Social Programs Research Articles

Cash transfers and women’s economic inclusion in rural Zambia

This paper investigates whether an increase in exogenous income through the Child Grants model of the Social Cash Transfer programme in Zambia fosters economic inclusion among rural women. We conceptualize economic inclusion as a transformative process comprised of four pillars: productive capacity, saving capacity, women’s empowerment, and time preferences and expectations. Using experimental data, we find strong evidence of direct impacts of the Child Grant on productive and saving capacity, and time preferences and expectations of rural women. In addition to these direct impacts, we implement a mediation analysis to explore the potential mediating role of time preferences and expectations in affecting the other pillars of economic inclusion. Through this approach, we find indicative evidence of indirect and mutually reinforcing relationships between changes in time preferences and expectations brought about through the Child Grant and improvements in the productive and saving capacity of beneficiaries. These results suggest that cash transfers might be effective in promoting women’s economic inclusion, both through the direct monetary effect and through the mediated effect of time preferences and expectations.

Changes in emergency healthcare use following intervention by Navigator, an emergency department social support programme: a multi-centre retrospective before-and-after study.

Patients living with social deprivation, and those with experiences of violence, substance misuse, mental ill-health and homelessness are known to use emergency departments (EDs) more often. It is not known whether a programme of social support initiated during ED attendance may lead to a reduction in healthcare use. The objective of this study is to determine the change in emergency, inpatient and outpatient healthcare use following a social support programme, Navigator, initiated during an ED attendance. Retrospective before-and-after study. Adult patients ≥16 years, attending EDs in the West of Scotland from 14th September 2016 to 10th March 2023, with a Navigator programme encounter. The Navigator social support programme, delivered by trained support workers, initiated during ED attendance, and targeting patients affected by issues including violence, substance misuse, mental ill-health, domestic abuse and homelessness. Healthcare use rates in the 365 days following intervention, as change compared to those in the 365 days prior to the intervention. The primary outcome was the number of ED attendances in the year following intervention compared with the year prior to intervention. Secondary outcomes included inpatient admissions, inpatient bed days, outpatient appointments and outpatient appointments where the patient did not attend. Changes in use rates were analysed with negative binomial regression and reported as incidence rate ratios for interpretation as percentage change. Analysis was repeated for a subgroup of frequent attenders to the ED. Of 1421 Navigator programme encounters, 1056 were included for analysis. Median attendance in the year prior to intervention was 3 [interquartile range (IQR) 1-5], and in the year following intervention was 2 (IQR 0-4). Negative binomial regression demonstrated that in the year following Navigator intervention, there was a 29% (95% confidence interval: 24-33%) reduction in ED attendances. The Navigator programme was associated with reduced emergency and acute healthcare use in the year following intervention, with increased scheduled outpatient care. There is the potential for a social support programme, delivered from the ED, to change patterns of healthcare use, and future work should consider prospectively assessing the impact of such an intervention.

The Implementation of Gamification Methods in the Edusting Application as an Educational Medium to Enhance Mothers Knowledge of Stunting

Interventions for stunting are an urgent public health priority. Because mothers' limited knowledge about stunting has a direct impact on stunting prevention and management. One of the extraordinary outreach programs is the stunting socialization program for mothers of toddlers carried out at the integrated health post. However, the socialization action is considered too limited. Gamification is one potential approach to increase the effectiveness of these efforts by introducing game design and game elements into educational content in three areas: childcare practices, nutritional intake, and stunting prevention. This is expected to explore mothers' involvement and motivation to prevent stunting. Mothers certainly prefer a more attractive interactive interface and gamification applications will stimulate cognitive and emotional involvement so that mothers feel more comfortable in the learning process about stunting management. In this study, we present the design of an education that aims to help mothers understand and overcome stunting. This application is expected to make mothers better understand parenting patterns, nutrition, and stunting management so that it can help mothers' learning to increase the speed of mothers' understanding of stunting prevention.

Understanding Whether Economic Instability and Food Insecurity During COVID-19 Moderate the Change in Emotional Abuse and Emotional Neglect Over Time: A Longitudinal Pre- and During COVID-19 Analysis From China, Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, and Malawi

PurposeThis study explores whether economic instability or food insecurity moderates the changes in emotional abuse and neglect over time. MethodsWe used data from the Global Early Adolescent Study, a longitudinal study among adolescents ages 13–18 years (10–14 during pre–COVID-19 round) from poor urban communities in China (n = 387), the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (n = 285), Indonesia (n = 400), and Malawi (n = 320). Data were collected before (2017 to March 2020) and during the pandemic (June to November 2020). Generalized estimating equations, using inverse probability weights evaluated changes in emotional abuse and neglect pre- and during COVID-19 and tested whether these changes varied by economic instability and food insecurity experiences during COVID-19. ResultsPre–COVID-19, emotional abuse ranged from 37.2% in DRC to 65.3% in Indonesia, and emotional neglect from 10.9% in DRC to 50.3% in Indonesia. The odds of emotional neglect increased in all sites during COVID-19 except Indonesia (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) ranging from 1.7 in China to 4.1 in Malawi). In Indonesia, odds of abuse and neglect decreased significantly during COVID-19 (aOR ranging from 0.4 to 0.7); however, emotional abuse and/or neglect declines was less pronounced for those who experienced economic instability and/or food insecurity. In Malawi, adolescents who experienced food insecurity had a significant increase in odds of emotional neglect during COVID-19. DiscussionThe COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated emotional neglect and emotional abuse among adolescents living in low- and middle-income countries, although this effect varies by place and population. In Malawi and Indonesia, adolescents who experienced economic instability and/or food insecurity had more unfavorable outcomes during COVID-19, highlighting the importance of social programs correcting inequities during pandemics.

Resource extraction, FinTech, and social equal access: A quantitative analysis of resource-rich countries

Resource-rich countries hold potential for the alleviation of social disparities and the promotion of equal opportunities. Well-managed natural resource extraction can spur economic growth, create employment, and provide funds for some of the vital social programs that improve social accessibility to education, healthcare, and infrastructure altogether. Contingent upon such change, this study investigates the impact of natural resource extraction on equitable access for all members of society across countries that happen to be endowed with resources, using data for the period 2011–2022. The Driscoll-Kraay and Panel Quantile Regression methods are used to see how an improvement in resource extraction could benefit society by mainly reducing inequality. Key findings confirm that natural resource extraction positively influences equal access across social domains. FinTech improves directly on the degree of social accessibility and moderates toward sustainable, more inclusive outcomes in the effect of natural resource extraction. The control variables point towards the productive capacities supporting equal access. In contrast, military spending and high energy consumption have adverse effects. The results reveal a dual role of resource extraction and FinTech in helping to achieve inclusive development and underscore policies that would ensure optimal resource management in facilitating equitable societal growth.

دور العلاقات العامة في تعزيز المسؤولية الاجتماعية للقطاع الاقتصادي في المنطقة الشرقية

This study aimed to evaluate the role of public relations departments in the economic sectors in promoting social responsibility, as the efforts in this field are considered one of the main functions that contribute to building a positive and interactive image of companies and institutions among the internal and external public. The researcher used the survey method, content analysis tools and questionnaire to answer the problem of his research by collecting and analyzing data from a sample of 300 individuals including public relations employees and social responsibility employees in companies and institutions and members of the parent community: institutions of the economic sector in the Eastern Province. The researcher divided the study into two chapters, the first chapter was entitled: (Theoretical Framework of the Study), while the second chapter was entitled: (Methodological Procedures of the Study), and the two chapters included many topics, followed by the most important results, recommendations and conclusion, a list of sources, references, indexes and study appendices. The study came out with a set of results, including that economic institutions in the Eastern Province focus on performing public relations functions related to improving the mental image as a priority in their work. It also confirmed that the majority of economic sector institutions in the Eastern Province implement many community partnerships, but some of them are few and unsustainable, while they do not exist in a few of them. Among the results is that community work is carried out by a large percentage of public relations departments in economic institutions in the Eastern Province according to a strategy and plans prepared to enhance community partnerships. The implementation of social programs and initiatives by public relations departments in many economic institutions in the Eastern Province also contributes to the effective implementation of social programs and initiatives within the context of their tasks and functions.

The Impact of E-Marketing on Customer Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Service Quality in Jordanian Commercial Banks

Banking work in this era is distinguished by relying on information and communication technology to develop systems and means of providing banking services and raising the efficiency and performance of banking services in line with the rapid progress in the banking industry. This study examines the impact of electronic marketing on customer satisfaction with the moderating role of service quality in Jordanian commercial banks. The study’s goals and questions were met using a descriptive and analytical technique. With the aid of a suitable data and information collection tool, the descriptive technique was employed based on the study of the research topic. The study population consisted of all administrative workers in the Jordanian commercial banks. The statistical package for the social sciences program was used to examine the data after obtaining it using the questionnaire (SPSS). The study found a statistically significant effect at the level (α ≤ 0.05) of e-marketing on customer satisfaction in Jordanian commercial banks, with the moderating role of service quality. The study also recommends expanding investments in the technical field. Banks seeking to provide electronic banking services must realise the importance and necessity of huge investments in information systems, the adoption of modern technology in communications, the development of internal and external networks, and the need for protection and security.

How can Community Music Help Address Loneliness in Contexts of Social Marginalisation? Insights From Two Music for Social Connection Programs.

This study explores how participatory music programs can help build social connection for people experiencing loneliness in contexts of social marginalisation. Loneliness is a growing, global public health issue with social and structural drivers. There is an urgent need to investigate innovative approaches to programming that go beyond opportunities for social contact to address the multiple domains of loneliness. Designed collaboratively with two social sector organisations in an urban context in Australia, this study presents outcomes from two community programs that involved groups of people experiencing or at risk of loneliness engaging in music together. Using a qualitative methodology that included semi-structured and brief interviews, focus groups and ethnographic observation, researchers identified positive shifts in relation to social loneliness (related to social contact), emotional loneliness (related to social bonds and meaningful connections), and existential loneliness (related to community connection and acceptance) for participants of the music programs. This study contributes to an urgent gap in understanding effective programming to support people experiencing loneliness and bolsters emerging evidence about the role arts can play in strengthening health, community and social sector efforts to address inequity.

Social financial grants [SFGs] and poverty eradication in South Africa

ABSTRACT This study examines the role of Social Financial Grants (SFGs) in poverty reduction in South Africa, focusing on their impact on economic stability and income inequality. Using a structured model, it explores both the direct and mediated effects of SFGs on poverty alleviation. Results indicate that SFGs significantly reduce poverty by decreasing income inequality and enhancing economic stability, key factors in a highly unequal society. Effective administration and expansion of SFGs could further benefit vulnerable populations. The study notes limitations, such as the need for longitudinal data to assess sustainability and attention to regional disparities. Recommendations include integrating SFGs with job training, improving distribution, and reducing stigma. Implications extend beyond South Africa, offering insights for other developing nations. Future research should investigate additional mediators and conduct comparative regional studies to optimise social grant programmes globally.

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Azerbaijan: from protracted displacement to ‘Great Return’

ABSTRACT This article examines the host community’s response to the influx of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Azerbaijan, focusing on social protection measures from the initial wave of forced displacement in the early 1990s to the end of the second Karabakh war in 2020. It evaluates ongoing government initiatives aimed at facilitating the return of IDPs to their places of origin. While IDPs have been integrated into state social protection programmes and benefited from state-provided social allowances and other benefits critical to their economic survival, the article highlights the importance of acknowledging their varied social needs and vulnerabilities to develop more targeted assistance policies. Based on the case study of Azerbaijan, this research contributes to the broader literature on social policy responses to protracted displacement and the challenges of IDP repatriation in the Global South.

Effect of a state-funded social health insurance programme, on equitable access to health care, financial risk protection and economic well-being in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

Objective: To determine the effect of the SCP on access to health care, financial risk protection and perceived economicwell-being among beneficiaries.Methods: Using a comparative, cross-sectional design, household survey was conducted across 10 districts of the KPprovince during Nov22-Feb23. A total of 3619 households were recruited in which at least one member had received SCPinpatient services (users=1874) and neighbourhood households where a hospitalized member did not use SCP inpatientservices (nonuser=1745). Generalised regression models were used for analyses after adjusting for the propensity scores.Results: Socio-economic and demographic differences were not found between SCP user and non-user groups. Comparedto SCP nonusers, SCP users were more likely to seek inpatient care from private hospitals and covered more distance to getto empanelled health facilities, stay longer in hospitals, especially for patients with chronic diseases and injuries. There wasa significant reduction in medical care component of mean out-of-pocket expenditure for inpatient services among SCPusers (PKR 1,006 ±9,248) as compared with SCP nonusers (PKR 30,042 ±69,014). The nonmedical component (transport etc.)was not substantively different in both groups. The level of catastrophic health expenditure was significantly lower amongSCP users 253 (14%) compared to SCP nonusers 621 (35%), leading to higher perceived economic wellbeing among SCPusers.Conclusion: KP Government’s SCP has been effective in improving financial risk protection among its beneficiaries, resultingin an increased sense of economic well-being, as compared to SCP nonusers. SCP needs to devise strategy to increase accessto inpatient services, particularly among poorer families to maximize its impact.Keywords: Sehat Card Plus (SCP), Financial Risk Protection, Inpatient Care, Out-of-Pocket Expenditure, CatastrophicHealth Expenditure.

Assessing readiness of health facilities for implementing a social health insurance programme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Objective: To assess the readiness of empanelled health facilities, encompassing secondary and tertiary care hospitalsunder the SCP Programme, to effectively implement the benefits package.Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 38 public and private hospitals providing services under the SCPProgramme across 10 districts of KP. The study utilized a Health Facility Assessment tool adapted from WHO's ServiceAvailability Readiness Assessment and other frameworks. The readiness was measured across 8 domains includingInfrastructure, Governance, Health Information System, Infection Control, Sehat Card desk services, Billing & Reimbursement,Clinical Services, and Clinical Support Services. Data was collected from October 2022 to February 2023.Results: Based on our assessment, tertiary hospitals generally demonstrated a higher level of readiness compared tosecondary hospitals across various domains. Tertiary hospitals demonstrated better readiness for access and infrastructure(92%), governance and leadership (97%) and infection prevention (79%). Secondary hospitals showed lower readinessscores in areas like HMIS (65%), billing & reimbursements (75%), and infection control (64%). The tertiary facilitiesoutperformed secondary ones in clinical and support services, including emergency rooms, intensive care, surgery,obstetrics, laboratory services, blood banks, radiology, and pharmaceutical services. The overall preparedness wassignificantly higher in urban, relative to rural, hospitals across most indicators.Conclusion: The study underscores the need for targeted capacity building in KP's health facilities, particularly secondaryand remote hospitals. These improvements are crucial for successful implementation and expansion of the SCP programme.Keywords: Health Facility Readiness, Social Health Insurance, Sehat Card Plus Programme, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, HealthServices Evaluation.

The experience of implementing a social health insurance programme at health facilities in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Objective:To explore the experiences of key stakeholders, including hospital managers, clinicians, and hospital-based StateLife Insurance Corporation (SLIC) representatives, SCP's implementation challenges and successes.Methods: A qualitative descriptive exploratory design was employed across 38 empanelled public and private facilities inKP. Key informant interviews (n=103) were conducted until data saturation was reached, exploring barriers and facilitatorswithin the SCP's operational framework. Data were analyzed using NVivo software, applying a mix of deductive and inductiveapproaches.Results: Strengths and enablers included a comprehensive benefits package design, a robust third-party administrativesystem, and the digitization of health management information systems for efficiency. Implementation barriers includedlow reimbursement rates affecting service quality at health facilities, documentation issues hindering patient access, unevenavailability of services causing patient frustration, resource-intensive claim preparation with a slow reimbursement process,and a lack of quality assurance mechanisms.Conclusion: This study provides a nuanced understanding of the SCP implementation, highlighting the need for revisitingreimbursement rates, addressing documentation challenges, ensuring service availability, streamlining reimbursementprocesses, and strengthening quality assurance mechanisms. The SCP's comprehensive benefits package, effectivepurchaser-provider relationships, and digitization efforts emerge as key strengths that contribute to its success.Keywords: Sehat Card Program (SCP), Social Health Insurance, Implementation Challenges. Stakeholder Perspectives,Reimbursement Processes, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

THE ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL, AND GOVERNANCE AWARD FOR PESANTREN: HOW IS IT POSSIBLE?

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to obtain the possibility of designing an award matrix for pesantren by exploring and analysing the potential application of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) aspects. This study aims to identify key indicators relevant to ESG in the context of Pesantren and to assess how environmental sustainability, social responsibility, and good governance implemented. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a qualitative approach that combines a comprehensive literature review with simulation-based analysis which supports in obtaining the results of the ESG award design for pesantren. Conduct Systematic search using parameters “environment”, “social”, “governance”, “pesantren”, “Indonesia” to get some important aspects in compiling the matrix indicator. Google Scholar and Scopus report 2006-2024 years of publication. Screening and selecting relevant articles by title and abstract to establish relevance. Several ESG methodologies (Refinitiv, Morningstar Sustainalytics, Ecovadis, LSEG) reviewed and equipped with analysis of scientific articles in Indonesia and English language. This step aims to obtain the results of the design of elements, aspects, indicators, case studies by previous ESG researchers and practitioners, and the mechanism for calculating and classifying awards based on the scores obtained from a matrix design. This matrix will be supported by pilot tests based on simulation analysis at AMQ Islamic Boarding School, East Java, Indonesia. Findings: The ESG Award is made possible to give appreciation to pesantren as an educational institution that has a strategic role in sustainable development. An ESG Award Matrix for Pesantren which is each level includes specific criteria tailored to the pesantren context with a total of 12 indicators across 4 environmental indicators, 4 social indicators, 4 governance indicators so three-tier ESG award system in consist of bronze, silver, and gold. Simulation based in AMQ pesantren that received the silver category with a score of 3.55. It suggests AMQ Pesantren is making significant efforts in ESG areas. Particularly in social responsibility based on that score as silver in ESG Award. Research limitations/implications: Empirical research and monitoring-evaluating steps are needed to provide a framework for Pesantren. Further research is possible to measure and improve this ESG Award for Pesantren. Practical implications: to suggests an approach to the development of environment social governance awareness and engagement program to increase capacity, institutions, production, human resources, sustainability also. Originality/value: The novelty in this study is an analysis involving the creation of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) Awards designed specifically for Pesantren in Indonesia. The process includes the development of a comprehensive ESG framework that combines Islamic principles and cultural values that are unique to Pesantren. This framework is designed to introduce and assess and appreciate the sustainability performance of these religious education institutions. This award system is organized in three tiers: Bronze, Silver, and Gold.

Integration and coherence in food governance—a comprehensive analysis of food security public programs in Chile

This study critically examines Chilean food governance. In particular it focuses on two aspects of inter-ministerial governance: policy “integration” and policy “coherence.” It does so by evaluating the alignment between two key policy objectives within the Chilean government; the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and National Food and Nutrition Policy (NFNP) objectives. This is accomplished by using publicly available data at the Integrated Bank of Social Programs (BIPS – Banco Integrado de Programas Sociales) collected in 2021. Utilizing mixed methods including content analysis, program review, and financial analysis, 245 public programs were scrutinized. Only 0.042% of the 2021 national budget for public programs was allocated to n = 70 key programs directly addressing food and nutrition security (FNS), highlighting significant resource disparities among ministries. While some inter-ministerial integration was observed, overall coherence with NFNP objectives, particularly in “health integration and intersectorality,” was lacking. Since disparities in resource allocation and neglect of stability and agency within food security across ministries are identified, indicating a variegated approach to food security with differing emphases on availability, utilization, and access, this study calls for a collaborative, multi-sectoral strategy to bridge policy gaps and enhance coherence in addressing food security challenges. Its findings contribute to the discourse on food governance, offering insights into policy implementation gaps and suggesting avenues for enhancing inter-ministerial integration and coherence. This research underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to policy formulation and execution in achieving NFNP goals and addressing the complex challenges of food security in Chile.

Forecasting energy poverty using different machine learning techniques for Missouri

Energy poverty in Missouri was analyzed using the four quadrant approach using both state and county level data sets for two separate definitions of the grid. Predictions used machine learning techniques including decision trees, random forest, extreme gradient boosting and support vector machines. It was determined that the extreme gradient boosting performed the best when compared to all the other models after the hyperparameters were tuned. The F1 scores for the county level data sets were higher than for the state levels thus indicating greater predictability for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climatological regional runs. For the county level data, the F1 score was the highest for region 1, which coincided with one of the highest expenditure risk values whilst regions 2-4 were the lowest scoring area. In grid 2, the largest class distribution changed from grid 1’s expenditure risk to the no risk category. This grid had more variability in terms of the double risk class when compared to grid 1 and, as such, its predictability in terms of its F1 scores was reduced. There were similarities in the ranking of the prediction scores for the regions for both grids as regions 1 and 6 incurred the largest F1 values. Thus energy poverty can be classified and predicted for Missouri, which in turn may aid policy makers via quantitative regional risk analysis. This data-driven informed policy making can lead to the development and implementation of laws and social programs to help ameliorate energy poverty.

Athletes vs. Musicians: Perceptions and Preferences in Workplace Social Programs

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the intrinsic preferences for athletic versus musical events in the context of workplace social programs and explores the differing outcomes these events are perceived to generate. Empirical evidence consistently shows that individuals with athletic backgrounds are favoured in the job market, receiving better wages and benefits than their nonathlete counterparts because of stereotypes about their managerial qualities, stress handling and team spirit. In contrast, music participation is often undervalued, with musicians facing wage disparities and discrimination despite the cognitive and emotional benefits associated with music playing and listening. Through a vignette study, this research identifies that participants prefer athletes for events aimed at team cohesion and musicians for events designed to enhance creative skills. The findings highlight a type of job market discrimination based on preferences for workplace programs, emphasizing the role of stereotypes in shaping these preferences. The study contributes to the understanding of how workplace social programs are designed and the underlying biases that influence these decisions, offering insights into the mechanisms of job market discrimination and the potential for more inclusive program design that recognizes the value of both athletic and musical participation.

11. THE STATUS OF SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES AT SOME HOSPITALS IN HANOI 2024

Objectives: Describe the status of social work activities at some hospitals in Hanoi 2024. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study on medical staff working at several hospitals in Hanoi. Data were collected through a toolkit developed based on Circular No. 43/2015/ TT-BYT dated November 26, 2015 of the Minister of Health, regulated the tasks and forms of organization of social work in hospitals. Result: Health workers performed the most activities such as reception (63.6%), communication guidance (44.6%), and hospitalization (43.8%), while home treatment consultation had the lowest rate (22.3%). Service connection was highest for diagnosis and financial support (47.1%), while emergency support had the lowest rate (13.2%). Popular activities included support for discharge procedures (43.8%) and follow-up visits (43%), while the reception rate was lowest (23.1%). At the three hospitals National Cancer, Bach Mai, and National Children's Hospital, the rate of staff who had participated in social work training programs was 39.7%, while 60.3% had not participated. In addition, 64.5% of staff wanted to continue further education, and 35.5% had no need for further education. Conclusion: Medical facilities need to strengthen the organization of intensive and long-term training programs, with special attention to monitoring and counseling for patients after discharge to improve the quality of care. At the same time, it is necessary to add social work graduates to departments and rooms and develop a post-discharge support system to improve the effectiveness of social work in hospitals.

The development and effects of a social constructivist approach in an interprofessional discomfort care online education program

BackgroundThe importance of interprofessional education (IPE) programs is increasing due to the complexity and multidimensional aspects of discomfort in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). The social constructivist approach, which is helpful in IPE, has received considerable attention in education. This study aimed to develop and identify the effects of an interprofessional discomfort management online education program using a social constructivist approach.MethodsUsing the Network-Based Instructional System Design model, five steps were employed for online educational program development: analysis, design, production, implementation, and evaluation. We modified the framework of interprofessional discomfort care and a C3 (case-based, collaborative, and contextual learning) instructional model to construct the program. The study used a non-equivalent control group pre-post-test design with 54 interprofessional participants from four LTCFs.ResultsThe pre-post outcomes were statistically significant for proactivity in problem-solving (t = − 2.244, p = 0.030), team outcomes (t = − 2.457, p = 0.017), and transactive memory system (t = − 3.229, p = 0.002). The results of the learners’ educational program-related satisfaction were as follows: overall degree of satisfaction, 3.67 ± 0.67; difficulty, 3.56 ± 0.82; suitability for practice, 3.83 ± 0.64, content, 3.69 ± 0.75; and educational method, 3.46 ± 0.86.ConclusionsThese findings support the effectiveness of the social constructivist approach education program for the awareness of discomfort care in LTCF healthcare professionals and can contribute to the improvement of IPE.

Investing in Tomorrow: How Indonesian Firms Allocate Free Cash Flow for Sustainability Development Strategy

Objective: This study is to investigates and prove the role of management ownership in the use of free cash flow to fund the social environment financing (Sustainability Accounting), and as the company's sustainability development strategic objectives. Theoretical Framework: Sustainability accounting has long been disputed in developing nations and certain industrial settings, and it remains among its most crucial issues in the business sector. Sustainability accounting is also used to assess or evaluate firm performance, provide accounting information, and make economic assessments relating to investment and managerial decisions, total asset expenditures, capital costs, or other strategic decisions for companies related to social responsibility, meaning that companies do not only prioritize profit but also deserves attention to the social-environmental factors of the communities in which they operate. This policy is aimed at preventing conflicts of interest between internal and external stakeholders of the organization, and can protect the company's reputation Method: The method utilizes pure-moderated regression model and using the purposive sampling method, data pooling is based on the company's ISX-listed financial statements on 2016-2020 period, and has an Environmental Performance Management index on Green-Gold PROPER. Results and Discussion: The results of the t-test showed a significance value of pure-moderating effect of managerial ownership to intervene free cash flow in sustainability accounting. This means that in order to overcome the socio-ecological accounting crisis, in addition to profit orientation, companies make sustainability responsibility one of the most important factors in their business operations. Research Implications: Management ownership plays a positive role and has a significant impact on sustainability accounting. Even if they hold a relatively small number of shares, they can influence the use of free cash flow for the benefit of sustainability accounting. Free cash flow is not only used to return profits to shareholders, but also to benefit social and environmental programs when companies make strategic decisions. This result in line with the legitimacy theory, which states that the existence and sustainability of corporate operations is confirmed by their conformity with the interests and expectations of the community. Originality/Value: This study contributes to clarifying why a company's sustainability can be verified through sustainable accounting. This research suggests that one essential aspect in resolving the socio-environmental accounting crisis was sustainability responsibility.