Socialist Republic Of Vietnam Research Articles

История становления законодательства о защите прав потребителей в Социалистической Республике Вьетнам

Relevance. In this work, the author examines the history of the formation of consumer protection legislation in accordance with the socio-economic circumstances in Vietnam in general and civil circulation in particular. Consumers are involved in civil circulation as subjects of civil law, however, they are considered a "weaker side" in relation to the counterparty. Consequently, the formation of a special legal mechanism is extremely necessary to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. The aim of this work is to study the genesis and development of the legal institution for consumer protection in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The objectives of the study are to analyze important innovations in the 2010 Consumer Protection Act compared to the previous 1999 Consumer Protection Ordinance; define the concept of "consumer" under the laws of Vietnam and other countries, thereby establishing the most complete and clear definition of "consumer". Methodology. In the process of research, the author used general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction) and special methods (comparative legal, descriptive, historical method, etc.). Results. Vietnamese consumer protection legislation establishes the relatively complete legal status of these participants in civil law relations, including their fundamental rights in accordance with UN guidelines, manufacturer's liability for violation of consumer rights and measures to ensure a legal mechanism for resolving disputes with con-sumers. Conclusion. Consumer protection is currently a fairly important institution in Vietnam, which is strictly regulated by regulatory legal acts and guaranteed by the state and its competent authorities. However, the concept of "consumer" should be clearly defined and consistent with the development of consumer relations in the modern market.

Shared resonances: Cham Bani conceptions of divinities in contemporary Vietnam

ABSTRACT Recent studies of Cham Bani religious communities in what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam have highlighted that these communities are particularly ‘unorthodox,’ concerning ‘normative’ Islam or that they are ‘syncretic.’ Drawing upon a combination of anthropological and historical methods, we suggest that the concept of shared resonances is helpful for scholars in the field of Religious Studies. The existence of shared resonances describes why Cham Bani conceptions of divinities may resemble those of other communities, ranging from Animist (Cham Jat) to Cham particularist Hinduism (Cham Ahiér), while still leaving space for conceptions of divinities to be articulated by individual practitioners.

Youth negotiations: Navigating public space access and urban planning transformations in Hanoi, Vietnam

Since the mid-1990s, municipal authorities in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam’s capital, Hanoi, have encouraged rapid urban development and expansion with little public input or feedback. Private gated communities, high-rise apartment blocks, and vast shopping malls are proliferating alongside new transportation infrastructure. While these transformations create new opportunities for some, others face increasing marginalisation and inequality. This paper draws conceptually on debates concerning youth in public spaces, youth and post-socialist cities, and everyday politics and on fieldwork in Hanoi to analyse the impacts that urban morphological changes are having on Hanoi’s heterogeneous youth cohort, and their responses. We find youth centrally concerned by rising pollution and diminishing green spaces and increasingly searching for new ‘pseudo-public’ spaces for leisure activities. Many are also suspicious of investment sources for new infrastructure and frustrated by a lack of access to accurate information. Yet, despite limited opportunities to voice concerns regarding the state’s bold development plans for the country’s capital, youth do not remain passive. While differentiating by socioeconomic class, we suggest that youth navigate current transformations and policies through a range of resourceful tactics. They are also vocal and innovative regarding future urban scenarios that they wish to see implemented.

Population immunity for measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella among adults in Khanh Hoa province, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Population immunity for measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella among adults in Khanh Hoa province, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Safety of agricultural products: multicomponent determination of pesticide residues in cereals

Introduction. Cereal grain is an important part of the human daily diet and belongs to a large number of food items produced and consumed throughout the world. Cereals are cultivated using a long list of chemical plant protection products (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators). In this connection, the analysis of pesticide residues, including optimization, development of monitoring methods, and programs, is of particular importance. Purpose of the work. To create a multicomponent method for determining residual amounts of pesticides of various chemical classes and their metabolites in cereals. Material and methods. The identification and quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides of various classes (neonicotinoids, triazoles, imidazoles, pyrethroids, organophosphorus compounds, strobilurins, etc.) in the joint presence were performed by methods based on the use of liquid and gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The QuEChERS technology was used as a sample preparation method, based on the extraction of pesticides with an organic solvent from a homogenized grain sample in the presence of salts containing citrate buffer and purification of the extracts from polar compounds by solid-state dispersion extraction. Results. The developed multicomponent method for determining the residual amounts of pesticides of various chemical classes and their metabolites (40 items in total) in cereals was used to control the levels of xenobiotics studied in wheat, barley and corn samples produced in various regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Leningrad, Orel, Omsk, Voronezh, Ryazan, Rostov, Volgograd regions, Krasnodar Area), as well as in rice grain (the country of origin is the Socialist Republic of Vietnam) purchased using a consumer buying process. The identified levels of individual active substances were significantly lower than the established values of the maximum allowable level. Conclusion. The developed method is aimed at methodological support of food safety control.

Уголовная ответственность юридических лиц в Социалистической Республике Вьетнам

The article is devoted to the issues of criminal liability of legal entities in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), established by the Criminal Code of SRV 2015, which entered into force on January 1, 2018.It is noted that not any legal entities can be prosecuted in Vietnam, but only those of them, which are recognized as commercial (corporate) legal entities. The Criminal Code of Vietnam defines a crime of a commercial legal entity as an act dangerous to society and provided for by the criminal code, committed intentionally or unintentionally by a commercial legal entity, infringing on relations protected by the criminal code. Thus, a commercial legal entity is recognized as the subject of a crime. It is pointed out that in Vietnam there is a so-called “secondary” or “selective” criminalization, when acts recognized as crimes are determined in the national law, and then from the existing list of crimes those for which legal entities may be criminalized are determined. In total, at present, such responsibility is provided for crimes provided for by 33 articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Vietnam. A commercial legal entity bears criminal responsibility in cases when: the crime is committed on behalf of a commercial legal entity; the crime was committed in the interests of a commercial legal entity; the crime was committed at the direction of the body (administration) of a commercial legal entity or in accordance with its decision. Penalties applied to commercial legal entities are given, and a brief description of some of them is given.

Annual Primary Care 2030 Convening: Creating an Enabling Ecosystem for Person-Centered Primary Healthcare Models to Achieve Universal Health Coverage in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Background:The 2019 United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage and the 2018 Declaration of Astana reaffirm the highest level of political commitment by United Nations Member States to achieve access to health services and primary healthcare for all. Both documents emphasize the importance of person-centered care in both healthcare services and systems design. However, there is limited consensus on how to build a strong primary healthcare system to achieve these goals.Methods:We convened a diverse group of global stakeholders for a high-level dialogue on how to create a person-centered primary healthcare system, using the country examples of the Republic of Kenya and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. We focused our discussion on four themes to enable the creation of person-centered primary healthcare systems in Kenya and Vietnam: (1) strengthened community, person and patient engagement in subnational and national decision making; (2) improved service delivery; (3) impactful use of innovation and technology; and (4) meaningful and timely use of measurement and data.Findings:Here, we present a summary of our convening’s proceedings, with specific insights on how to enable a person-centered primary healthcare system within each of these four domains.Conclusions:Following the 2019 United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage and the 2018 Declaration of Astana, there is high-level commitment and global consensus that a person-centered approach is necessary to achieve high-quality primary healthcare and universal health coverage. We offer our recommendations to the global community to catalyze further discourse and inform policy-making and program development on the path to Universal Health Coverage by 2030.

Genotypic and pharmacoresistant HIV characteristics in patients in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

To evaluate the molecular-epidemiological structure and pharmacoresistant HIV variants in HIV-infected individuals in Ho Chi Minh City (Socialist Republic of Vietnam), nucleotide sequences of the polymerase gene fragment (pol) HIV were analyzed in 42 patients (4 people with newly diagnosed HIV infection and 38 with virologic failure of antiretroviral therapy).Results. In the examined group, HIV circulating recombinant form CRF01_AE (92,2%) prevailed compared to genotype B (5,3%), CRF08_BC was detected in one patient (2,6%). Among people with newly diagnosed HIV infection, 75% were genotype CRF01_AE and 25% were genotype B. The drug resistance mutations to any drugs in 76,2% of patients were detected. Among isolates with identified pharmacoresistance, 43.75% had single mutations. Mutations to IR were more common (84,8%) than mutations to PI (15,2%). The most common mutations were NNRTIs — 47,8%, followed by NRTIs (37%) and PI (15,2%). Isolates with pharmacoresistance only to NRTIs amounted to 9,4% (7,1% of the general group), only to NNRTIs 28,1% (21,4% of the general group), only to PI 12,5% (9,5% from the general group), simultaneously to PI and NRTI 6,25% (4,8% of the general group), to PI and NNRTI 3,1% (2,4% of the general group), to NRTI and NNRTI 37,5% (28,6% of the general group), isolates with drugs resistance mutations to all three groups simultaneously were not detected. The drug resistance mutations occurrence and the occurring number naturally polymorphic variants in patients with two / three ARV regimens were significantly higher than those in patients with one regimen, regardless of the treatment duration. A pharmacoresistance mutation was detected in an ART-naive patient. Based on the foregoing, it seems necessary to monitor the HIV drug resistance in Vietnam to both those receiving ART and those who are ART-naive. K

Overview of the Epizootiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Russia in 2019

This review describes the current situation on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in 2019 and predicts the possible further spread of avian influenza in Russia. In 2019 outbreaks were reported among wild birds and poultry, as well as human infections with influenza viruses of the subtypes H5Nx, H7N9 and H9N2 in several countries. In 2019, only two outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in Russia occurred. Both outbreaks were recorded in January at poultry farm in the Rostov Region. In addition, in May 2019 avian influenza virus of H14N7 subtype was isolated from a wild bird during the avian influenza virus surveillance in Tomsk Region. In June 2019, a strain of H13N2 subtype was isolated in the territory of Kamchatka Region, then, in August 2019, an influenza virus of H13N6 subtype was isolated in the Saratov Region. It was revealed that some strains of avian influenza virus isolated in Russia have a high degree of identity with strains circulating in South-East Asia. This was shown by the phylogenetic analysis of A/ H5Nx influenza viruses previously isolated in the Saratov Region and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam during the avian influenza virus surveillance. Thus, it was demonstrated again that the territory of Russia plays a key geographical role in the global spread of avian influenza virus.

Safety of imported agricultural products: pesticide residues

Introduction. From the evaluation of the positions of residual quantities of pesticides, the hygienic safety assessment of imported food products is most relevant under the current agreement on a free trade zone between the EAEU and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, as well as in connection with a large list of chemical plant protection products used during the vegetation of crops. The purpose of the study. Rating the level of residual quantities of pesticides in samples of selected food products produced in Vietnam is the purpose of the study. Research objectives. To quantify 42 active ingredients of pesticides (and their metabolites) in samples of rice grain, dragon fruit (pitahaya), avocado, mango and banana (fresh and dried) are the research objectives. Material and methods. Multicomponent and individual methods based on LC and GC with MS-detection and FLD were used to identify active ingredients of pesticides. The sample preparation procedure with QuEChERS technology was used for the multi residues determination of the 40 compounds. The determination of avermectins (abamectin and emamectin benzoate) was carried out after the conversion of substances into fluorogenic derivatives. Results. Residual amounts of tebuconazole (rice - 0.53 ppm, mangoes - 0.26 ppm, avocado - 0.15 ppm), fludioxonil (rice - 0.017 ppm), imidacloprid (dried mangoes - 0.01 ppm), carbendazim (dried mangoes - 0.011 ppm) were identified in single samples No residual avermectins have been identified. The content of substances in the analyzed samples of dragon fruit (pitahaya) did not exceed 0.01 ppm. Discussion. The results obtained in the work are compared with the data of the annual pan-European and national monitoring, information on which is publicly available (2017), including imported goods, according to which rice and dragon fruits as objects of monitoring are given increased attention. Conclusions. The safety of certain types of food products imported from Vietnam is shown by the content of residual quantities of pesticides.

Investigating the organizational struture and human resources participating in composing the legal documents of the Second Republic of Vietnam (1967-1975)

Building and completing the legal documents is an important mission of all of the authorities to administer and manage the countries. The first thing to do is to shape an organizational structure and human resources which can carry out the mission. Recognizing that problem, there was much attention paid to the mission under the regime of the Second Republic of South Vietnam. The government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (RVN) took many actions to strengthen and consolidate the system of the professional bodies relating to building the system of regulations. Moreover, in order to improve the quality of the personnel involved in the mission’s implementation, the government also set out specific methods to train and foster their professional skills and qualification. Therefore, it lead to the step-by-step changes, which went towards making it more effective and professional, in organizational system and the quality of human resources who drafted and promulgated the legal documents of the Second Republic of South Vietnam. Although the RVN regime collapsed, it provided historical experience from which we can learn and then utilize in constructing the better legal documents nowadays. The article aims to analyze and clarify the struture of professional organization and the training courses provided for the civil servant participating in building the legal documents during the regime of the Second Republic of South Viet Nam (1967-1975).

On the Free Trade Zone between Vietnam and the European Union

On February 12, 2020, the European Parliament officially ratified a free trade agreement with Vietnam — at a time when an infectious disease caused by COVID-19 is actively spreading around the world, which can significantly affect the European economy, investment, and social sphere. Aim. The presented study aims to demonstrate that implementation of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) has the potential not only to increase the volume of trade, but also to activate new mechanisms of comprehensive cooperation between Europe and Vietnam while maintaining their mutual interest. Tasks. The authors summarize structural changes in the exports and imports of goods in the medium term; show a reduction in the interest rate on tariffs for goods exported from Vietnam to the European Union (EU) and goods coming from the EU to Vietnam; examine the growth dynamics of Vietnamese exports in 2020, 2025, and 2030, the dynamics of the EU exports to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) in the same years, and the growth of trade balance surplus. Methods. This study uses general methods to analyze free trade zones in a multilateral and bilateral format, which will be reflected in the study of the Eu-Vietnam free trade zone. Conclusions. Vietnam has accumulated significant experience in organizing free trade zones during the transition from a command economy to a market economy in 1986-2019, thus creating conditions for sustainable economic growth and becoming a country with many advanced and new technologies, higher income and living standards of the population. Based on a high level of strategic partnership with advanced countries, including the EU, United States, Republic of Korea, Japan, and Russia, Vietnam has ensured its economic security and has become a guarantor of peace in the East Asian region.

The Socialist Republic of Vietname

The Grids & Datums column has completed an exploration of every country on the Earth. For those who did not get to enjoy this world tour the first time, PE&RS is reprinting prior articles from the column. This month's article on the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was originally printed in 2002 but contains updates to their coordinate system since then

Opportunities to Access to General Education of Children Living in Poverty Families in Ethnic Minority in Vietnam Nowadays

Education is a basic right of people and everyone has the right to access to education. The right is stated in Clause 1, Article 26 of 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). In Vietnam, the Constitution passed by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 2013 also stipulates that education is a right of people and the State, families and the society must protect, take care of and educate children. To ensure children’s right to access to education as well as to enable them to access to learning opportunities, Vietnam has promulgated many policies to create favorable conditions for all children in education, especially those from poor families and ethnic minority families in the past years. However, compared to children from well-off families, children from poor families in ethnic minority regions still face difficulties in education. Based on statistics, this article focuses on analyzing the opportunities to access to general education of children from poor families in ethnic minority regions in Vietnam nowadays.

Актуальные проблемы, связанные с противодействием незаконному обороту наркотиков в Социалистической Республике Вьетнам

Актуальные проблемы, связанные с противодействием незаконному обороту наркотиков в Социалистической Республике Вьетнам

History of the relations between Vietnam and Turkey (from the late 19th century to present)

The Republic of Turkey and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam celebrated the 40th anniversary of its diplomatic relations in 2018. In history, due to the geographic distance and differences of many aspects of language, religion and culture, the contact and relations between two nations were very limited. However, the relations between Turkey and Vietnam have achieved some prominent events. For example, on the voyage to Japan of a frigate named Ertuğrul of the Ottoman navy in 1890, it stopped to visit Sai Gon. During the Vietnam War, some of Turkish staffs and journalists like H. Oğuz Barut and Sami Kohen came to the South of Vietnam and reported on the war that was happening in Vietnam. These reports led the Turkish people have the objective and impartial perceptions of the country and people of Vietnam. After the Vietnam War ended, in 1978 the Turkish Government established diplomatic relations with the Vietnamese Government. Since that time, the diplomatic relations between two countries have gained some significant achievements. This article researches the relations between Turkey and Vietnam from the late of the nineteenth-century to the present. Based on some basic references, the Turkish - Vietnamese relations could be divided into three periods: in the late 19th century, during the Vietnam War and since 1978 to the present.

Модели и алгоритмы автоматизации поддержки управления проведением поисково-спасательных работ

Introduction. The efficiency of search and rescue operations (PSR) due to the elimination of emergencies and fires indicates the need to create a structure for an automated control system (ACS) for technological decision-making processes at natural and industrial sites in Vietnam based on a software and hardware complex (PAC) for conducting the PSR in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV). The relevance of the research is due to the need to implement modern models and algorithms for automating the management support of the PSR and the development of automated control systems for technological processes of management decision-making at natural and industrial sites in Vietnam based on the PAC management system. Goals and objectives. The aim of the work is to reduce the response time of search and rescue units using models and algorithms to support the management of search and rescue operations using an automated control system for natural objects and industrial facilities in Vietnam based on a software and hardware complex. The practicality of the work is that the use of the recommended mathematical models, algorithms and the development of an automated system for the management of technological decision-making processes in natural and industrial sites in Vietnam, based on the software and hardware set for search and rescue operations reduce the time spent in the process. Methods. Systems analysis, statistical analysis, mathematical statistics, etc., are used to solve the problems of the study. Results and discussion thereof. The results are represented by the developed models and algorithms for supporting the management of the PSR using automated control systems at natural and industrial sites in Vietnam based on the PAC for the PSR. Conclusions. The functional structure of the automated control system for technological processes of management decision-making at natural and industrial sites in Vietnam based on a software and hardware complex for search and rescue operations, which allows you to visualize the location of victims in open areas in conditions of smoke, fog, rain. Key words: models, algorithms, automation, control support, search and rescue.

Тарифно-преференциальный режим свободной торговли между ЕАЭС и Социалистической Республикой Вьетнам и его содержание

Тарифно-преференциальный режим свободной торговли между ЕАЭС и Социалистической Республикой Вьетнам и его содержание

Особенности двустороннего сотрудничества Вьетнама со странами членами АСЕАН в 2010-2020 гг.: на примере Индонезии, Малайзии и Филиппин

The article analyzes the interactions between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam with Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, examines bilateral political and economic contacts as well as outlines key bilateral disputes and mechanisms for their resolution. The author concludes that Vietnam conducts a policy of strategic partnership with Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines in order to strengthen its position within the ASEAN, to prevent the dominance of China and the United States in Southeast Asia and to provide stability and security in the region.

«Мягкая сила» как инструмент гуманитарной политики США в отношении Социалистической Республики Вьетнам

«Мягкая сила» как инструмент гуманитарной политики США в отношении Социалистической Республики Вьетнам