Kenyan Society Research Articles

Moderating Effect of Gross Domestic Product on the Relationship between Camel Rating Model and Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya

The study sought to establish the moderating effect of gross domestic product on the relationship between CAMEL rating model and financial performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kenya. The study originates from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author in which the co-authors served as supervisors. Capital buffer theory and stewardship theories were utilized in supporting the nexus between the variables of the study. Secondary data was collected for the period 2013 to 2022 and panel regression analysis was applied. The study established that the nexus between CAMEL rating model and financial performance in the context of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya is significantly predicted by gross domestic product. It was consequently concluded that the aggregate of economic growth as reflected by gross domestic product plays a significant role on CAMEL rating model and financial performance nexus with respect to deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. The study recommends that the Government of Kenya should ensure economic growth in the country. The Government should stimulate economic activities through government policies and activities (of patronizing different sectors). Profits generated by SACCOs during economic expansion should be adequate reinvested into financial intermediation activities as well as other investment opportunities for purposes of diversification.

The Echoes of Social Justice Trends in Kenya: A Case of The Rt. Rev. Bishop Alexander Kipsang’ Muge

The late Bishop Alexander Muge of the Anglican Church of Kenya, Diocese of Eldoret, made a remarkable contribution to the struggle for social justice in Kenya in the post-colonial era. However, his contribution to the struggle for social justice in Kenya has not been scholarly studied, hence the need for the present study. The purpose of the study was to establish the extent of Muge’s contribution to the making of Kenya’s trends in social justice. The objective of the article was to evaluate Rt. Rev. Alexander Kipsang’ Muge’s efforts towards empowering Kenyan society socially and economically. Liberation theology, as understood and used by theologians in Latin America in the early 1900s, was applied to the exploration of Muge’s struggle for social justice and the economic empowerment of Kenyan society. Knowledge of Muge’s contribution to the making of Kenya’s history as well as being one of the architects of the struggle for democracy in Kenya, underlie the significance and justification of the study. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Archival and oral sources were significant in generating data. Purposive sampling, especially the snowball technique was used to identify interviewees. Analysis and interpretation of data employed a quantitative historical method. The findings of the study fill a knowledge gap about Rt. Rev. Bishop Alexander Kipsang’ Muge’s contribution to the cause of justice and socio-economic empowerment of the post-colonial Kenyan society.

Psychology of Misusing the Religious Premises by Politicians in Africa.

This article is divided into seven major topics and each topic is divided into subtopics. In the Introduction the author has presented the problem to the study. In methodology the author has discussed the methodology used to collect data. In this section the author used two data collection instruments for this study, and these were an observation guide instrument and interview guide instrument. The study was carried out in Nairobi County Starehe constituency. Nairobi county has 17 constituencies with 2,415,304 registered voters and Starehe constituency has 123,163 registered voters with 6 wards. In the 6 wards that is where the author conducted the study. Out of 380 respondents 200 were male and 180 were female. The author opted to use random sampling method because all members of the population has an exactly equal chance of being selected to give information based on this study. In review of related literature, the author has reviewed the related articles, journals, and books from other studies done based on suggested subtopics. These subtopics are: The definition of religion, the highlight of using Psychology to misuse religion and religious premises for self-gain, the author has asked some key questions like: Is religion motivated with political arguments? Is religion and state the same thing? The author has also reviewed the history and the growth of religion in African states, the author has highlighted on religion and political temperature during the electioneering period, How Politicians are using social media as an Influencer in religion and society in Kenya, the author has also asked other key questions: what impact does social media have on religious identity? Can politicians be stopped from using religious premises in Kenya? The author has reviewed on what others think the way forward and the Wakeup call to religious leaders. The author has given the results and discussion from the study and finally the conclusion and the way forward. The study conducted answered the following research questions. What is the impact of politicians on religious premises? How do politicians play around with the psychology of people on religious premises? Who is responsible for religious premises? Where do we place the politicians in religious Premises? Results were discussed and coded in tables as will be seen in the study. The duration for this study took 6 weeks to collect data. 349 out of 380 observation guides were returned within the timeline which translate to 91.8% and 31 observation guides were not returned nor filled that means which also translate to 9.2%. Based on the study the author concluded that religious leaders need to be wise when it comes to matters of politicians misusing church premises to sell themselves. Finally, the author gave the conclusion, and the way forward based on the study carried.

Issue-Based Politics in Kenya: Assessing the Underlying Factors, Progress Made, and Barriers

Over the last three decades, Kenya’s democratization journey has been marked by significant progress evidenced by the adoption of multiparty politics, new constitution promulgation in 2010, and institutionalization of key reforms in government and civil space. This formed a strong foundation for the entrenchment of issue-based politics as envisioned in Kenya Vision 2030’s Political Pillar that advocates for “a democratic political system that is issue-based, people-centered, result oriented and accountable to the public and viable political party systems guided by policy and ideological differences rather than region or ethnicity.” However, a litany of underlying issues and factors –have to a greater extent –been the cause of political violence majorly ethnic driven and thus dimming the prospects of transition of the country to issue-based politics away from ethnic-centered politics. This paper aims to discuss the underlying issues and triggers of political violence in Kenya, take stoke of progress made, and barriers in the advancement of issue-based politics. This study is premised on secondary data in form of journal articles, newspapers, occasional papers, online websites, and policy documents. Findings reveal that 1) Underlying issues and triggers of political violence include and are not limited to the multi-ethnic nature of Kenyan society, historical land injustices, political and socio-economic inequalities, politics of betrayal, revenge and hate speech 2) Kenya has made strides in actualizing issued based democracy through promotion of national parties anchored on ideologies, development of manifestos by various political parties, presidential debates by prospective candidates, undertaking civic voter education, conducting issue-based campaigns. 3) However, prevalence of misinformation, disinformation and propaganda, bribes, populism, poor governance and corruption, lack of political goodwill, seems to erode gains made in advancing issue-based politics. If Kenya promotes and natures a culture of issue-based politics then it will strengthen its democratic credentials.

Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Efficiency, Earnings Ability, Liquidity and Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya

The study sought to examine the effect of capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency, earnings ability, liquidity and financial performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya. The study originates from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author in which the co-authors served as supervisors. Descriptive and panel regression analysis were applied based on secondary data obtained for the period 2013 to 2022. The study established that capital adequacy has insignificant effect on financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. It was established that asset quality has significant effect on financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. It was established that management efficiency has insignificant effect on financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. It was established that earnings ability has significant effect on financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. The study established that liquidity has insignificant effect on financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. Effective credit risk system should be put in place to ensure proper identification, assessment, monitoring as well as control of credit risks. The study recommends that the managers of SACCOs should strive towards increasing the business net worth while ensuring competitiveness in the business environment. This can be achieved through continuous product innovation alongside having leverage on emerging technology. Additional studies can be done specifically on the effect of capital adequacy, management efficiency and liquidity on financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. This is in view of their insignificant predictive effect on financial performance. As such, additional researches on these variables can be based on different methodological approaches. Keywords: Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Efficiency, Earnings Ability, Liquidity and Financial Performance

Mediating Effect of Firm Size on the Nexus between Camel Rating Model and Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya

Savings and credit cooperatives are of importance to developing countries due to their huge contributions on the national economy. The study sought to examine the mediation effect of firm size on the relationship between CAMEL rating model and financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. The study emanates from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author where the co-authors served as supervisors. Efficiency structure theory and working capital management theory were used. Panel regression analysis was used based on secondary data for the period 2013 to 2022. The study established that the mediation effect of firm size on the relationship between CAMEL rating model and financial performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya was significant. Higher market value and consequently financial performance are linked to institutions with large firm sizes. It is therefore recommended that SACCOs should strive towards growing their total assets which will subsequently translate to higher profits and ultimately higher financial performance. The advantages of economies of scale of large institutions should be fully maximized so as to sustain higher financial performance of SACCOs. Keywords: CAMEL Rating Model, Firm Size, Financial Performance and Deposit Taking SACCOs

Credit Lending Models and Loan Performance of Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya

The study sought to determine the effect of credit lending models on loan performance of deposit-taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Kenya. Specifically, the study focused on group lending model, individual lending model, digital credit model and cooperative lending model on loan performance of deposit-taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. The targeted population was all DT-SACCOs as per their registration with SACCO Societies Regulatory Authority. The study population was 176. The study found out that group lending models, individual lending models, digital credit lending and cooperative lending were adopted by the DT-SACCOs to a moderate extent. The study established that the size of the DT-SACCOs and the lending models used accounted for 97.9% of changes in loan performance. The consequence is that other factors not considered in the model were responsible for only 2.1% of variances in loan performance. Further, credit lending models had a significant effect on the loan performance of DT-SACCOs in Kenya. This implied that effective implementation of the credit lending models led to improved loan performance of DT-SACCOs. The study concluded that credit lending models significantly affect the loan performance of DT-SACCOs in Kenya. Further, the DT-SACCOs adopted, on an average basis, the credit lending models. Lastly, individual lending models and total assets significantly affected loan performance. Group lending models, digital lending models, and cooperative lending models, however, do not have a significant effect on loan performance. The study recommended that the managers of the DT-SACCOs should establish mechanisms for improving individual loan processing and the development of competitive individual loan products.

Effect of Loan Management Practices on Non-Performing Loans for Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya

Deposit taking SACCOs have contributed to financial deepening and increased financial inclusion in Kenya because they improve social and economic welfare of members. However, the sector has seen several institutions collapsing. Current studies on non-performing loans for Saccos have focused on credit management practices such as credit scoring systems and repayment enforcement practices that are specific to banks and this do not align with the goal of Sacco’s business models. This study seeks to include the practice of using guarantors and its efficacy in control of non-performing loans relative to the mainstream practices established by financial institutions like banks. The main purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between loan management practices and non-performing loans for deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya. The study has three specific objectives; to determine the effect of credit scoring systems on non-performing loans for deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya, to assess the effect of guarantorships requirements on non-performing loans for deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya and to find out the effect of repayment enforcement practices on non-performing loans for deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya. This study is anchored on three theories: lender-based theory of collateral, informal finance theory and financial intermediation theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design. The population of this study was all deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. A sample of 44 deposit taking SACCOs within Nairobi County was selected. This study collected primary data by use of a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics such as averages and standard deviations and inferential statistics in a regression model by use of SPSS. Presentation of data was done using tables and graphs. Results were reported using robust standard errors model. Findings showed that credit scoring systems, guarantorship requirements and repayment enforcement practices had a negative and insignificant effect on non-performing loans for deposit taking Saccos in Kenya. This means that all loan management components examined in this study better loan performance. It is recommended that SACCOs need to lay more emphasis on establishing robust and apt frameworks for mitigating non-performing loans other than those credit scoring systems, guarantorship requirements and repayment enforcement practices this has insignificant effect on non-performing loans.

Relationship between Lending Requirements and Loan Performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya

Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies play an important role in providing financial services to many Kenyans. SACCOs have been identified as crucial growth engines in many countries across the world. According to the Sacco Society Regulatory Authority (SASRA) Annual report for 2021, the amount of NPLs increased from Kes 25.79 billion in 2019 to Kes 39.86 billion in 2020. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between lending requirements and loan performance of deposit-taking SACCOs in Kenya. The anchoring theory was credit default theory. The study used a causal approach research design with a target population of the study 11 SACCOs in Meru County selected using purposive sampling. Results showed that revealed a strong and positive relationship between the lending requirement and loan performance. The study concluded that lending requirements and loan performance are positively and significantly correlated. The study recommends that DT-SACCOs should have a credit risk management policy that guarantees loan repayment, accurate estimation of loan defaults, and suitable mitigation measures.

The effects of artificial intelligence on the Kenyan society

<span lang="EN-US">Artificial intelligence technology (AI) is an array of computer technologies that provide machines with human-like abilities in perception, action, and cognition. It can mimic human intellect in a broad variety of situations thanks to its advanced processing of information and mega-thinking procedures and powers. AI's power to mimic the intellect of humans means it will disrupt or significantly affect practically every major industry, including but not limited to manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, and logistics. AI helps several industries move forward. Developed Western nations and leading digital titans like Google and Facebook have invested significantly in AI, utilizing its human skills in various vital societal sectors. Regrettably, most poor countries, particularly those in the sub-Saharan African region, do not have the necessary administration, learning, data reserves, and legislation to support the adoption and implementation of AI. Nevertheless, certain countries in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Kenya, have incorporated and used AI technologies in several key areas for the benefit of their inhabitants. This article explores how AI has affected Kenya and demonstrates how other sub-Saharan African countries might use AI-related technology to their full potential.</span>

SASRA Prudential Regulations and Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Saving and Credit Co-Operative Societies in Kenya

SASRA Prudential Regulations and Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Saving and Credit Co-Operative Societies in Kenya

The influence of shared vision on organizational ambidexterity in coffee marketing co-operative societies in Kenya

Coffee production in Kenya has plummeted, hurting the economy and worsening social inequality and poverty. Kenyan coffee marketing cooperative associations have failed to boost exports. Coffee is Kenya's main cash crop. Coffee is the country's principal foreign exchange earner, rural employment source, food security source, and revenue source. The reduction in coffee export earnings shows that coffee marketing cooperatives are inefficient and less flexible. This study examines how shared vision affects organizational ambidexterity. This transformational leadership-based study used exploratory and cross-sectional survey methodologies. The target audience was Kenyan coffee marketing cooperatives. The sample size was 242 Kenyan coffee marketing cooperative societies. A self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire collected primary data from cooperative society managers. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that shared vision favorably impacts organizational ambidexterity (R = 0.547, R2 = 0.299), explaining 29.9% of variation. Further, shared vision significantly affected organizational ambidexterity (P-value = 0.00). The study found that shared vision affected organizational ambidexterity. Thus, managers of coffee marketing cooperative societies should constantly discuss their vision with other employees to improve ambidexterity.

Internal Audit Report Quality and Financial Statement Accuracy of Savings and Credit Cooperatives Societies in Kenya

The focus of this study is to examine the correlation between the caliber of internal audit reports and the precision of financial reporting within Kenyan savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCOs). The accuracy of financial reporting is of paramount importance as it influences investment decisions and market efficacy. In view of SACCOs' limited accounting expertise, this investigation aims to evaluate the impact of adept internal auditors on financial accuracy and the internal audit function's role in enhancing controls and preventing fraud. The study utilizes agency and stakeholder theories to probe into the SACCO management-shareholder relationship. By highlighting the significance of accurate financial statements and internal audit quality, the study employs theoretical frameworks to analyze the impact of audit reporting quality on financial accuracy. The ultimate objective of this study is to augment our comprehension of the role of internal audit quality in enhancing financial accuracy in Kenyan SACCOs. The theoretical basis of agency and stakeholder theories facilitates the analysis of intricate SACCO dynamics. In light of the criticality of SACCOs in Kenya's financial sector, the insights derived from this study support governance strengthening and the promotion of accurate financial reporting.

Supplier Relationship Strategies and Performance of Dairy Cooperative Societies in Kenya

Supplier Relationship Strategies and Performance of Dairy Cooperative Societies in Kenya

Queer Sexualities and the Reconstruction of Alternative Modes of Being in Kenyan Society in the Film Rafiki

The government of Kenya, through the Kenya Film Classification Board (KFCB), has sustained a war against screening and promoting locally and internationally produced films featuring queer social imaginaries in the country. In 2014 and 2018, KFCB banned two locally produced films, The Stories of Our Lives and Rafiki, largely because these films were seen as valorising queer sexualities. The ban triggered animated debates regarding the triad of artistic freedom, censorship and the country’s moral compass. Consequently, persons leading queer lives are compelled to operate within various liminal spaces as a way of subverting hostility from the public. Focusing on Rafiki, this article explores how the filmmaker reconstructs alternative modes of being in society by portraying practices through which queer individuals claim and inhabit social spaces in Kenya. By representing the livability of queer lifestyles, the filmmaker not only confronts conventional moralities but also spurs debate on the future of queer individuals in Kenyan society.

A comprehensive reparations system for custodial deaths

Death in police custody is one of the major social injustices in Kenyan society today. While many continue to call for the criminal prosecution of police officers involved in such extrajudicial deaths, less is said about the human rights remedies available for the victims surviving the deceased. National, regional and international law provides for remedies for human rights violations in the form of reparations. The jurisprudence of Kenyan courts, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights confirm that such victims are entitled to various forms of reparations. This paper analyses victimhood and the reparation systems in Kenya. The introduction briefly discusses death in police custody as a form of human rights violation. The paper then investigates the notion of a victim in national, regional and international law, with the aim of highlighting the scope of accruing human rights and the attached remedies. Consequently, the paper evaluates the Kenyan system of reparations available to victims in both national, regional, and international human rights law. This evaluation expounds on the forms of reparations available for victims of deaths in police custody. In concluding, this paper makes recommendations for victims and their families pursuing human rights remedies in addition to criminal sanctions against the police.

Negotiating contemporary issues through cultural creative dance expressions

This study sought to negotiate contemporary issues through cultural creative dance expressions. The study delves into the techniques of dramatisation in the dances, contextualised in their cultural and creative contexts. The synthesis of these concepts was propped on aesthetic theory, semiotics and discourses on African performance for the description of style, themes and messaging. The study was framed on qualitative design to analyse purposively sampled cultural creative dances on various chosen themes and cultures. Primary data included data observed in the sampled dances as well as unstructured interviews. Secondary data was gathered from books, journals, articles and online publications. The data was analysed using content analysis. The study finds that, indeed, a cultural creative dance performed in the Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festival tackle various themes that are derived from various issues the Kenyan society is grappling with. The study findings also note that the artist has a central role in bringing issues to the fore and affirms the cultural creative dance as a powerful and enduring platform for ruminating on societal concerns. In conclusion, the cultural creative dance, as the foregoing discourse elucidates, is a potent, lively and well-grounded mode of communicating and discussing the issues in the hearts of individual citizens and the nation at large.

Different in colour, equal in rights

Whereas it can be argued that generally, in Kenya, there exists cogent laws that guarantee all persons the enjoyment and protection of inherent fundamental rights and freedoms, this article submits that it is not a lived reality for persons with albinism. The article focuses on the freedom from discrimination where it argues that ignorance among members of Kenyan society is the main recipe for discrimination against persons with albinism. As will be evidenced in this article, such discrimination is cross cutting and it affects the enjoyment of the rights to dignity, education and employment. This article also discusses the gains and shortfalls of the legal regime under which the rights of such persons are anchored by making reference to; the Constitution of Kenya 2010, statutes such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities among others. Moreover, it proposes measures to curb violations of the rights of persons with albinism such as efficient and widespread public education through the creation of awareness of the rights of persons with albinism.

Were the African indigenous resources rendered impotent by the pandemic?

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, became a reality in Kenya on 13 March 2020 when the first confirmed case was publicly announced. The disease spread across the country and had posted over 300, 000 confirmed cases and over 5, 000 deaths by March 2022. With some risk factors, for COVID-19, remaining: close contacts, coughing, sneezing on by an infected person, poor air flow, and crowded places with infected people, among others, the pandemic remained a major scare, as Kenya geared towards August 2022 general elections which were hotly contested, especially at the presidential levels. There were fears that the 2022 electoral contests would reverse the gains that had been made in the previous two years (2020, 2021), as the government had put up containment measures, that previously banned crowded political rallies. Church gatherings, and other social activities were effectively controlled. Nevertheless, the coming of COVID-19 in March 2020 brought about far-reaching effects that will continue to inform the Kenyan nation for an unforeseeable future. Were the indigenous resources rendered irrelevant by COVID-19? Did the failure to exorcise the demons of COVID- 19 make the religious institutions irrelevant? (Mk. 5:4-20, Lk. 4:33-36). This article seeks to explore how these impacts on the Kenyan society played out, and how communal-inclusive approaches were utilized to usher in an African face in the onslaught against the pandemic. Were there indigenous resources that could inform these discourses?

The Loss of a Clan: Abandoning Ethos of the East African Revival by the Contemporary Kenyan Christian

This study investigated two practises of the East African Revival (EAR) movement; the public testimony of one’s salvation and the public confession of all known sins. The study further sought to know the attitude of the contemporary Christian on the same. The study was qualitative in strategy with a phenomenological design. Criterion based purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The tools for gathering data were In-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and Document Review. Thematic Coding Analysis was used to analyse the data. The EDNA model for practical theology was applied as the theological framework. Findings show that the EAR members held the public testimony and public confession of sin as foundational to their doctrine and practice. The two practices helped them to create a unique identity and cohesiveness, after separating from their familial clans at conversion, hence forming a new spiritual clan of their own. The contemporary Christian on the other hand finds these two tenets of the EAR,
 intrusive and unacceptable. With no alternative ways of building cohesiveness and a unique identity, the younger believers are left without a clan hence becoming spiritual orphans. Traditional Anglicanism, with its focus on sacraments and liturgy, and African Traditional Religions are among the formations fighting to adopt these spiritual orphans. The study recommends that the church and society revisit these practices and apply them appropriately in the fight against corruption and tribalism, among other ills in Kenyan society.