Social Processes Research Articles

Adaptation and validation of a social information processing assessment procedure for research

ABSTRACT Biases and deficits in social information processing (SIP) skills are associated with social maladjustment in children and adolescents. There is much literature on the association between processing skills and their relationship to aggressive behavior, but there is limited knowledge about their association with other types of antisocial behavior. In this study we conducted a Spanish adaptation and validation of the Sociale Informatie Verwerkings Test, a Dutch research assessment and diagnostic instrument. For this purpose, construct, content and criterion validity were analyzed through their association with antisocial behaviors. Exploratory factor analysis supported the structure of the measure in a sample of 364 adolescents aged 12–18 years (55.2% female) from a high school in Spain. Constructs underlying the items of the new assessment were associated with SIP steps and profiles from SIP theory. SIP steps in the data of the new adaptation were related to each other being consistent with the theoretical conceptualization. The results showed associations between self-reported antisocial behaviors in adolescents with a greater tendency to aggressive SIP processing style. Treatment and training of such behaviors starts with valid assessment of the specific skills and steps that are biased or deficient, to which the current study contributes.

Exploring the role of organizational identification in the nexus of psychological capital and organizational-oriented citizenship behaviors: evidence from healthcare professionals in India.

The purpose of this study is to explore the mediation of organizational identification (OI) in the relationship between employees' psychological capital (PsyCap) and their engagement in organizational-oriented citizenship behaviors (OCBO). We examine the proposed theoretical model through the lens of the job demand and resources (JD-R) model and social identity theory (SIT), focusing specifically on the healthcare setting. Employing a structured questionnaire, responses were collected from 240 healthcare professionals working in multinational pharmacovigilance firms in select Tier-I Indian cities using purposive sampling. Model testing constituted performing statistical analyses using partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in the R environment, an open-source software. Results revealed a significant positive association between PsyCap and OCBO. In addition, we found that OI mediated the relationship between PsyCap and OCBO. This suggests that practitioners can stimulate extra-role performance in employees through enhancing PsyCap and fostering psychological oneness with the organization. The research emphasizes the significant role of employees' personal resources, manifested in the form of PsyCap, in having a bearing on their attitudes and feelings towards the organization. We explore the under-researched latent mechanism of the PsyCap and OCBO relationship through employees' social identification process. In this research, we uncover the underlying mechanism of PsyCap and OCBO association by highlighting the latent role of OI on a unique set of healthcare professionals.

Individual variation in the functional lateralization of human ventral temporal cortex: Local competition and long-range coupling

Abstract The ventral temporal cortex (VTC) of the human cerebrum is critically engaged in high-level vision. One intriguing aspect of this region is its functional lateralization, with neural responses to words being stronger in the left hemisphere, and neural responses to faces being stronger in the right hemisphere; such patterns can be summarized with a signed laterality index (LI), positive for leftward laterality. Converging evidence has suggested that word laterality emerges to couple efficiently with left-lateralized frontotemporal language regions, but evidence is more mixed regarding the sources of the right-lateralization for face perception. Here, we use individual differences as a tool to test three theories of VTC organization arising from: 1) local competition between words and faces driven by long-range coupling between words and language processes, 2) local competition between faces and other categories, 3) long-range coupling with VTC and temporal areas exhibiting local competition between language and social processing. First, in an in-house functional MRI experiment, we did not obtain a negative correlation in the LIs of word and face selectivity relative to object responses, but did find a positive correlation when using selectivity relative to a fixation baseline, challenging ideas of local competition between words and faces driving rightward face lateralization. We next examined broader local LI interactions with faces using the large-scale Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset. Face and tool LIs were significantly anti-correlated, while face and body LIs were positively correlated, consistent with the idea that generic local representational competition and cooperation may shape face lateralization. Last, we assessed the role of long-range coupling in the development of VTC lateralization. Within our in-house experiment, substantial positive correlation was evident between VTC text LI and that of several other nodes of a distributed text-processing circuit. In the HCP data, VTC face LI was both negatively correlated with language LI and positively correlated with social processing in different subregions of the posterior temporal lobe (PSL and STSp, respectively). In summary, we find no evidence of local face-word competition in VTC; instead, more generic local interactions shape multiple lateralities within VTC, including face laterality. Moreover, face laterality is also influenced by long-range coupling with social processing in the posterior temporal lobe, where social processing may become right-lateralized due to local competition with language.

Developing calling to reduce turnover intention through mentoring: a contextualized study in China

PurposeDrawing on social information processing theory and work-as-calling theory, this study explores the impact of mentoring within the Chinese context – which encompasses the roles of both mentors and senior mentees – on the calling and turnover intention of junior mentees in the hospitality industry.Design/methodology/approachSurvey questionnaires were administered to collect 222 valid responses from frontline hotel employees in China. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was adopted to test the hypotheses. We further conducted several post hoc interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships examined.FindingsChinese mentoring positively affects mentees’ perceiving and living a calling, which in turn reduces their turnover intention. Junior mentees’ liking of their senior mentees further amplifies the negative effect of living a calling on their turnover intention.Originality/valueThis study enriches the literature on calling by exploring the antecedents of perceiving a calling and the boundary conditions that enhance the effect of living a calling on turnover intention. Additionally, our study highlights the unique aspect of Chinese mentorship as resembling a family-like relationship, a characteristic shaped by the pervasive influence of Confucianism in China, which enriches the existing literature on mentorship studies.

Applying social cognition to feedback chatbots: Enhancing trustworthiness through politeness

AbstractGenerative AI systems like chatbots are increasingly being introduced into learning, teaching and assessment scenarios at universities. While previous research suggests that users treat chatbots like humans, computer systems are still often perceived as less trustworthy, potentially impairing their usefulness in learning contexts. How are processes of social cognition applied to chatbots compared to humans? Our study focuses on the role of politeness in communication. We hypothesise that polite communication improves the perception of trustworthiness of chatbots. University students read a feedback dialogue between a student and a feedback provider. In a 2 × 2 between‐subjects experimental design, we manipulated the feedback's author (chatbot vs. human teacher) and the feedback formulation (polite vs. direct). Participants evaluated the feedback giver on measures of epistemic trustworthiness (expertise, benevolence and integrity) and on two basic dimensions of social cognition, namely agency and communion. Results showed that a polite feedback giver was rated higher on benevolence and communion, whereas a direct feedback giver was rated higher on agency. Unexpectedly, the chatbot was rated lower on benevolence than the human. This suggests that social cognition does apply to interactions with chatbots, with caveats. We discuss the findings regarding the design of feedback chatbots and their use in higher education. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Technology users tend to treat computer systems like humans, but computers are usually trusted less. Polite communication, that is mitigation of face threats is expected to enhance the evaluation of a chatbot as trustworthy. The research is relevant for the use and acceptance of chatbots as feedback providers in educational contexts. What this paper adds We test the assumption that polite language reduces the gap in epistemic trustworthiness between chatbots and human teachers as feedback givers. We describe an empirical study with 284 university student participants who report their perceptions of a feedback dialogue between a student and either a human teacher or a chatbot. We analyse the impact of feedback source as well as politeness on trustworthiness perceptions and social cognition. Implications for practice and/or policy The study confirms that users are receptive to politeness in communication. They treat chatbots in a similar manner to human interaction partners. The results highlight the significance of politeness of chatbots' language in learning contexts. Feedback chatbots need to be equipped with suitable linguistic strategies, such as politeness, for communicating in a socially appropriate manner at critical points in the instructional dialogue.

The Evolving Cerebellar and Cerebello-cortical Functional Connectivity Architecture during Infancy.

The conventional understanding of the cerebellum as a sole movement control center has become obsolete, given its role in various higher-order functions, including cognition, emotion, and social processing. As these functions emerge during infancy, it is logical to assume that the cerebellum's functional organization must evolve in tandem or preemptively to underpin these functions. However, the longitudinal development of the cerebellum's functional architecture during the crucial early years of infant life remains largely unexplored, highlighting a significant research gap. In this study, leveraging a large cohort of both male and female full-term (n=155) and preterm (n=67) infants, we aimed to delineate the development of within-cerebellum and cerebello-cortical functional connections during the first two years of life. Our findings highlight comprehensive functional synchronization within the neonatal cerebellum with a striking cortical projection focus on primary sensorimotor and visual cortices. While the within-cerebellum synchronization demonstrated early emergence in neonates and developmental stability during the initial two years, the cerebello-cortical projection patterns evolved dramatically, marked by specialization, shifting, and higher-order cortex integration, providing exciting evidence of the cerebellum's involvement in higher-order functions from infancy. Furthermore, preterm infants exhibited decreased cerebello-cortical connectivity compared to their full-term counterparts, suggesting potential developmental alterations. These findings collectively illustrate a dynamic growth pattern of cerebellar functional organization marked by both within-cerebellum stability and cerebellar-cortical projection plasticity with significant implications for long-term cognitive and socioemotional development.Significance Statement The cerebellum is crucial for motor and higher-order cognitive and socioemotional processes. However, the role of early cerebellar development and its cortical projections in supporting these emerging functions during the first years of life remains poorly understood. Our study, based on a large cohort of full-term and preterm infants, reveals the early and stable functional organization of the cerebellar networks from birth to two years, alongside dynamic cerebello-cortical connectivity growth, reflecting both stability and developmental plasticity. We observed a dramatic shift in cerebello-cortical projections from sensorimotor to higher-order association cortices, highlighting its role in emerging higher-order functions. Moreover, diminished growth of these connections indicates possible developmental delays in preterm infants, emphasizing the cerebellum's importance in early brain and behavioral development.

Cortical and subcortical activities during food rewards versus social interaction in rats

Balancing food foraging with social interaction is crucial for survival and reproduction in many species of mammals. We wanted to investigate the reward preferences in adult male rats by allowing them to lever-press for both food and social rewards (interaction with another rat), while their performance and electrophysiological activities were recorded. Local field potentials (LFPs) were analyzed across five neuroanatomical regions involved in reward processing, decision-making, and social behavior. Despite ad libitum food availability, rats consistently prioritized food. LFP analysis revealed a decrease in nucleus accumbens (NAc) spectral power following social interaction, accompanied by specific alterations in delta and theta bands within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The spectral power of LFPs delta and/or theta bands were different for the five selected regions following food reward vs. social interactions. Cross-frequency coupling analysis provided further insights, demonstrating dynamic changes in theta-to-gamma coupling during both food and social rewards, with distinct roles for slow- and fast-gamma frequencies. These findings shed light on the intricate neural processes underlying reward preferences and/or decision-making choices, highlighting the NAc’s potential role in social reward processing, and the mPFC’s involvement in modulating theta–gamma rhythms during reward-related decision-making.

Chasing the scarcity: How fear of missing out and motivations drive willingness to pay in collectible markets

ABSTRACT This study investigates the interplay between scarcity cues, individual motivations, and consumer behavior in the context of collectible markets, focusing on Popmart’s Labubu series. Leveraging Social Comparison Theory, we explore how self-expressive motivation (SEM) and self-presentational motivation (SPM) influence the relationship between scarcity cues and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), and how FoMO subsequently affects consumers’ willingness to pay for premium products. A sample of 442 Labubu collectors participated in the study, providing insights into the psychological and behavioral drivers of purchasing decisions. Results from Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) indicate that scarcity cues significantly increase FoMO, which in turn has a strong positive impact on willingness to pay. SEM and SPM were found to moderate the effect of scarcity cues on FoMO, with SEM reducing and SPM amplifying this relationship. These findings highlight the importance of understanding consumer motivations and social comparison processes in developing effective scarcity-based marketing strategies. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed for brands operating in limited-edition markets.

Examining attitudes about the virtual workplace: Associations between zoom fatigue, impression management, and virtual meeting adoption intent.

Impression management is a crucial tactic within the workplace milieu. This study establishes a connection between impression management and the negative self-evaluation stemming from heightened self-monitoring during virtual meetings (VM), which manifests in the form of Zoom (VM) fatigue. We conducted a cross-sectional survey, by recruiting 2,448 U.S.-based workers. Our survey results revealed that facial appearance dissatisfaction is associated with VM fatigue, resulting in lower intention to adopt VM technologies due to decreased perceived usefulness of VM technologies. Furthermore, building upon the Uses and Gratification (UG) perspective and the assumptions of the Social Information Processing (SIP) theory and the Hyperpersonal Model, our findings illuminate that VM fatigue prompts the use of impression management behaviors by using VM features closely linked to dissatisfaction with one's facial appearance. The results suggest that utilization of impression management features in VMs is driven by needs related to facial appearance concerns, which is associated with impression management. This study extends the concept of impression management to VM environments in the workplace, underscoring the importance of addressing workers' needs and well-being to foster worker-friendly VM communication environments and promote VM acceptance. This study identifies external factors within the Technology Acceptance Model by integrating the UG perspective, the SIP theory, and the Hyperpersonal Model to understand the mechanisms underlying VM fatigue and adoption in the emerging virtual workplace.

A new principal in a low-performing school and school members’ reactions: an organizational socialization perspective

PurposeImproving the management efficiency of new principals in low-performing schools has important practical value and theoretical significance. Based on organizational socialization theory, this study adopts a single case study method to analyze in-depth the organizational socialization process of a new principal after taking over a low-performing school.Design/methodology/approachThrough three years of longitudinal data analysis in a Chinese school, the study establishes four stages that the new principal experienced after taking office. Then, it analyzes the interaction between the new principal and school members (vice-principals, department heads and teachers) in each stage.FindingsThree main determinants can be perceived to affect the effectiveness of the new principal: the former principal’s imprint, school members’ internal contagion and school members’ demand contradiction. The study further shows that the new principal needed to pay attention to school members’ attitudes toward himself and the former principal as well as focus on building relationships with management.Originality/valueThis study expanded the analysis from teachers to school members (including vice-principals and department heads) to comprehensively analyze the organizational socialization of a new principal.

Retaining a focus on absolute change: a generational shift in the working-class transitions to university in the UK

ABSTRACT This article explores the impact of absolute changes in the opportunity structure on the experiences of education and social mobility among working-class students in the UK. Existing approaches to social mobility often overlook absolute changes or adopt limited timeframes, focusing on continuity within change. Based on 28 life-history interviews with working-class students, this study compared three cohorts’ educational trajectories to analyse how absolute shifts in educational and occupational opportunities shape working-class students’ experiences of education and social mobility. The research findings reveal a generational shift in reduced positional advantage of HE attendance, with the shifting meaning of social location for working-class students who attend university in different contexts. By retaining a focus on absolute change, this article challenges the standard working-class narratives of social mobility based on shared class inequality and contributes to a nuanced understanding of the historically contextualised nature of social mobility processes and experiences.

Social Capital: Contextualisation of Tourism Village Management in Indonesia

Objectives: This study aims to examine the social capital process of local tourism governance in Kampung Pelangi Semarang and Kampung Jodipan Malang. The research context considers the differing levels of success between the two communities. Although both villages are community-managed, only Kampung Jodipan Malang remains successful while Kampung Pelangi Semarang has experienced a decline. Methods:. The study was undertaken using qualitative techniques and a case study methodology. We examined two research sites and analyzed various entities at both locations, such as the administration of tourist villages, community businesses, and local communities. We relied on documentation and interviews to gather data. Results: The study indicates contrasting social capital contexts in the two tourism villages, specifically regarding trust amongst organizers. This disparity results from differing paradigms in the initiation of the villages, variations in the degree of comprehension of collective values, as evident in the level of commitment in managing the tourist villages, and discrepancies in mutual goals amongst communities, which influence the local community's rationality in continuing the tourism model or transitioning to other activities based on necessities. It is important to consider these three aspects of social capital in their context, rather than solely in conceptual terms. Conclusions: This research highlights that failure of social capital should be viewed not only from a conceptual perspective, but also through the lens of real-world factors, including the underlying pillars of social capital, ongoing processes, external factors beyond the control of the social system, and the practices of the community at the micro level.

Neighborhood disorder and social cohesion: A longitudinal investigation of links with maternal cardiometabolic risk one year postpartum.

Neighborhood characteristics can influence cardiometabolic health, including during the perinatal period. However, maternal health research has largely examined the influence of objective neighborhood measures, limiting insights into psychological and social processes. We examined associations of perceived neighborhood disorder and social cohesion with maternal cardiometabolic risk 1year postpartum and explored potential pathways of psychological distress and physical activity. A predominantly low-income sample of Black, Latina, and White postpartum women (n=987) were participants in the Community Child Health Network study. Women reported on neighborhood characteristics at 1month postpartum and on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder and physical activity at 6months postpartum. Biometrics and biological samples were collected at 1year postpartum, including blood pressure, height, weight, and dried blood spots for cardiometabolic biomarkers (e.g., C-reactive protein, glycosylated hemoglobin). In this pre-registered study, we used structural equation modeling to estimate latent variables for disorder, social cohesion, distress, physical activity, and cardiometabolic risk. We fit a parallel mediation model to test associations between latent neighborhood factors at 1month postpartum, distress and physical activity at 6months postpartum, and cardiometabolic risk at 1year postpartum. Greater social cohesion, but not disorder, was significantly associated with lower distress and greater physical activity. However, there were no significant associations between disorder or social cohesion with subsequent cardiometabolic risk nor evidence for indirect effects of distress or physical activity. Results suggest that social cohesion may be more pertinent than disorder for health-relevant behavioral mechanisms in postpartum women.

The Impact of Sports Reforms in the New Era on the Physical and Mental Health Development of College Students

With the development of economy and technology, more and more students are addicted to electronic products, which seriously damages their physical and mental health, and seriously affects their daily life and learning. Sports are an important component of school education and a crucial means of promoting students' comprehensive development. The essential function of sports is to improve people's health, enhance their physical fitness, and promote their socialization process. In order to promote the physical and mental health development of college students, this article uses association rule algorithm to analyze the relationship between sports and the physical and mental health of college students. This article constructs a research on mental health intelligence based on decision tree algorithm, using scientific mental health evaluation tools to comprehensively and objectively reflect the user's mental health level.

Social odors drive hippocampal CA2 place cell responses to social stimuli.

Hippocampal region CA2 is essential for social memory processing. Interaction with social stimuli induces changes in CA2 place cell firing during active exploration and sharp wave-ripples during rest following a social interaction. However, it is unknown whether these changes in firing patterns are caused by integration of multimodal social stimuli or by a specific sensory modality associated with a social interaction. Rodents rely heavily on chemosensory cues in the form of olfactory signals for social recognition processes. To determine the extent to which social olfactory signals contribute to CA2 place cell responses to social stimuli, we recorded CA2 place cells in rats freely exploring environments containing stimuli that included or lacked olfactory content. We found that CA2 place cell firing patterns significantly changed only when social odors were prominent. Also, place cells that increased their firing in the presence of social odors alone preferentially increased their firing during subsequent sharp wave-ripples. Our results suggest that social olfactory cues are essential for changing CA2 place cell firing patterns during and after social interactions. These results support prior work suggesting CA2 performs social functions and shed light on processes underlying CA2 responses to social stimuli.

Fifty years of hindsight bias research-Reflection on Fischhoff (1975).

Hindsight bias arises when people do not realize how extensively observing an event has changed their perception of the world. As a result, the event appears more likely than it actually was, in foresight. Underestimating how much one has to learn is a form of overconfidence that could, in the extreme, lead to a seemingly surprise-free past portending a surprise-full future. Fischhoff (1975) introduced tasks for studying the extent, causes, and consequences of the bias, along with initial evidence using historical vignettes. Subsequent studies have found the bias in a wide variety of experimental and real-world settings. Psychologists have linked the bias to research on cognitive, social, perceptual, and emotional processes. Other disciplines have implicated it in practical problems including clinical diagnosis, patent evaluation, legal adjudication, historical analysis, and safety engineering. Warning people about the bias has no discernible effect. Helping people to reconstruct past perspectives might help. After describing how the research program came about, the article briefly summarizes studies that the author especially likes and which have abundant references to studies in the diverse research areas that either study hindsight bias or use it to study other phenomena. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

What makes employees provide quality service? The role of employee customer-oriented perspective taking

Customer-oriented perspective taking (COPT) refers to the ability of employees to actively adopt a customer’s viewpoint, understanding their thoughts, motivations, and emotions. Despite the practical advantages of COPT, this concept has received limited attention in hospitality research. Drawing on social information processing theory, this study proposes that team collectivist culture, servant leadership, and coworker exchange can predict employee COPT, thereby enhancing employee service quality. Moreover, this study investigates the moderating role of high service performance work system (HSPWS). Specifically, data from 557 hospitality employees and 121 team leaders representing 121 teams in China was analyzed. The findings indicate that team-related factors, including collectivist culture, servant leadership, and coworker exchange, positively influence employee COPT, which subsequently leads to improved employee service quality. Additionally, the findings reveal that the impact of employee COPT on service quality is amplified when supported by HSPWS. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Issues in Enforcing Accountability in Mahatma Gandhi NREGS: Study of Social Audit in Telangana

Social audit is a pivotal tool for enforcing social accountability in the planning and implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. It involves comparing official records with ground realities to assess the achievement of objectives of the Act through correct processes. Social Audit is done by people with facilitation by independent social audit units established for this purpose. This paper is based on a study on the integrity of the social audit process in Telangana, facilitated by the Society for Social Audit, Accountability and Transparency (SSAAT). Key findings of this research are poor maintenance and provisioning of records by implementing agencies; non-transparent selection of Village Resource Persons (VRPs); unsystematic training of VRPs; inadequate community mobilisation and awareness efforts; absence of independent observers in most Gram Sabhas; low attendance and voice of wage-seekers in Gram Sabha; low transparency and people’s participation in Mandal level public hearing; postponement of Social Audit process; and non-reporting of some issues by resource persons. This research paper recommends optimal utilization of the resource persons; stringent actions in case of poor maintenance and non-provisioning of records; enhancement of resource fee for VRPs; training of trainers and quality monitoring of training; proactive disclosure of information; enhancement of community involvement and mobilisation; mandatory registration of grievances and issuance of receipts; a standard pictorial technical manual with the detailed methodology of verification; mandatory presence of Junior Engineer or Technical Assistant during worksite verification; stringent disciplinary action on independent observer not attending the Gram Sabha; and public hearing at Mandal level to be chaired by an official other than those from implementing agency.

Redefinition of Japanese Culture and Structure of Feelings in Kubo and the Two Strings

This research aims to reveal how Japanese culture is being redefined as a dynamic social process. The social dynamic processes involve emotional experiences that are formed from individual perspectives into collective feelings. It views culture as something that continues to develop along with social changes and the collective feelings felt by society. These ideas are represented in the film Kubo and the Two Strings (2016). This research uses a qualitative approach to Marxist literary criticism. The film Kubo and the Two Strings is not only as entertainment but also as a representative of deep social criticism of social movements regarding power dynamics and cultural identity. This study contributes to the field of Marxist studies by highlighting cultural dynamics and how the structure of feelings works in society to create newness without abandoning conventional traditions to achieve balance. In addition, it provides insights for future research and encourages broader exploration of increasingly diverse cultural dynamic contexts which influences the interpretation of defining culture itself. The results of this research prove that Kubo and the Two Strings (2016) represent a redefinition of Japanese culture in terms of the 3 main aspects dominant, residual, and emergent. Supported by the structure of feelings that were felt by Kubo. These findings are a powerful example of how art can serve as a tool to examine changes in culture.

Of course you should fight with a girl! Doing gender in the inclusion work of budo and martial arts sport clubs

ABSTRACT This study explores the role of gender as a central organizing principle in the inclusion work within martial arts clubs in Sweden, against a backdrop of inclusion being an explicit focus in the policy programs of the sports movement. Based on qualitative data collected through focus group interviews with representatives from three martial arts clubs, this study departs from a social constructionist perspective where gender is understood as a social process or a ‘doing’. The analysis of the data reveals two distinct approaches to gender as an organizing principle: downplaying the significance of gender and explicating the significance of gender. Within the first approach the meaning and significance of gender are subordinated by organizing mixed-gender groups and regulating interactions within the groups. The importance of equalizing potential physical differences and avoiding sexism in practice, is emphasized. However, the approach also brings forward challenging situations related to gender and other inclusion aspects, such as religious beliefs and cultural backgrounds. The second approach recognizes the significance of gender as a structural aspect and employs gender-separatist training groups and specific activities for girls and women. These targeted efforts are justified by the respondents because of the male dominance and masculinity norms that exist in martial arts and hinder girls’ and women's participation. The findings highlight the complexities and tensions of how gender is constructed and reproduced within the context of martial arts clubs and contribute to deepening the understanding of how these constructions condition the inclusion work.