World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) leaders concerning the necessity, primary priority areas, and implementation strategies for a virtual global gastroenterology educational program. We conducted a survey of leaders of WGO member societies to assess their opinions on creating opportunities for global education using virtual platforms, identifying practical implementation steps and priority educational areas. Responses were obtained from 57/117 (48.7%) contacted leaders with 56/57 (98.2%) identifying such a need. Five mutually exclusive priority educational topics were proposed in the survey: clinical gastroenterology, endoscopy, nutritional support, research methodology, and professional development. Overall, most participants prioritized clinical gastroenterology (45/57; 78.9%) and endoscopy/hand skills (27/57; 47.3%) as educational topics to be addressed by the virtual global gastroenterology educational program. A majority of WGO member society leaders surveyed favored monthly teaching activities (33/57; 57.8%), ideally carried out between 1500-2100 local time (31/57; 54.3%), ideally with no administrative fees (47/57; 82.4%). This truly global survey of WGO member societies achieved a good response rate and provides important insights into the need for and scope of future virtual education programs under the aegis of the WGO.

Embrace Society Leadership: Submit Your Interest by November 10

Embrace Society Leadership: Submit Your Interest by November 10

The Prophet Muhammad

Life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is a unique model for spiritual, moral, and ethical guidance. And as the final prophet of Islam, his teachings (in both the Quran and Hadith) remain a significant influence in the lives of over a billion Muslims globally. The major features of his life were described in some detail, beginning with the years he spent in Mecca, wrestling with the revelations that came to him; his migration to Medina and subsequent role as the leader of a nascent society, founded on principles of social justice; and culminating in his final sermon that enjoined unity among citizens irrespective of their tribe, race or colour. Moreover, the legacy of the Prophet in modern times provides framework for tackling pressing contemporary challenges of social Justice, diplomacy and environmental protection. The teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) are still used as guidance for everyday personal behavior and collective prosperity.

Investigating EFL Students' Civic Consciousness

Civic consciousness serves as a pivotal impetus for societal advancement and development, embodying individuals' cognition, attitudes, and sense of responsibility across social, political, economic, and cultural domains. Contemporary college students, as the forthcoming leaders of society, constitute a vital segment of Chinese citizenship and play crucial roles as participants and stewards in national political development and social construction. Their civic consciousness directly impacts the construction of material, spiritual, and political civilization within China. Educating EFL students on civic consciousness is instrumental in fostering accurate ideological concepts, empowering them to fulfill their duties as social citizens, igniting creativity and intellectual curiosity, enhancing comprehensive cultural literacy and cross-cultural communication awareness, nurturing critical thinking skills, and enabling students to internalize civic virtues as their behavioral norms through natural infiltration, thereby establishing a foundation for their future roles as global citizens and contributing to sustainable development. However, the civic consciousness of EFL students is confronted with significant challenges due to the interplay of international and domestic factors. Notable issues include a deficient awareness of the rule of law and an inadequate understanding of rights. This study initiates with the concept and significance of civic consciousness, elucidating its definition, connotation, and importance within college education. Through questionnaire surveys and interviews, the current state of civic consciousness among students in ZYU(Zhejiang Yuexiu University) is analyzed, identifying prevailing problems and challenges. Subsequently, effective countermeasures within the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning are proposed to address these concerns.

Evaluation of Health Education During Covid 19 in theCity of Masvingo

This study made an evaluation of health education during COVID 19 in the City of Masvingo.The literature of the study included the background to the study, statement of the problem, major research question, sub-questions, objectives, and significance of the study, delimitations,limitations, and definition of terms. The literature reviewed in this study was drawn based on the research sub-questions which focused on the evaluation of health education during COVID 19 in the City of Masvingo. The study discusses the research design, the population, the sample and sampling procedures which were used, the research instruments and explains data presentation and analysis procedures. The research design, the instruments and the samples adopted were justified. These include the selection of research design in which the researcher considered different views of other authorities which guided the researcher to select and use both quantitative and qualitative research. The sample population consisted of fifty (50) purposive selected participants chosen in Masvingo Urban. Data collection procedures highlighted how the researcher collected data using different instruments which included a questionnaire and interviews also the advantages and disadvantages were indicated. The presentation of data was guided by the research sub questions. Data was analysed and discussed in relation to literature. The findings of the study revealed that COVID-19 is not only an individual health issue but also engages caregivers, families, extended social networks, neighbourhoods, communities, health systems and organizations and governing/political systems. Structural changes in health promotion are requisite to sustain health during the COVID-19 and future pandemics. However, the researcher recommended that campaigns should elicit the help of religious and civil society leaders for maximum effect. In addition, governments should suspend all international travel to or from the most-affected countries, and quarantine citizens who have travelled to or through those areas for at least two weeks.

Leaders of the Tatar society of Moscow in the petition movement of Muslims in 1905

Leaders of the Tatar society of Moscow in the petition movement of Muslims in 1905

Civil society ethos? Attitude differences between civil society elites and the population in Sweden

Previous studies have found that elites differ from the general population not only in terms of their demographic and social composition but also with respect to policy preferences and attitudes. When it comes to civil society organisations, the issue of representation and representativeness of top-level leadership is of particular relevance, since a small number of individuals are expected to act on behalf of groups and causes that are not well acknowledged or even suppressed by other societal actors. Using two survey studies, this study compares the demographic composition and attitudes of the top-level leaders of the most resourceful civil society organisations in Sweden with those of the general population. We find that civil society elites are not demographically representative of the general population and that they also differ in attitudes when it comes to levels of trust, political orientations, satisfaction with democracy, and acceptance of income inequality. What is more interesting, however, is that the differences in attitudes cannot be fully explained by the skewed demographic characteristics of the civil society leaders, indicating that there might be distinctive sets of values and attitudes underpinning a ‘civil society ethos’.

Pendidikan Karakter dalam Meningkatkan Spiritual Siswa Melalui Pembelajaran Madrasah Diniyah

Character education is the process of developing students' ability to behave positively, which includes improving various skills that make humans become religious individuals and able to carry out responsibilities as leaders in society. At Madrasah Diniyah Pondok Pesantren Nurul Jadid, character development is carried out through religious learning. This research aims to identify effective learning strategies in improving students' character and spirituality through learning at Madrasah Diniyah at Nurul Jadid Vocational School. This research uses qualitative methods, which focus on natural phenomena or symptoms. In qualitative research, the researcher is directly involved in the process and interactions, capturing meaning from the participant's perspective, not as an outside observer. The learning carried out includes Furudlul Ainiyah material, which aims to equip students with the ability to read and write the Al-Qur'an, understanding of Islamic law (Fiqh), creeds, and obedience in worship. This approach is expected to increase students' spirituality and positive character, as well as prepare them to become individuals capable of carrying out responsibilities in society. Madrasah Diniyah has an important role in forming students' character and spirituality, making them better prepared to face life's challenges with a strong moral and ethical foundation. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of effective learning strategies to improve student character and spirituality in religious education environments.

Navigating Complexities: Vitamin D, Skin Pigmentation, and Race.

Vitamin D plays a critical role in many physiological functions, including calcium metabolism and musculoskeletal health. This commentary aims to explore the intricate relationships among skin complexion, race, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels, focusing on challenges the Endocrine Society encountered during clinical practice guideline development. Given that increased melanin content reduces 25(OH)D production in the skin in response to UV light, the guideline development panel addressed the potential role for 25(OH)D screening in individuals with dark skin complexion. The panel discovered that no randomized clinical trials have directly assessed vitamin D related patient-important outcomes based on participants' skin pigmentation, although race and ethnicity often served as presumed proxies for skin pigmentation in the literature. In their deliberations, guideline panel members and selected Endocrine Society leaders underscored the critical need to distinguish between skin pigmentation as a biological variable and race and ethnicity as socially determined constructs. This differentiation is vital to maximize scientific rigor and, thus, the validity of resulting recommendations. Lessons learned from the guideline development process emphasize the necessity of clarity when incorporating race and ethnicity into clinical guidelines. Such clarity is an essential step toward improving health outcomes and ensuring equitable healthcare practices.

PKM Pelatihan Manajemen Kepemimpinan dalam Meningkatkan Skill Berorganisasi Siswa

This training aims to develop the organizational skills of MA Badridduja student council through a structured, hands-on approach. The program is designed to provide theoretical understanding as well as practical skills that students can apply in their daily lives. Interactive methods such as group discussions, simulations, and role-playing are used to help students understand the concept of leadership and how to apply it in an organizational context. Careful preparation prior to implementation, such as information dissemination, preparation of training materials, and coordination with relevant parties, were key to the success of this training. The implementation phase included initial evaluation and delivery of training materials. The final evaluation showed significant improvement in students' abilities in leadership and organizational skills. The results of this training show that students not only get direct benefits in the development of leadership skills and organizational skills. In addition, it also provides a solid foundation for students' academic success and prepares them to become competent and influential future leaders in society.

The Importance of Human Capital in the Life of a Corporation: the Influence of Managers on the Dynamics of the Social Environment

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of managers and their human capital on the corporate social environment, offering tools for such analysis and studying the factors of human capital formation. The relevance of the work is determined by the practical application of network research methods using the in-depth interview method. The result of using such methods is the analysis of the qualities of managers that influence the building of the most positive socio-structural relations in the corporation and contribute to the development of the human capital of the corporation, which is important for society.Methodology and sources. In developing the methodology there were used the works of sociologists devoted to values (M. Weber, T. Parsons, F. Tennis, P. Bourdieu, V.A. Yadov) and the theory of network human capital (P.P. Deryugin, S.A. Kravchenko, S.A. Dyatlov) were used. The results of research by N.E. Tikhonova, S.A. Solntsev, M. Goltzman and others on the role of leaders in Russian society were used. In addition to the in-depth interview method, the research methodology was based on the concept of "Management Grid", which reveals the work style of a manager through his self-assessment.Results and discussion. This article is an applied research that reveals the role of human capital of managers in the life of a corporation and its impact on the social environment. It confirms the key importance of human capital and the social institution of corporations for the formation of social structure and economic development, and offers practical recommendations for corporate management with an emphasis on the development of human capital. Conclusion. The human capital of managers significantly affects the interaction inside and outside the corporation and the social dynamics of society as a whole. The development of leadership competencies, skills and values plays a key role for the success of corporations and society as a whole. The social component of the life activity of corporations is focused on production by meeting social needs, which emphasizes the central importance of human capital and its impact on the social structure of society.

The Paradox of Elites in Civil Society: A Comparative Study on Civil Society Leaders’ Satisfaction with Democracy in the UK and Sweden

AbstractThe presence of an elite group in civil society elicits a discursive friction between the long-standing normative understanding of civil society, acting as a check on government overreach and autocratic tendencies, and elite theories. Robert Michels’s iron law of oligarchy posits that as individuals rise in the ranks to become organizational leaders, they begin to take on elite attributes, and their priorities align with those of other elites and away from those of their constituents. Michels’s argument echoes with today’s populist anti-elitist rhetoric and the way populism rejects any intermediary bodies between the people and the political leaders, including interest organizations in civil society. As an attempt to empirically probe this theoretical tension, this paper explores satisfaction with the way democracy is working among the top-level leaders of the most well-resourced national-level civil society organizations in Sweden and in the UK, drawing on a survey study conducted in 2020–21.

Civil society elites: managers of civic capital

The article takes the first steps towards a general theory of civil society elites, a concept not fully developed in either elite or civil society research. This conceptual gap hampers academic and public understanding of the dynamics at the top of civil society. To address this, the authors rely on the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu to build a theory of civil society elites as managers of civic capital. This role is illustrated through examples from the differently institutionalised UK and Nordic civil societies. The first part of the article introduces the notion of civic capital and its emergence during the 19th century. The second part focuses on elite positions in civil society fields, demonstrating how civil society elites, as managers of civic capital, navigate between their constituents and other elite groups. These elites wield the power to consecrate social relations while misrecognising their own symbolic and economic gains. Recent scandals in the climate movement and UK and Nordic civil societies shed light on the symbolic aspects of the positions of civil society elites. This comprehensive analysis contributes to elite and civil society research and enriches public discussions about the role of civil society leaders in society.

A healthy lifestyle of students is a resource for preserving the health of the working-age population in the near future

The issues of acceptance and support of a healthy lifestyle by various social and age groups of the population, especially among the younger generation and youth, through the pursuit of physical, mental and social well-being remain relevant. Educational organizations, including universities, are important actors in this direction, since their students will soon become leaders in society, decision makers, as well as parents of tomorrow. According to scientists, a weak attitude towards sports, lack of time for physical education lead to a vicious circle of focusing on intellectual education, high knowledge scores, low physical abilities and physical fitness. It is emphasized that universities should have organizational systems for managing educational materials, teaching staff, as well as technologies to improve learning processes through a technology platform. Universities are strategic places to launch a wellness campaign and «have conversations» about healthy lifestyles and sustainable development.

Evaluating speaker gender in scientific sessions at ASCO and ASCO GI (2019-2023).

9009 Background: Gender disparities exist in medicine, including academic and medical society leadership, journal editorial boards, and research teams. Women are also underrepresented in clinical trial leadership and authorship, with one study reporting fewer than 10% female corresponding authors for randomized clinical trials in GI Oncology, GU oncology, and Hematology. Clinical trial leadership, subsequent podium presentations and authorship have downstream effects on promotion, reputation, and funding opportunities. We examined the gender of speakers in scientific sessions at the ASCO Annual Meeting (AM) and Gastrointestinal Symposium (ASCO GI) from 2019-2023. Methods: We examined speaker gender, role (session chair, abstract presenter, abstract discussant), speaker region (Asia, Europe, N. America), and presentation topic (colorectal cancer or non-colorectal cancer) for the ASCO AM GI scientific sessions and ASCO GI from 2019-2023. For the ASCO AM, we included GI oral abstracts and plenary sessions; for ASCO GI we included oral and rapid abstracts. Self-identified gender was not available; therefore, gender was assigned by physical appearance via ASCO video or institutional websites. Statistical analyses were performed using the two-proportions z-test with a p value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: 208 scientific abstracts were reviewed across both meetings over 5 years. There was a statistically significant difference in the % of men vs. women as abstract presenters (77% vs 23%, p <0.001). This did not differ when looking at ASCO and ASCO GI separately (ASCO 76% vs 24%, ASCO GI 78% vs 22%, p <0.001 for both) and was observed across all 5 years. Similarly, there was a predominance of men as abstract presenters regardless of speaker region (Asia 93%, Europe 74%, N. America 67%, p<0.001 for all) and presentation topic (CRC 76% vs 24%, non-CRC 78% vs. 22%; p <0.001 for both). The percent of men as repeat presenters for scientific abstracts was statistically higher than women (84% vs 16%, p <0.001). Importantly, there was no difference in men vs. women in the invited chair/discussant roles (51% vs 49%, p = 0.89). Conclusions: Our analysis of 5 years of scientific sessions for ASCO and ASCO GI shows a stark difference in the proportion of men vs women as abstract presenters regardless of presentation topic, region of presenter, and meeting year. Our data highlight the need for all trial sponsors to be more intentional in the selection of principal investigators and lead authors as these opportunities are critical to the promotion of women in GI Oncology and to diversifying approaches to clinical trial design and access. Our data is limited by how gender was assigned (i.e., not self-reported). Lastly, we commend ASCO on their efforts to ensure gender equity among the roles that are within their control, and we advocate for them to consider opportunities for self-identification of gender in their membership directory.

Societal perceptions of aquaculture: Combining scoping review and media analysis

AbstractAquaculture has been recognised for achieving multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; its further growth depends on understanding, and responding to, societal perceptions in a broader context. Thus, this study aims to understand societal perceptions of aquaculture through a scoping review and media analysis. A scoping review identified 151 academic studies for inclusion in our five identified research clusters: (1) social acceptability, (2) growth and development, (3) media coverage, (4) sustainable aquaculture, and (5) consumer perceptions. Further, newspaper articles (n = 100) were sampled from the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, Spain, Turkey, and China; elsewhere all articles identified were included (Poland, 79; Hungary, 29; India, 70). The findings suggest that scientific and newspaper articles tend to present sustainability aspects in a simplified form. Key stakeholder groups include fish farming enterprises, civil society, governmental officials, scientists, and business leaders both within aquaculture value chains (retailers/wholesalers, technology industry) and outside of them (fisheries, tourism). Also, other stakeholders included the public (indigenous groups, residents, consumers). The stakeholder groups perceived aquaculture differently and depending on the circumstances and context, their perceptions ranged from positive to negative. Many factors influenced their perceptions, including aquaculture's impact on multiple sustainability dimensions, knowledge, transparency, personal interests, types, and location of aquaculture practises, regulations, experience, and sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, and income. We recommend that aquaculture practitioners focus on context‐specific multifaceted strategies—prioritising transparency, communication, and accountability—and provide essential knowledge to ensure that societal perceptions of aquaculture are based on accurate, empirical information.

Women in Orthopaedics: 10-Year Trends of Fellowship Match Rate and Subspecialty.

Orthopaedic surgery has consistently remained one of the least diverse specialties in medicine. There are limited data on the match rate by sex into orthopaedic fellowships. The goals of this study were to determine (1) how the percentage of women applying to orthopaedic fellowships has changed from 2011 to 2021, (2) whether there was a correlation between sex and the likelihood of a successful fellowship match, and (3) which subspecialties tend to have a greater proportion of female applicants and fellows. The San Francisco (SF) Match service was used to obtain US orthopaedic fellowship applicant data from 2010 to 2021. San Francisco Match has run the match for the orthopaedic fellowship match since 2010. International medical graduates' applications, incomplete applications, or withdrawn applications were excluded. The following variables were collected and assessed: sex, subspecialty choice (except for hand because they do not use SF Match services), and match outcome. The number of female applicants and matches was recorded by year and compared with the number of male applicants and matches. Chi-square analysis was used to analyze categorical variables. A total of 6969 applicants to all orthopaedic specialties within SF Match were included during the study period. Overall, 859 were female (12.3%), and 6110 were male (87.7%). The number of female applicants had an increasing trend over the 10-year period from 65 applicants in 2011 to 111 in 2021. The overall proportion of female applicants was between 10.1% and 14.4%. The annual match rate for female applicants was 90.7% to 100% during the study period while the match rate for male applicants was 93.7% to 97.3%. Regarding successful matches, pediatrics had the highest proportion of women (range: 30.2% to 46.2%), followed by foot and ankle (range: 9.8% to 26.4%). Spine (range: 3.2 to 10.9%) and adult reconstruction (range: 3.9% to 9%) had the least number of women among matched applicants. This study found that the number of female applicants to orthopaedic fellowships has increased over the past 10 years. The difference in fellowship match rates among male versus female applicants did not statistically differ during this 10-year period; however, the proportion of female fellows is not equally distributed among subspecialties, with a higher proportion of women matching into pediatrics and foot and ankle and lower proportion in reconstruction and spine. These data can provide a benchmark for department chairs and society leadership to ensure they are recruiting, interviewing, and selecting candidates who are representative of the current sex demographics of orthopaedic fellowship graduates.

Enhancing academic performance: investigating the nexus between digital leadership and the role of digital culture

Purpose The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between digital leadership and academic performance. It models the digitalization process, outlining why and how digital leadership is important for better academic performance. At the same time, this study examines the role of digital culture as a moderating variable in the direct relationship between main variables of the study. The study aims to expand the domain of academic performance at the university by including a much recent leadership-related aspect and organizational context of the digital culture. Design/methodology/approach The study opted for a descriptive study, using the survey instruments to collect the data. The sample population consisted of students currently enrolled at the Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Melaka, Malaysia. Based on the convenience sampling, 383 samples were drawn from the sample population. All items were adopted from previous literature, and expert feedback was obtained to examine the validity of the instruments. The data were analysed using SPSS and SmartPLS version 3.0. Findings This study provides empirical insights about how digital leadership is important for academic performance for the new millennials. Also, digital culture is found to provide significant moderation effect into the relationship. It suggests that universities must promote digitalization culture and embed the use of technology and digitalization into teaching and learning to cultivate a more effective learning process among university students. This is important as elements of digital leadership, including adaptive role, attitude, digital competency, digital skill and inspirational role, are found to significantly contribute to academic performance. Research limitations/implications This study only focuses on samples taken from one of the faculties in one campus, thus limiting its scope. Future research is encouraged to replicate the same study setting to include larger sample size from different faculties, or perhaps from different universities. These propositions could help to better generalize the research findings on the practice of digital leadership on academic performance in the country. However, this study established a digital leadership model that can be applied to undergraduate students at the universities. Also, the inclusion of digital culture can strengthen the learning process. Practical implications This study includes implications for the development of digital leadership attributes and promoting digital culture within the university students and environment for engaging in a better academic performance. Digital leadership is found to be an important criterion of academic performance in this digital age society, and cultivating digital culture enhances students’ academic performance. These findings shall prompt the university to actively engage in fostering digitalization culture within the university. Also, the top management of the university should inform the students to be adaptive and cultivate the attributes of digital leaders, as their readiness to cope with the technological change has significant positive impact on their academic performance. Social implications It is important to ensure that the future graduates that are being produced are ready to take on more challenges as digital leaders in the digital society. This might accelerate the country’s initiatives and efforts towards becoming a developed nation. Thus, investing in oneself to become digitally literate and competent might not only influence their academic performance, but they will also be equipped to fulfil one of the expectations of future employers of potential graduates, which is possessing digital leadership. Originality/value Digitalization is not only about the technology. It is about the people too. As the study on digital leadership is still in its infant stage, this study is unique as it is among the earliest to establish digital leadership constructs within the context of Malaysia. It informs the university that digital leadership provides significant contribution to academic performance. Thus, the university is encouraged to nurture digitalization, not only in the teaching and learning but also with the people within the university environment. Determining the right programs and plans for the curricular will help students to develop digital leadership attributes more effectively. Finally, improving digitalization among its students and culture is important, as these elements provide significant effect towards academic performance.

The demographic analysis of women physicians in the leadership of medical societies in South Korea

Background: As female social participation increases, the importance of femininity in leadership also increases. In Korea in 2021, 26.8% of 132,013 doctors and 35.1% of 3,099 medical students were female. However, no research has been conducted on the gender demographics of medical leaders. This study aims to define Korean medical leadership, investigate the gender ratio, and determine whether the proportion of women leaders differs in the academic and non-academic worlds.Methods: Korean medical leaders were defined as those in director or higher-level positions in organizations affiliated with the Korean Medical Association, 34 organizing societies under the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences (KAMS), and those who held dean and vice dean positions in 40 medical schools. Academic societies comprised KAMS, KAMS-affiliated societies, and medical schools; the rest were classified as non-academic organizations. Data were collected through website, e-mail, or telephonic surveys. Differences in the number of women leaders between academics and non-academics were analyzed using the chi-square test.Results: In total, 1,863 medical leaders were evaluated, with females accounting for 12.6%. The difference in the ratio of female leaders between academic and non-academic societies was not statistically significant (13.1% academic vs. 11.8% non-academic; <i>P</i>=0.445).Conclusion: The proportion of women leaders in the Korean medical field is relatively low compared with that of female doctors and medical students. The number of women in leadership positions and their effect on medical society will be observed periodically.