Social Support For Women Research Articles

Factors Distinguishing Reciprocal Versus Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence Across Time and Reporter.

Although intimate partner violence (IPV) is often conceptualized as occurring unilaterally, reciprocal or bidirectional violence is actually the most prevalent form of IPV. The current study assessed physical IPV experiences in couples and evaluated risk and protective factors that may be differentially associated with reciprocal and nonreciprocal IPV concurrently and over time. As part of a multi-wave longitudinal study, women and men reported on the frequency of their IPV perpetration and victimization three times across the transition to parenthood. Participants also reported on risk factors related to personal adjustment, psychosocial resources, attitudes toward gender role egalitarianism, and sociodemographic characteristics at each wave. Participants were classified into one of four IPV groups (reciprocal violence, male perpetrators only, female perpetrators only, and no violence) based on their self-report and based on a combined report, which incorporated both partners' reports of IPV for a maximum estimate of violence. Women and men were analyzed separately, as both can be perpetrators and/or victims of IPV. Cross-sectional analyses using self-reported IPV data indicated that IPV groups were most consistently distinguished by their levels of couple satisfaction, across gender; psychological distress also appeared to differentiate IPV groups, although somewhat less consistently. When combined reports of IPV were used, sociodemographic risk markers (i.e., age, income, and education) in addition to couple functioning were among the most robust factors differentiating IPV groups concurrently, across gender. In longitudinal analyses, sociodemographic vulnerabilities were again among the most consistent factors differentiating subsequent IPV groups over time. Several gender differences were also found, suggesting that different risk factors (e.g., women's social support and men's emotion regulation abilities) may need to be targeted in interventions to identify, prevent, and treat IPV among women and men.

Effectiveness of empathic caring on stress and depression for women with recurrent miscarriage: A randomized controlled trial

AimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of empathic caring on sleep quality, depression, stress, and social support in women with recurrent miscarriage. Materials and methodsSixty-two eligible women were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 31), which received three face-to-face nursing counseling sessions, or the control group (n = 31). Outcome measures included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Edinburgh Prenatal Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. ResultsPaired-sample t-tests revealed that, after receiving nursing counseling, the participants in the experimental group showed significant decreases in stress and depression. However, no significant mean differences were found in the control group between the pretest and the 12-week posttest for any of the four outcome measures. ConclusionClinical healthcare professionals may incorporate empathic caring into health-promotion protocols to assist women with recurrent miscarriage to improve their psychosocial health.

General self-efficacy and social support as mediators of the association between perceived stress and quality of life among rural women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus.

To explore the association between perceived stress and quality of life (QoL) and the mediating role of general self-efficacy and social support in this association. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases suffered by pregnant women. Women with previous GDM may experience more medical-related stress and have a lower QoL than those without it. A multisite correlational study. Four hundred sixty-five women with previous GDM living in rural areas in China participated in this study from November 2017 to June 2019. The participants completed a set of self-reported socio-demographic questionnaires, the Perceived Stress Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Social Support Rating Scale and the World Health Organization QoL assessment (Brief version). STROBE checklist was used as the guideline for this study. The mean QoL score was 13.97 (SD 2.07) for physical health, 13.75 (SD 1.98) for psychological health, 14.96 (SD 1.99) for social relations and 12.49 (SD 1.74) for environmental conditions. About 43.9% of women with previous GDM reported increased stress, which was negatively correlated with each of these QoL domains. Yet, the negative effect of perceived stress on QoL could be completely or partly mediated by better social support or general self-efficacy among this population. Nearly half of the women in the study living in rural China reported increased stress after delivery, and there is room to improve QoL in the environmental domain among women with previous GDM. Increasing general self-efficacy or social support can help these women avoid the negative effects of perceived stress on their QoL. These findings suggest that healthcare providers need to be cognizant of the importance of self-efficacy and social support for women with previous GDM in both enhancing QoL and reducing the negative impact of perceived stress on QoL.

Role of Social Support in Women facing Domestic Violence during Lockdown of Covid-19 while Cohabiting with the Abusers: Analysis of Cases Registered with the Family Counseling Centre, Alwar, India.

The present study aims to analyze the role of social support in the lives of women survivors of domestic violence who filed a complaint with the Mahila Salah and Suraksha Kendra (MSSK) Alwar, India, while residing with the abusive husband and his family during the lockdown period of COVID-19. The study explores the role of MSSK with extended vulnerability of women during the lockdown period at large. This study adopts an exploratory qualitative method. A total of 36 married women who had filed a complaint with MSSK before and during the lockdown were included. Interviews with the women were held through telephonic conversations on vulnerability, coping mechanism and extent and forms of social support. Thematic content analysis was done in a stepwise manner. Results show that degeneration of social support model is time -bound and the accuracy of applying this model wane under extended condition of vulnerability caused due to COVID-19. MSSK can expand support by creating and integrating virtual community networks to detect and deter violence during the lockdown. The study suggests that the government can ensure and empower bystanders with skills of modern communication. The existing physical institutional delivery mechanism need to evolve strategies that are resilient to emerging threats from the vulnerable ecosystem.

Psychosocial conditions and the progression of diabetic nephropathy in Japanese with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

We previously reported the association of positive psychosocial conditions with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with type 2 diabetes in a cross-sectional setting. In the present study, we evaluated the association between six indicators related to psychosocial conditions and the progression of DN assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria during 2-year observation period in 252 patients with type 2 diabetes. In unadjusted model, the subjects with higher happiness score attenuated reduced eGFR, and those with more social support attenuated increase in alubuminuria and decline eGFR. However, in adjusted model for happiness score and social support, only happiness score indicated the significant association with reduced eGFR. Gender-segregated analysis showed a significant association between happiness score and ΔeGFR in male but not in female subjects. On the other hand, decrease in eGFR was significantly attenuated in the subjects with more social support as compared to those with less social support in women but not in men. These results suggested that that psychosocial conditions could be related to the progression of DN, and that the psychosocial factors that influence in DN might differ between men and women, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

The Relationship of Psychological Wellbeing and Psychological Hardiness With the Mediating Role of Social Support in Women With Breast Cancer

Aims: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the first cause of cancer death. This study aims to determine the relationship between psychological wellbeing and psychological hardiness with the mediating role of social support in women with breast cancer. Methods & Materials This research was a correlation study based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study population consisted of women with breast cancer living in Mazandaran Province, Iran, in 2017. For this study, a sample of 236 patients with breast cancer was selected by the random sampling method. Then, Ryff psychological welfare questionnaire, Ahvaz hardiness inventory, and Berlin social support scales were administered to them. The obtained data were analyzed using the SEM. Findings: The correlation between variables of psychological wellbeing and psychological hardiness with social support was significant (P<0.001). Fit indices indicated an appropriate fit for the proposed model (P<0.05). There was also a significant relationship between psychological hardiness and psychological wellbeing through social support (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the importance of preserving and improving the quality of life of patients with breast cancer, the evaluation of psychological hardiness, and social support with psychological wellbeing, and proper intervention to improve the mental health of these patients, is recommended.

The education system in social support of women in Uzbekistan is at a new stage

The article covers the reforms carried out in Uzbekistan to support women in every way, to protect their rights and interests, to realize their abilities, talents and opportunities, in a word, to have them in their education, to have their position in society.

Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression among postnatal women in Lagos, Nigeria.

Globally, postpartum depression is one of the most common but often unrecognized complications of childbirth, yearly affecting about 10-15% of postnatal women. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and its predictors among postnatal women in Lagos. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 mothers in Eti-Osa Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria, attending six Primary Health Care centers for infant immunization at six weeks post-delivery. Data was collected using a pretested semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire which included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Analysis was carried out using SPSS version 23TM. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations and predictive relationships between various factors and the presence of postpartum depression. The level of significance was set at <0.05. The prevalence of postpartum depression was 35.6%. Multiparity, delivery by cesarean section, mother being unwell after delivery, and not exclusively breastfeeding the baby were the factors linked with postpartum depression. Following multiple logistic regression, having postpartum blues (p=0.000; OR=32.77; 95%CI=7.23-148.58)., not getting help with caring for the baby (p=0.008; OR=2.64; 95%CI=1.29-5.42), experiencing intimate partner violence (p=0.000; OR=5.2; 95%CI=2.23-11.91) and having an unsupportive partner (p=0.018; OR=2.6; 95%CI=1.17-5.78) were identified as predictors of postpartum depression. This study revealed a high prevalence of postpartum depression, identifying both the obstetric and psychosocial predictors. Social support for women both in the pre- and postnatal periods and routine screening of women for postpartum depression should be encouraged for early detection and immediate intervention.

Abstract 17418: Religious Attendance and Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Older Women

Introduction: Although religious attendance can act as a protective health factor likely through social support and inherent beliefs, little is known about the relationship between the frequency of religious attendance and ideal cardiovascular health (ICH), particularly in older women, many of whom attend religious activities. Methods: We utilized the Women’s Health Study (WHS) follow-up psychosocial stress cohort (n=24360; mean age=71.8, SD= 5.8 years) to evaluate the cross-sectional relationship between current religious service attendance and ICH, as defined by the American Heart Association 2020 ICH score. Frequency of religious attendance was classified as never, at least once a year, at least once a month, and at least once a week. Results: Compared to women who never attend religious services, women who participate in religious services at least once a week are more likely to be hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic, less likely to be smokers or to use alcohol, less physically active, had lower education levels and more likely to earn &lt; $50,000 annually/household. In age-adjusted models, religious service attendance at least once a month and once a week was associated with a 17% and 36 % higher odds of ICH, respectively. This relationship persisted in models that additionally adjusted for race/ethnicity, education, income, psychological status and social support for women who attended religious services at least once a week [Table]. Conclusion: Among women in the Women’s Health Study, compared to non-attenders women who attended religious services weekly displayed a 30% higher odds of ideal cardiovascular health, despite adjustment for social support and other risk factors. These data suggest that religious attendance may be beneficial to the cardiovascular health of older women via additional mechanisms beyond social support.

Effects of a Roy's Adaptation Model-Guided Support Group Intervention on Sexual Adjustment, Body Image, and Perceived Social Support in Women With Breast Cancer.

The side effects of local and systemic treatments for breast cancer negatively impact the body image, sexual functioning, and social life of women on treatment for breast cancer. One of the ways to help these women adapt to their disease and cope with the effects of the disease and the side effects of its treatment is through support groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a support group intervention, guided by Roy's Adaptation Model, on sexual adaptation, body image, and perceived social support in women on treatment for cancer. The study had a quasi-experimental design with pretests and posttests and a control group. The sample included 79 women, 42 in the control group and 37 in the intervention group. Data were gathered with demographic and clinical forms, the Sexual Adjustment and Body Image Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The intervention group received a support group intervention guided by Roy's Adaptation Model. The intervention group had significantly higher scores for perceived social support, post body image, impact on sexual functioning, and friendly and significant others than the control group did. The Roy's Adaptation Model-based support group intervention contributes positively to physiologic, self-concept, role-function, and interdependence modes by creating a positive effect on body image, improving sexual functions, and increasing social support for women on treatment for breast cancer. This support group intervention may enhance care outcomes in women on treatment for cancer and could thus be incorporated into standard care for this patient group.

Recovery time period and quality of life after hysterectomy.

Background: Women who had undergone hysterectomy have to overcome problems related to sexual and reproductive health. They often suffer a decline in self-esteem due to sexual dysfunction and the inability to give birth, along with their quality of recovery. This study aims to describe the relationships between recovery time and the components of quality of life after hysterectomy.D esign and methods: 103 women post-hysterectomy from several community-integrated health center in Surabaya were selected using the total sampling technique.Results: Findings show that there is relationship between recovery time period and sexual activity (P=0.000). However, no significant relationship exists between recovery time period personal relationships and social support.Conclusions: It is recommended that nurses should improve their social support for women and families during recovering, to avoid pathological stress and improve quality of life.Significance for public healthHysterectomy has several impacts on women, affecting their quality of life. Different length of recovery time period may affect quality of life after hysterectomy. Adequate help and support from friends, family and health care professionals, could improve their quality of life after surgery. Three components of quality of life are discussed, namely personal relationships, social support, and sexual activity. This study describes the relationships between recovery time period and the components of quality of life after hysterectomy

Church attendance and alloparenting: an analysis of fertility, social support and child development among English mothers.

Many aspects of religious rituals suggest they provide adaptive benefits. Studies across societies consistently find that investments in ritual behaviour return high levels of cooperation. Another line of research finds that alloparental support to mothers increases maternal fertility and improves child outcomes. Although plausible, whether religious cooperation extends to alloparenting and/or affects child development remains unclear. Using 10 years of data collected from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we test the predictions that church attendance is positively associated with social support and fertility (n = 8207 to n = 8209), and that social support is positively associated with fertility and child development (n = 1766 to n = 6561). Results show that: (i) relative to not attending, church attendance is positively related to a woman's social network support and aid from co-religionists, (ii) aid from co-religionists is associated with increased family size, while (iii) fertility declines with extra-religious social network support. Moreover, while extra-religious social network support decreased over time, co-religionist aid remained constant. These findings suggest that religious and secular networks differ in their longevity and have divergent influences on a woman's fertility. We find some suggestive evidence that support to mothers and aid from co-religionists is positively associated with a child's cognitive ability at later stages of development. Findings provide mixed support for the premise that ritual, such as church attendance, is part of a strategy that returns high levels of support, fertility and improved child outcomes. Identifying the diversity and scope of cooperative breeding strategies across global religions presents an intriguing new horizon in the evolutionary study of religious systems.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours'.

Exploring the concept of social support as a key factor in young women's quality of life.

According to the fact that women make up half the population of each community and are considered as a family health center, exploring the factors promoting their quality of life and health must be prioritized. This study aimed to understand the meaning of social support in young women's life. Participants were 40 Iranian youth women who were selected by purposive sampling from the capital of Iran, Tehran. Interviews were carefully recorded and concurrent with data collection, analysis was done using conventional content analysis method. After securing the data saturation, interviews were finished and data were categorized by eight stages of zhang technique. From the interviews three main themes were identified: (i) financial support; (ii) informational support, and (iii) service-based social support. Awareness about aspects of social support in women' life could help health care providers and politicians in Iran to provide more effective programs to promote QOL and as a result total health of women.

Gender budgeting in the context of social protection in Ukraine

The article considers gender budgeting as a way to solve important social problems, in particular those related to meeting the needs of women. Given the need a significantly improve the demographic situation in the country the problem of social support for women of childbearing age becomes especially urgent. The general characteristic of gender budgeting is presented. This will help to find out further directions for reforming budget (as well as social) legislation. The dynamics of fertility in Ukraine in 1990-2018 is shown. The purpose of the article is to identify those gender issues that should be taken into account by the government and local authorities during budgeting, in particular those related to the social protection of women. The study used general scientific and special methods: analysis and synthesis, the method of comparison, generalization, statistical and others. The methodological basis of the study is a comprehensive approach, system-structural analysis and the dialectical method of scientific knowledge. The scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of "gender budgeting" are generalized. The necessity of increasing the maternity allowance has been proved, in particular for women who are not insured in the system of compulsory state social insurance, as well as the expediency of reorienting the calculation of the benefit amount from 25% of the living wage for an able-bodied person to its full size. Conclusions: In Ukraine, while making budgetary analysis and planning of expenditures aimed at ensuring gender equality, it is necessary that in state and local authorities budgets precisely those expenditures should be take into account, which are important not only for women but for men, the state and all the society as well. This requires: strengthening political support for gender initiatives; coordinating the efforts of various agencies as to the transition to the gender-oriented budgeting (GOB) on an ongoing basis; involving questions related to social policy issues, including gender inequality, into training programs for economics, finance, and public administration; gender analysis not only of expenditures but also of budget revenues; cooperation of state bodies engaged in budgeting with public organizations, communities, feminist centers.

ПСИХОЛОГІЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ПІДТРИМКИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ЖІНОКВ УМОВАХ ДИНАМІЧНОЇ СОЦІОТЕХНІЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ

The purpose of the article is to find out the peculiarities of social support for women’s life in the conditions of dynamic socio-technical management system of nature management. Methods. Using the methods of electrocardiography and electro-oculography revealed the change of increasing fatigue in the work of subjects with the display video series of the automated sociotechnical system “Monitoring of environmental activity”. We surveyed 350 subjects (operators, specialists, students with computer skills) aged 18 to 36 years (all women) before, during and after the use of the display automation systems of a dynamic automated control system. The total duration of the display activity did not exceed four hours of continuous operation. Results. The forms, content and nature of the interaction and interaction of the components of the dynamic human-nature socio-technical system are characterized. The socio-psychological analysis of the tendencies of the development of such socio-technical system is carried out. In the empirical study the features of psychological interaction of women with display video sets are identified. The concept of social support of their life activity at work with display video sets of dynamic continuous information is developed. Conclusions. The dependence of the level of computer readiness of women and the quality of perception of information from different forms of presentation is established. It is found that the quality of perception of information is affected not only by the level of computer readiness, but also by the total time of acquaintance with the computer, as well as the time spent at work on the computer. From the point of view of the subsystem of the reflective-modeling information activity of the designer, its technical and aesthetic attractiveness contributes to increasing attention to the information message, which directly influences the perception of the user. A positive correlation between technoaesthetic appeal and the rememberability of the information message has been identified. More aesthetically pleasing information messages are able to arouse interest in the user, best performing informative and informative functions.

Social support and satisfaction with antenatal care services among pregnant women in Lagos State, Nigeria

Background/AimsMaternal and infant mortality remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria. Provision of cognitive support through effective communication with women about their condition or the care required is a critical determinant of satisfaction with maternal care. Effective antenatal care is important in reducing the maternal mortality rate. This study aimed to assess social support and satisfaction with antenatal care services among pregnant women, to improve antenatal care services and birth outcomes.MethodsThis study used a survey research design where 1316 questionnaires were completed by pregnant women across six general hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria. Participants rated their social support when deciding to use antenatal care services and their satisfaction with these services. Regression analysis was used to determine the association between social support and satisfaction with antenatal care services.ResultsThe degree of social support received by pregnant women was very high (average score of 3.51 on a 4-point scale). The level of satisfaction with antenatal care services was also very high (average score of 4.32 on a 5-point scale). Linear regression showed that social support has a significant influence on pregnant women's satisfaction with antenatal care services in Lagos State (r=0.307, P&lt;0.000).ConclusionThe degree of social support was a significant determinant of satisfaction with antenatal care services. It is therefore recommended that social support for women to attend these services is encouraged.

Dynamic sociotechnical systems of activity: social support for women

В статті проаналізовано соціально-психологічне забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок в умовах динамічних соціотехнічних систем управління. Мета статті полягала у виявленні зміни зростаючого стомлення при роботі досліджуваних в умовах динамічних соціотехнічних систем діяльності. Обстежено 500 досліджуваних (оператори, фахівці) у віці від 18 до 46 років (всі жінки) в динамічних автоматизованих системах управління. Як оптимізуючий метод використано довільну психічну саморегуляцію життєдіяльності. Виявлено та скореговано негативні функціональні стани жінок щляхом оволодіння ними навичками саморегуляції (аутотренінг, ідеомоторне тренування). Програма містила вправи розминки, тренінгові вправи, дискусії, міні-лекції, роботу в парах та малих групах. Опановувалися м’язова релаксація, самонавіювання, активація рефлексивної зони свідомості. Результати. Схарактеризовано соціально-психологічні особливості взаємодії і взаємовпливу компонентів динамічних соціотехнічних систем діяльності. Здійснено психологічний аналіз тенденцій розвитку таких систем. В емпіричному дослідженні визначено особливості забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок на робочих місцях. Розроблено та апробовано концепцію соціальної підтримки їх життєдіяльності. Спрогнозовано роботоздатність жінок і можливі зміни їх функціонального стану. Здійснено обгрунтування соціально-психологічного забезпечення розвитку соціотехнічних систем діяльності, яке допоможе подолати негативні наслідки функціонування таких систем та призведе до їх подальшого розвитку за нових (ринкових) умов. Перспектива продовження дослідження вбачається в розробці психологічної теорії оптимізації процесу діяльності жінок у динамічних соціотехнічних системах. Висновки. Проведена дослідницька робота щодо вивчення особливостей життєдіяльності та роботоздатності жінок у динамічних соціотехнічних системах, виявлення прояву їх функціонального стану. Розроблено та апробовано структурно-функціональну модель соціально-психологічного забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок відносно до існуючих стадій діяльності у динамічних соціотехнічних системах. Ключові слова: система, автоматизована діяльність, неперервна інформація, користувачі, психологічна готовність.

Factors Affecting Women's Adjustment to Postpartum Changes: A Narrative Review.

Background:Postpartum period is associated with stress and pressure, and the woman must adjust herself to these changes. This study aimed to review the factors affecting women's adjustment to postpartum changes in conducted studies.Materials and Methods:This review was conducted by searching databases such as ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed and Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Medical Articles Database (IranMedex), Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), and the Iranian Magazine Database (MagIran), as well as searching through Google Scholar (as a Web search engine) in December 2019. Publications from July 2004 to October 2019 were reviewed and limited to Persian and English. The keywords used included “Postpartum”, “Women's needs”, “Adjustment” and “Coping”. After reviewing the articles, out of 60 original articles, 17 articles were selected for final evaluation.Results:Factors affecting adjustment to postpartum changes were divided into personal and social factors. Personal factors included previous experiences, coping styles and strategies, personality traits, self-efficacy and awareness, and social factors included family and relatives, healthcare providers, cultural context, and laws and regulations.Conclusions:Adjustment to postpartum changes depends on the personal and social factors that can interact with each other. Women's awareness enables them to use positive coping strategies in this critical situation. Educating women's spouse and family members can contribute to increase the women's social support. Additionally, the law support guarantees the implementation of many interventions in promoting the mother's health.

Correlation Among Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Women With Gynecologic Cancer

Anxiety and depression are common emotional distresses experienced by women during gynecologic cancer treatment. These often have dangerous effects on physical and mental health and may impact quality of life (QoL). To investigate the factors influencing anxiety, depression, social support, and QoL in women with gynecologic cancer. This was a cross-sectional correlational study. A total of 111 women with gynecologic cancer receiving treatment at a medical center in central Taiwan were selected as subjects using convenience sampling. A demographic characteristics questionnaire, the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief-Taiwan version (WHOQOL-BREF-Taiwan version) questionnaire, the International Support Evaluation List (ISEL), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used for data collection. Of the 111 subjects, 41.4% and 24.3% had tendencies for anxiety and depression, respectively, and a moderate QoL score (mean = 3.46; SD = 0.73). The physical health domain had the highest mean QoL score (14.93; SD = 2.24), followed by environmental health (14.76; SD = 1.97), social relationships (14.13; SD = 2.33), and psychological health (13.92; SD = 2.44). Anxiety, depression, marital status, and social support respectively explained 18.5%-37.0% of the total variation in QoL scores. Of the four QoL domains examined in this study, anxiety was the most significant predictor of QoL. It is recommended that healthcare professionals strengthen the early assessment of anxiety, depression, and social support in women with gynecologic cancer. In addition, sensitivity towards emotional status should be increased in these cases. Healthcare professionals should provide care, support, and timely completion of referrals. Finally, psychological and social support and related interventions should be provided based on patient needs in order to maintain QoL.

The Relationship Between Psychological Hardiness and Social Support in Women With Breast Cancer

The Relationship Between Psychological Hardiness and Social Support in Women With Breast Cancer