Social Support Variables Research Articles

Correlation between Hardiness and Optimism on Government Employees with Work Agreement (PPPK)

This research was aimed to find correlation between hardiness and optimism on Government Employees with Work Agreement. The hypothesis which is proposed in this research is “a positive correlation between hardiness and optimism on Government Employees with Work Agreement”. There were 122 Government Employees with the Work Agreement in Temanggung district who participated in this research by incidental sampling process. The measurement tools used were optimism scale and hardiness scale were used to find score and relationship between variables which is written in google form. The process to collect data was entirely share the google form link using Whatsapp group. The data analysis technique used is the Pearson product moment correlation. The result showed a correlation coefficient is 0.612 (p > 0,01). Therefore; the hypothesis proposed is accepted, so it is concluded that there a positive relationship between hardiness and optimism in PPPK. The results of this study led to suggestions for the government to provide basic leadership training on hardiness to PPPK before starting the working period. Meanwhile, suggestions for future researchers are to use social support variables to find out whether these variables also contribute to influencing optimism in PPPK.

대학생의 진로동기와 셀프리더십의 관계에서 진로결정자기효능감과 사회적지지의 직렬다중매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to verify the serial multiple mediating effects of career decision-making self-efficacy and social support on the relationship between career motivation and self-leadership of university students. Methods To this end, the results of 351 responses were analyzed, excluding 13 non-response and unfaithful re-sponses, among 364 fourth-year students at H University in Seoul. As for the relationship between the variables, Pearson's titration correlation analysis was performed, and Hayes (2018)'s PROCESS Macro Model 6 was used to analyze the serial multiple mediator model. Results As a result, first, there was a statistically significant positive(+) correlation between university students' career motivation, self-leadership, career decision-making self-efficacy, and social support. Second, in the rela-tionship between university students' career motivation and self-leadership, the mediating effect of career deci-sion-making self-efficacy was found to be significant, but the mediating effect of social support was not. In addi-tion, the serial multiple mediating effects of career decision-making self-efficacy and social support was found to be significant. Conclusions These findings suggest that synergy occurs when an individual's intrinsic psychological variable of career decision-making self-efficacy and external environmental variable of social support are sequentially medi-ated in the relationship between university students' career motivation and self-leadership. In addition, it is mean-ingful in that it has expanded the research area of self-leadership, which is emphasized as an important part of individual life.

Covid-19 Sürecinde Ergenlik Dönemindeki Bireylerin Algıladıkları Sosyal Destek Düzeyi ve Mutluluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmada Covid-19 sürecinde ergenlik dönemindeki bireylerin algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyi ve mutluluk düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tarama modelinde betimsel olan bu araştırmada veri toplama araçlarından “Ergen Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu (EMÖ)” ve “Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği-R(ASDÖ-R)” kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Gaziantep ilinin merkez ilçelerindeki farklı lise türlerinde eğitim gören 1184 öğrenciye ulaşılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için “t-testi”, “tek yönlü Varyans Analizi” ve “çoklu regresyon” analizleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; Covıd-19 sürecinde ergenlik dönemindeki bireylerin algıladıkları sosyal destek ve mutluluk düzeylerinde; cinsiyet, okul türü, sınıf düzeyi, anne-baba ilişki durumu, sosyal güvence durumu, anne-baba genel tutumu, yaşamını geçirdiği yerleşim yeri, anne öğrenim durumu ve baba öğrenim durumu değişkenlerine göre anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak; cinsiyete göre aileden ASD (Algılanan Sosyal Destek), okul türüne göre öğretmen ve arkadaştan ASD, ebeveyn ilişki durumuna göre arkadaştan ASD, yerleşim yerine göre aileden ve öğretmenden ASD, baba öğrenim durumuna göre öğretmen ve aileden ASD ile anne öğrenim durumuna göre algılanan sosyal desteğin hiçbir boyutunda anlamlı bir farklılaşma bulunmamıştır. Ergenlerin mutluluk düzeyinin %17’sinin algılanan sosyal destekle açıklandığı bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları tartışma ve sonuç bölümünde açıklanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ilgili literatür verileri ışığında tartışılmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Predictors of rewarded caregiving for family caregivers of person with dementia: A longitudinal study.

The purpose of this study was to explore variables associated with rewarded caregiving for family caregivers of persons living with dementia over a 2-year follow-up. This correlational longitudinal study was comprised of 200 family caregivers of persons living with dementia from neurological clinics of a medical center was conducted. Dichotomous scoring of the Rewards of Caregiving Scale of the Family Caregiving Inventory resulted in 61 (30.5%) caregivers being assigned to the well-rewarded group and 139 (69.5%) to the poorly reward group at baseline. Variables included characteristics of family caregivers and their care receivers and assessments with validated scales of caregivers' social support and dyadic relational variables of mutuality, preparedness, and balance. Analysis at baseline showed significant predictors of well-rewarded family caregivers were being an adult child of the care receiver, having a high perceived level mutuality and having a high perceived level of preparedness. These three variables remained as significant predictors at the 1-and 2-year follow-up. Caregivers with high levels of perceived mutuality and preparedness at 2-years were seven times more likely to perceive themselves as well-rewarded. Based on the findings, developing clinical interventions that focus on promoting mutuality and preparedness for family caregivers of persons with dementia could allow caregivers to perceive their role as rewarding. Attention should also be paid to the relationship between the caregiver and care receiver to enhance the family caregiver's feelings of mutuality and preparedness.

Perceived precarious life: a SEM model for re-dimensioning of precarious work and its impact on mental health.

Precarious work is one of the most studied concepts related to work, and its effects have been analyzed in relation to variables such as mental health and wellbeing. However, there is a tendency to atomise the analysis of precarious work, without understanding that people's working life is intertwined with other areas of their life. Faced with this situation, this paper presents the concept of perceived precarious life, which is aligned with contemporary models of social inclusion and exclusion. Thus, perceived precarious life comprises variables of labor precariousness, social support and hopelessness in the family economic situation. To test this idea, a structural equation model (SEM) is presented, which tests the structure of the construct of perceived precarious life by relating it to mental health and coping strategies. After testing the fit of the model in both men and women, a SEM path analysis is designed between the variables, observing that perceived precarious life has an effect on mental health (β = 0.635, p < 0.01). This relationship is mediated by unproductive coping strategies (β = 0.142, p < 0.01). This model exposes a broad and integrated conceptualization of precariousness, combining aspects of work, relationships and hopelessness, which allows for an understanding of the integral experience of precariousness.

The Impact of Perceived Social Support and Family Life Changes on Critical Thinking with the Mediating Role of Moral Foundations

Background and Objective: Objectives: Critical thinking, as an art of analyzing and evaluating thought, leads to the improvement and enhancement of individual thinking through assessment. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of perceived social support and life changes on critical thinking with the mediating role of moral foundations. Methods and Materials: In a predictive correlational design, 404 young individuals (both male and female) about to get married were selected through convenience sampling and using Klein's sample size formula (formula 1 to 20). The research instruments included standard questionnaires of Perceived Social Support - Family Scale (PSS-FA), Young Adults Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (YA-FILES), Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CTDI), and Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ-30). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS19 and Smart-PLS software. Findings: Results indicated that 19.4% of the variations in critical thinking were explained by the variables of social support and life changes (P &lt; 0.001). Additionally, results related to the mediating role of moral foundations showed that social support and life changes, through moral foundations, have no indirect effect on critical thinking, with values of 0.005 (0.661) and -0.008 (0.676) respectively (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that perceived social support and family life changes affect moral foundations and critical thinking. Therefore, paying attention to these mechanisms can be useful in developing effective preventive and therapeutic interventions for adolescents about to get married.

Structural Model Presentation of Quality of Life for the Elderly Based on Self-Care with the Mediating Role of Social Support

Objective: This study aimed to present a structural model of the quality of life for the elderly based on self-care with the mediating role of social support. Methods: The research employed a correlational design using structural equation modeling. The study population consisted of individuals aged 60 to 75 years living in urban homes in Tehran, with 314 participants selected as the research sample. The data collection tools included the Iranian version of the Phillips Social Support Questionnaire (1986), the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Questionnaire (1989), and the Elderly Self-care Questionnaire by Younesi et al. (2020). The statistical technique used was a full latent variable structural equation model, and the data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, AMOS version 24, and R software version 4.3.1. Examination of the model fit indices indicated that the model overall is in excellent condition for explaining and fitting the data. Findings: The results showed that both social support and self-care have a significant positive effect on the quality of life variable for the elderly. Moreover, the self-care variable also has a significant positive impact on the social support variable at a 95% confidence level. Additionally, the self-care variable significantly affects the quality of life of the elderly through the mediating variable of social support. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the mediating role of social support can play a significant role in examining changes in the quality of life of the elderly. It is recommended that the importance of social support be emphasized and taught in elderly care centers and other counseling and guidance centers.

Impact of informal social support on the mental health of older adults.

The role of informal social support in fostering active aging within the context of the "silver wave" is significant. This study investigated how such support influenced the mental health of older adults, with the goal of affirming its indispensable contribution to enhancing their psychological well-being. Employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to construct the informal social support variable, this study rigorously analyzed the effects and underlying mechanisms of informal social support on mental health in older adults, utilizing data from the 2018 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS). Informal social support exerted a substantial positive influence on the mental health of older adults, particularly among younger, non-agricultural older adult populations who preferred cohabitation with their children. This form of support significantly enhanced mental well-being by elevating life satisfaction, improving access to medical services, and fostering active social engagement. This study elucidates the role of informal social support in bolstering the mental health of older adults. Future efforts should focus on fostering a supportive environment that enhances older adult care experiences, reforming the healthcare system to better meet the needs of the aging population, and promoting avenues for social engagement, thereby achieving a balanced integration of their emotional and physical care.

Melintasi Tantangan Pendidikan Online: Dinamika Dukungan Sosial dan Reduksi Stres Akademik pada Mahasiswa Selama Pandemi COVID-19

Online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic has led to stress experienced by students worldwide affected by the outbreak. This study aims to examine the level of social support and stress in academic activities, as well as to investigate the influence of social support on the level of academic stress during online learning. The research follows a quantitative correlational approach, with a population of 410 students and a sample size of 41 from the Psychology Department at State University of Padang Campus V, Bukittinggi. Data were collected using a questionnaire with a Likert scale distributed via Google Forms. Academic stress was measured using the Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA) developed by Sun et al., while Sarafino and Smith's theory was employed to measure the variable of social support. Data were analyzed using simple regression analysis with the assistance of SPSS version 16. The results showed a moderate level of social support and moderate levels of stress. The regression analysis revealed no significant influence of social support on academic stress during online learning for Psychology students at State University of Padang during the Covid-19 pandemic, with a significance value of 0.249; p&gt;0.05. Several factors influencing these results include coping strategies, social conditions, and individual factors.

Social Support and Associated Factors Among Men and Women in Pre-COVID Substance Use Treatment.

Low levels of social support are related to negative health outcomes, representing further obstacles to recovery from substance use disorder (SUD). This study examined relationships among stressors, symptoms and social support in 124 women and 102 men engaged in two outpatient public sector substance use treatment programs. Multiple linear regression analyses were utilized to assess relationships between variables of interest and social support. Men reported significantly lower social support than women. Food insecurity was associated with lower social support for men (β= -13.6 [95% CI -26.7, -0.4], p = 0.04). When examining emotional support and tangible aid, victimization history was related to lower support (both types) for women while food insecurity was associated with lower support (both types) for men. Depression was related to lower emotional support among both men and women. Substance use treatment programs should explicitly target social support and related stressors to facilitate recovery for the individuals they serve.

KONTRIBUSI DUKUNGAN SOSIAL ORANG TUA TERHADAP PROKRASTINASI AKADEMIK MAHASISWA YANG MELAKUKAN PJJ (PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH) DI MASA PANDEMI

Academic Procrastination is the behavior of postponing school or university tasks, which leads to a pile-up of assignments. Social support is needed to reduce academic procrastination, especially in this Covid-19 situation. The aim of this research is to empirically examine the contribution of parental social support to academic procrastination among students engaged in Distance Learning during the pandemic. Data collection was done using a questionnaire method to measure parental social support (from both fathers and mothers) and academic procrastination. The scales used in this study were the parental social support scale and the academic procrastination scale. The sampling technique employed in this research was non-probability purposive sampling. The results indicate that there is a highly significant contribution of parental social support to academic procrastination among students engaged in Distance Learning during the pandemic, accounting for 11.6% of the variance. The remaining 88.4% is influenced by other factors not covered in the study. The Beta value indicating the influence of the variable of parental social support (father) on academic procrastination is -0.306 (p = 0.007), while the Beta value for parental social support (mother) on academic procrastination is -0.045 (p = 0.690). These results show that the influence of the parental social support (father) variable on academic procrastination is greater than the influence of the parental social support (mother) variable.

Psychological Distress in Alzheimer’s Disease Family Caregivers: Gender Differences and the Moderated Mediation of Resilience

Different studies have reported gender differences in the variables of psychological distress, burden, social support, and resilience in family caregivers of relatives with Alzheimer’s disease; however, there is no clear evidence of the specific role of burden, social support, and resilience between gender and psychological distress. The aim of the present study is to clarify the role of these variables. Burden, psychological distress, social support, and resilience have been assessed in a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 140 family caregivers of relatives with Alzheimer’s disease. Our results confirm gender differences in terms of psychological distress, with higher scores found in female than in male caregivers, whilst male caregivers showed higher scores in terms of resilience than female caregivers. No gender differences have been found in terms of burden and social support. In addition, moderated mediation was obtained via the interaction of gender and social support on resilience, which plays a mediating role in psychological distress. Social support and resilience have shown a protective role concerning the mental health of caregivers, but female caregivers need higher social support to present a similar level of resilience to male caregivers.

Nursing students' perceptions of resilience, social support, and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study

Background: Resilience found to be an important factor in protecting the nursing students against the stress during coronavirus outbreak. Aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships between resilience and perceived social and organizational support and coping strategies among nursing students. Methods: This web-based survey carried out among nursing undergraduates (n=1017) across the country. Data was collected using self-reported questionnaires in May 2021. Results: Majority of the students had a normal level of resilience, perceived a high level of social and organizational support and used effective coping strategies. Also, the variables of resilience, social support, organization support and coping strategies were positively correlated (p&lt;0.001). While ag e was positively correlated with resilience, younger (t=4.647, p&lt;0.001) and females (t=-0.3620, p&lt;0.001) perceived a higher level of social support than others. Conclusions: The results suggest that strengthening resilience and improving coping skills and social support may promote psychological wellbeing for nursing undergraduates during the coronavirus pandemic.

The Relationship between Social Support and Optimism in Overseas Students Who Are Working on Their Final Assignments

Overseas students are students who study far from their home area and certainly far from family and close friends, so sometimes they are required to be independent and must be able to adapt to their new environment. As final students who are working on their final project, one of the challenges encountered is their ability to overcome difficult times in the process of working on their thesis, one of which is the decline in the level of optimism, so that the role of the environment and the closest people is needed to increase optimism in students. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between social support and optimism in regional students who are working on their final project. The subjects of this study amounted to 110 people who were regional students from various universities in Central Java. In this study using incidental sampling method for sampling technique. The measuring tools used are the social support scale and the optimism scale. The social support scale measures three sources of social support, that came from family, friends, and supervisors. Based on the results of data analysis, the value of the correlation coefficient of family social support with optimism of 0.530 with sig was obtained. = 0.000 for the family social support variable, then for the social support aspect of friends, a Pearson correlation value of 0.584 with Sig was obtained. = 0.000, and for the third aspect of social support, namely the supervisor, a Pearson Correlation value of 0.612 was obtained with SIG. = 0.000, where p&lt;0.05, which means that there is a positive relationship between the three aspects of social support and optimism in regional students who are working on their final project.

Peran Persepsi Dukungan Sosial Terhadap Tingkat Stress Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Yang Sedang Mengerjakan Skripsi

The thesis is considered a stressor which is considered to influence students' academic stress levels. One of the factors that is considered to influence the level of academic stress is the perception of social support that students have, so this research was conducted with the aim of finding out whether there is an influence that the perception of social support has on the academic stress of students who are working on their thesis.&#x0D; This research is quantitative research using survey methods and purposive sampling techniques for sampling. The number of respondents was 100 people consisting of students who were working on their thesis. The measuring instrument used in this research is a measuring instrument compiled by Gadzella and Masten (2005) and adapted by Jehan (2017) for the academic stress variable and a measuring instrument compiled by Romi (2022) for the perception of social support variable. The data obtained was processed using a simple linear regression technique and showed the results that there was a role of perceived social support in the academic stress of students who were working on their thesis.&#x0D; Research shows that there is an influence of perceived social support on the academic stress of students who are working on their thesis. The role given by the perception of social support is 10.1%. It can be concluded that perceived social support influences a small percentage of a person's level of academic stress and the rest is influenced by other variables.

Peran Dukungan Sosial terhadap Career Search Efficacy dengan Moderator Future Work Self pada Mahasiswa di Kota Bandung

One of the developmental tasks in adolescence and early adulthood is finding the right career direction. Finding a career that matches your interests and ways to actualize yourself, becomes something that needs to be explored and start in adolescence. Students also cannot be separated from the exploration process to find a career that is in line with their interests and abilities. This career exploration process is lead to career search efficacy. In addition, the student's representation of himself in the future that reflects his expectations and aspirations related to work becomes very important to have. This research wants to see the role of social support, especially from parents and peers towards career search efficacy with the moderator of future work self-students. The population of this study is students in the city of Bandung. Data analysis techniques using linear regression between social support variables and career search efficacy, with future work self variables as moderators. The results showed that parental social support and peer social support simultaneously did not contribute to the variable career self-efficacy. Partial parental social support showed no contribution to predicting career self-efficacy. Similar results also occurred in peer social support that did not significantly contribute to predicting career self-efficacy. The future work self variable does not moderate the influence between parental social support and career self-efficacy. On the other hand, the future work self variable can moderate the influence between peer social support on career self-efficacy.

Social Support as a Moderator of Self Efficacy and Learning Motivation Towards Students' Academic Hardiness

This research examined the factors that influence academic hardiness in tahfiz lessons. The author suspects that the factors contained in the social support variable are moderator variables for the variables self-efficacy, learning motivation, and gender which influence academic hardiness. This research uses a quantitative approach with multiple regression analysis. The sample consisted of 150 students in class 5 and class 6 of Islamic school X who were taken using a purposive sampling technique. In this research, the measuring tool used is the revised academic hardiness scale (RAHS) to measure the academic hardiness variable. Multi-Dimensional Scale of social support (Zimmet et al., 1988) to measure social support variables. The self-efficacy scale will be measured based on Bandura's theory to measure the dimensions of magnitude, generality, and strength. Learning motivation is measured using intrinsic and extrinsic aspects (Woolfolk, 1995). The research results show three significant regression coefficients: self-efficacy, intrinsic learning motivation, and gender. All three are influenced by social support, increasing students' academic hardiness. The author hopes that the implications of the results of this research can be reviewed and developed in further research. For example, adding other variables related to academic hardiness, such as parental and learning styles.

Hubungan antara Dukungan Sosial Teman Sebaya dengan Kemandirian Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII MTs Negeri 2 Medan

The purpose of this study was to determine the "Relationship Between Peer Social Support and Learning Independence of Grade VIII Students at MTs Negeri 2 Medan Academic Year 2022/2023". This study uses a quantitative approach with the correlation method. In this study, the population consisted of 106 students. Sampling in this study used random sampling, which was taken based on the slovin formula, namely as many as 84 students. The data collection technique used in this study was a questionnaire using a Likert scale. The validity of the instrument was obtained by using the product moment correlation formula, while the reliability of the instrument was obtained by using the Cronbach Alpha formula. Test the hypothesis using the Chi Square test with the help of SPSS IMB 25 for windows. The results of the analysis showed an Asymp.sig (2-sided) value of 0.000 for 84 respondents, so that the value of p &lt;0.05, which means that there is a significant correlation between the variables of peer social support and learning independence

Beyond Fear: Unveiling the Relationship Between Fear of Childbirth and Pharmacological Pain Relief

BackgroundPharmacological analgesia is the dominant method for pain relief in labor. Fear of childbirth (FOC) may significantly affect women's preferences for and usage of pharmacological analgesia. AimThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between FOC in late pregnancy and preferences for, as well as actual use of, pharmacological analgesia among nulliparous and multiparous women, accounting for confounding factors. MethodsA total of 1,300 women participated in the study, completing questionnaires assessing preferences for pharmacological analgesia, FOC, perception of labor pain, social support, coping styles, and demographic variables. The actual use of pharmacological analgesia was followed up. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. ResultsUnivariate analysis revealed that women with moderate to severe FOC had a stronger preference for pharmacological analgesia compared to those with none to mild FOC. However, multivariate analysis showed no direct association between FOC and actual usage of pharmacological analgesia. Instead, a stronger preference for pharmacological analgesia increased the likelihood of its actual usage during labor. ConclusionsOur study underscores the effect of FOC on preferences for pharmacological analgesia and its potential influence on actual usage during labor. Healthcare providers should consider women's FOC and preferences when evaluating pain management options. Targeted interventions focusing on promoting non-pharmacological techniques should be implemented to optimize labor pain management for women, particularly nulliparous women.

PENGARUH EKSPLORASI KARIR (CAREER EXPLORATION) DAN DUKUNGAN SOSIAL ORANGTUA (PARENTAL SOCIAL SUPPORT) TERHADAP KECEMASAN KARIR (CAREER ANXIETY) SISWA SMA

One of the inhibiting factors that teenagers face in achieving their career success is anxiety and fear. Meanwhile, the search for self-identity is a common source of anxiety. This study aims to measure the effects of career exploration and parental social support on career anxiety level of students of State Senior High School 75 Jakarta. The ex-post facto research design adopted in this study is Multiple Correlation. The population involved in this study consists of 252 class XII students of the State Senior High School 75 Jakarta. The sample in this study consists of 155 students. The result of the research shows that the career exploration had no significant effect on career anxiety, it was decided that H0 is acceptable with a conclusion that the career exploration variable had no significant effect on career anxiety, whereas the parental social support had a significant effect on career anxiety. In overall, the career exploration and parental social support variables have a significant correlation in their impact on the students’ career anxiety.