Social Subscale Research Articles

Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the French Version of the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) in Non-Clinical Adults

Behavioral activation (BA) is a well-established empirical treatment for depression that aims to improve depressive mood by increasing activation and reducing avoidance. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate activation and avoidance when a BA treatment is applied. The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) was developed to measure the changes in activation and avoidance over the course of BA treatment of depression. This study aims to validate the French version of this scale. In a first study, 131 bilingual adults were recruited to explored internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity of the final French version. In a second study, 409 non-clinical adults completed an online survey assessing concurrent measures. Results of the first study suggested good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity. The second study revealed a confirmatory factor analysis supporting the original four-factor structure, with Activation, Avoidance/Rumination, Work/School Impairment, and Social Impairment subscales. Results also revealed that a 5-factor model distinguishing Behavioral Avoidance and Rumination had a better fit than the original four-factor structure. All subscales showed adequate internal consistency and good construct validity with evidence of convergent validity with depressive symptoms, brooding, psychological flexibility, negative automatic thought, behavioral inhibition and activation system. Furthermore, the French BADS total scale and subscales showed a good ability to predict depressive symptoms. The French version of the BADS appears to be a reliable tool for clinician and researchers to assess mechanisms of change in BA interventions.

Loneliness and Depression among Polish High-School Students.

Introduction: Having impaired relations and limited interpersonal contact is associated with a sense of loneliness, and can result in a number of mental disorders, including the development of depression. Approximately one in five adolescents in the world suffers from depression, and first episodes of such are occurring at increasingly young ages. Due to a lack of appropriate support from parents, teachers and the healthcare system, the young person feels alone when dealing with their problem. Aims: The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, aggression and sense of loneliness among high school students, and to analyze a correlation between loneliness and depression. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 300 high school students in Poland. The study material was collected using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-M) and De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS). Results: A feeling of loneliness correlated significantly with depressive disorders (p < 0.005), with the strongest effect between the total HADS-M score and the total loneliness scale score (r = 0.61). The overall presence of disorders as per HADS-M was found to be 23%, and borderline conditions were found in 19.3%. In 24% of the students, disorders were revealed on the anxiety subscale and in 46.3% on the aggression subscale. On DJGLS, a very severe sense of loneliness was observed in 6.67% of the subjects, and in 42.3% of them, a moderate feeling of loneliness was indicated. On the social loneliness subscale, a severe sense of loneliness was found in 22.7%, while on the emotional loneliness subscale, it was found in 16.7% of the subjects. Conclusions: In this study, a quarter of the student participants experienced anxiety and depression disorders. Students showing higher levels of anxiety, depression, and aggression also showed enhanced loneliness. Girls showed higher levels of anxiety, depression and aggression, as well as emotional loneliness.

Quality of Life (QoL) in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy

The primary aim of this study was to compare quality of life of postmenopausal breast cancer women receiving adjuvant hormone therapy with those not receiving. The secondary aims were to investigate impact of vitamin D status and type of hormone therapy (letrozole vs tamoxifen) on quality of life. Tertiary care hospital, prospective study (March 2016 to September 2017). Study included postmenopausal non-metastatic breast cancer women. Patients were divided in two groups: group 1 (n=120) receiving adjuvant hormone therapy and group 2 (n=93) not receiving hormone therapy. Patients filled Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT–B) QoL questionnaire at enrolment and 6 month later. The scores were compared between the groups. Overall basal FACT-G (p=0.004), FACT-B (p=0.003), and all other quality of life subscales scores barring social well-being were significantly better in group 2 {physical well-being (p=0.002), social well-being (p=0.037), emotional well-being (p=0.028), functional well-being (p=<0.001)}. Follow-up scores in all subscales within both group improved significantly (p=<0.001), but significant difference between two groups persisted only for FACT-G (p=0.04), physical well-being (p=0.02), and functional well-being (p=<0.001) subscale. Except for social well-being subscale, vitamin D sufficient patients had significantly better scores than deficient patients. There was no significant difference among patients receiving either letrozole or tamoxifen except for better functional well-being (p=0.005) score in those receiving previous. Adjuvant hormonal therapy irrespective of type and vitamin D deficiency contribute to inferior quality of life in postmenopausal breast cancer women.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Investigating Predictive Adaptive Behavior Skill Deficits in Young Children.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that consists of difficulties with social communication and language, as well as the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. These deficits tend to present in early childhood and usually lead to impairments in functioning across various settings. Moreover, these deficits have been shown to negatively impact adaptive behavior and functioning. Thus, early diagnosis and intervention is vital for future success within this population. The purpose of this study was to further examine the subscales that comprise the adaptive behavior section of the Bayley®-III to determine which of the ten subscales are predictive of ASD in young children (i.e., ≤ three years of age). A retrospective file review of 273 children participating in Kentucky's early intervention program, First Steps, was completed. The children ranged in age from 18 to 35 months. A binary logistic regression was used to assess the subscales that comprise the adaptive behavior of the section of the Bayley®-III to determine which of the ten subscales are predictive of ASD in young children (i.e., ≤ three years of age). The results indicated that individual lower raw scores in communication, community use, functional preacademics, home living, health and safety, leisure, self-care, self-direction, and social subscales were predictive of an autism diagnosis.

Close relationship belief and self-change as predictors of romantic relationship quality in university students

The aim of this study was to determine the predictive power of university students’ relationship beliefs and self-change on the relationship quality of their romantic relationships. The sample was composed of 361 university students, 212 women (58%) and 149 men (41%), enrolled at different state universities in three metropolises and currently involved in a romantic relationship. The Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire, The Turkish Version of the Relational Self-Change Scale, Relationship Quality Scale, and Personal Information Form were used in the study. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. SPSS 23.0 packet programs were utilized in data analysis. According to the findings, of the factors of close relationship beliefs, “We must be completely open and honest with each other,” “We must do everything together,” “We must meet all needs of each other,” and “Romantic idealism” significantly predicted the social support subscale of relationship quality; “We must meet all needs of each other” significantly predicted the conflict subscale, and “We must do everything together,” “We must be able to change each other,” and “Romantic idealism” significantly predicted the depth subscale. Of the factors of self-change, self-expansion and self-contraction significantly predicted the social support subscale of romantic relationship quality while self-expansion, self-contraction and self-adulteration significantly predicted the conflict and the depth subscales.

Quality of life and burden in family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer receiving specialized palliative care.

The caregivers of advanced cancer patients face many physical, psychological, social, and economic problems. In this study, the quality of life and burden in the primary family caregiver of patients with advanced cancer receiving inpatient palliative care were investigated. A total of 200 patients with advanced cancer hospitalized at palliative care center and primary caregivers were included. Functional capacities of patients were evaluated with Karnofsky Performance Scale and need of care with Katz index. The Turkish version of World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF TR) was used to assess the quality of life of caregivers. The median Karnofsky Performance score of patients was found to be 30% and Katz Index score to be 2. The mean WHOQOL-BREF TR domain scores of family caregivers were 48.96 (Standard deviation (SD) =12.67) for physical health, 59.21 (SD=14.09) for psychological status, 56.83 (SD=20.91) for social relations, and 55.67 (SD=14.13) for environmental domain. Scores of psychological and environmental subscales were lower in women caregivers. The environmental subscale showed a significant difference in terms of education. The score of social relations subscale of the care giving spouse was lower than caregiving children and siblings. The score of environmental subscale of caregivers with insufficient income was found to be lower than caregivers with sufficient income. Karnofsky Performance and Katz Index scores and subscales of WHOQOL-BREF TR did not reveal any significant relation. This study showed that all subscales of quality of life are impaired in caregivers of advanced cancer patients, physical health being the most prominent.

Children Treated for Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis Exhibit Average Adaptive Behavior Skills with Only Minor Shortcomings.

Adaptive behavior skills are important when assessing cognitive functions related to daily life; however, few studies have assessed these skills in patients treated for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. In this study, the authors assessed the adaptive behavior skills of children treated for craniosynostosis and examined whether their outcomes are related to surgical technique. The Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, 2nd Edition, parent report was used for children (age, 7 to 16 years) treated for sagittal (n = 41), metopic (n = 24), and other rare synostoses (n = 8). Background data, including intelligence quotient, were controlled for confounders. All evaluated children treated for craniosynostosis were estimated as lower in all aspects of adaptive behavior skills (full-scale, conceptual, social, and practical composites; effect size, 0.36 to 0.44) as compared with norms. The sagittal group showed shortcomings in social composite (effect size, 0.48) and subscales measuring self-care and self-direction, although no difference was observed between spring-assisted surgery and pi-plasty regarding outcomes of adaptive behavior skills. In addition, children treated for metopic synostosis showed results indicating shortcomings with adaptive behavior according to the full-scale, conceptual, and social composites (effect size, 0.53 to 0.61) relative to norms. Furthermore, attrition analysis revealed no significant differences between responders (rate, 80.2 percent) and nonresponders. These results found that children treated for craniosynostosis display average adaptive behavior skills, and that the two surgical techniques used to treat sagittal synostosis did not differ in their behavioral outcomes. Therapeutic, III.

Predicting test anxiety using the 3x2 achievement goal model

ABSTRACT Past research has demonstrated that the reasons underlying students’ decisions to engage in academic tasks (i.e., achievement goals) are associated with the experience of test anxiety. Empirical investigations focused on the association between achievement goals and test anxiety have historically been guided by the dichotomous, trichotomous, and 2 × 2 achievement goal models. However, few investigations have explored the association between achievement goals and test anxiety using the newly developed 3 × 2 achievement goal model. Therefore, the current study was designed to determine if task-approach, task-avoidance, self-approach, self-avoidance, other-approach, and other-avoidance goal orientations are associated with cognitive, physical, and social dimensions of test anxiety. Participants (N = 482) completed the 3 × 2 achievement goal questionnaire, the reactions to tests instrument, and the social derogation subscale of the FRIEDBEN test anxiety scale. Results indicated that after controlling for important covariates, task-approach goals were a negative predictor of worry, test-irrelevant thinking, tension, bodily symptoms, and fear of social derogation. Interestingly, the results of the current examination highlight that the endorsement of other-avoidance goals is associated with an increased fear of social derogation. The discussion explores how efforts to promote task-approach focused goals may be an effective method of reducing test anxiety within undergraduate and graduate populations.

Psychometric properties of the adolescents’ interpretation and belief questionnaire (AIBQ) for measuring interpretation Bias in Chinese adolescents

The cognitive model of social anxiety disorder hypothesized that socially anxious individuals tend to negatively interpret ambiguous scenarios, which was termed an Interpretation bias (IB). The Adolescents’ Interpretation Bias Questionnaire (AIBQ) is a widely used self-report instrument to measure IB towards social situations for adolescents. The main objective of the current study was to culturally revise AIBQ in Chinese adolescents. In total, 960 adolescents participated, and four weeks later, 185 of them were re-measured with Chinese version of AIBQ (C-AIBQ). We tested construct validity, examined internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and assessed convergent and divergent validity of the C-AIBQ subscales. Overall, C-AIBQ variables showed satisfactory construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent and discriminant validity, in particular the social negative interpretation subscale. Our results indicate that this instrument is adequate to measure interpretation bias in Chinese adolescents.

Quality of life, social support and self-efficacy in women after a miscarriage

BackgroundPregnancy loss is typically experienced as a traumatic, critical event, which may lead to secondary psychological health disorders. Its burden involves both the experience of loss and related medical issues, which are associated with pain, hospitalization, limitation in one’s social roles, decreased sense of security, and changes in one’s perceived quality of life. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate levels of quality of life (QoL), social support and self-efficacy among women who had suffered a miscarriage.MethodsThe study was performed using a diagnostic survey method with questionnaires administered to 610 patients hospitalized due to spontaneous pregnancy loss in hospitals in Lublin (Poland). The instruments used were: the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the WHOQoL–BREF questionnaire, and a standardized interview questionnaire.ResultsRespondents rated their overall quality of life (3.90 points) higher than their overall perceived health (3.66). In terms of social support, the highest scores were noted for perceived available instrumental support (M = 3.78), perceived available emotional support (M = 3.68) and actually received support (M = 3.60). The mean generalized self-efficacy score among the women after pregnancy loss was 30.29. Respondents’ QoL was significantly correlated with multiple social support subscales and self-efficacy (p < 0.05).ConclusionsWomen after a miscarriage perceive their overall quality of life as better than their overall health, while reporting the poorest QoL in the psychological domain. They also have a high level of self-efficacy. Regarding the types of social support, perceived available support, both instrumental and emotional, and actually received support was rated highly. Social support and self-efficacy contributed to better perceived QoL among the respondents.

Sub-Health Status Survey and Influential Factor Analysis in Chinese during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

This study aimed to investigate sub-health status (SHS) of people living in China during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection-induced acute infectious disease, which is featured by universal susceptibility and strong infectivity, and SHS (a status of low quality health) refers to a status of low-quality health. COVID-19 has gradually developed into a global pandemic, making the public in a high stress situation in physiological, psychological and social states in the short term. From March 6 to 11, 2020, a large-scale cross-sectional survey was conducted by convenient sampling, and SHS assessment scale was used in the questionnaire. The ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors affecting SHS. In this study, 17,078 questionnaires were delivered with 16,820 effective questionnaires collected, and 10,715 subjects (63.7%) were found with SHS, with moderate SHS primarily. Physiological sub-scale scored the highest, followed by psychological and social sub-scales. Ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that man, only-child, workers and farmers were risk factors of SHS. Protective factors of SHS included living in rural areas and townships, laid-off retirees and education degree. It shows many people in China place in a poor health status during COVID-19 pandemic. It is necessary that relevant departments pay more attention to people with poor health such as men, only-child, urban people, workers and farmers, and groups with high education degree during and after pandemic stabilization.

The Psychological Impact of Fitness Testing in Physical Education: A Pilot Experimental Study Among Australian Adolescents

Purpose: Fitness testing is common within physical education, but there has been considerable debate about the pedagogical purpose and potential psychological implications of this practice. The aim of this study was to conduct a pilot experimental study to determine the impact of traditional fitness testing approaches on the body image, self-esteem, mood, and attitudes toward fitness testing of a sample of Australian students. Method: Fifty-one students in Grades 7–10 completed a questionnaire before and after their usual two traditional fitness testing classes at their school. Results: Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed there were no significant differences from T1 to T2 on body image, self-esteem, or mood scores. However, there were significant differences observed over time, for participants aged over 15 years, whose self-esteem, social self-esteem subscale, and attitudes toward fitness testing scores, decreased from T1 to T2. Conclusion: This study provides initial evidence that older students may experience a decline in self-esteem due to fitness testing.

Factors predicting the development of psychopathology among first responders: A prospective, longitudinal study.

Objective: Previous research has shown that first responders exhibit elevated rates of psychopathology. Factors predicting the development of this psychopathology, however, remain understudied. This study longitudinally examined predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms in first responders. Method: Participants included 135 emergency medical service (EMS) providers. Multiple linear regressions were used to model predictors of change in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptomatology from baseline to 3-month follow-up. Baseline levels of social support, sleep, emotional stability, and perceived stress were examined as potential predictors. Results: Results revealed that (a) increases in PTSD symptoms, (b) increases in depression symptoms, and (c) increases in anxiety symptoms at 3-month follow-up were each predicted by worse sleep and lower social support at baseline. In particular, the sleep subscale of disturbed sleep and the social support subscale of appraisal appeared to be driving these effects. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of social support and sleep hygiene in protecting against increases in psychopathology symptoms in EMS providers, and set the stage for future interventions to target sleep disturbances and encourage deeper social connections in order to foster resilience in first responders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Do Authentic People Care about the Environment? A View from Two Paradigms.

Personal authenticity, the ability to be true to oneself, is traditionally studied from the perspective of its protective role for the individual and is only beginning to be studied in relation to the surrounding world. In this study, we suggest that authentic people may be more aware and concerned about their environment then less authentic people. The theoretical foundations for our work were: the person-centered approach; subject psychology; and modern research on pro-environmental behavior. We presented our understanding of personal authenticity within Russian subject psychology, developed the standardized instruments necessary for carrying out our main aim, and explored the links between authenticity and pro-environmental behavior in both person-centered and subject psychology. Four hundred thirty (430) Russian students (Mage = 19.19; SDage = 1.22; 79.5% women) participated in the study. Authenticity was measured both bythe revised Russian version of the Authenticity Scale, and a new tool, the Moscow Authenticity Scale, which was developed on the basis of subject psychology. To measure pro-environmental behavior, we created a new instrument called the Ecological Lifestyle Scale, which included Social Activities and Ecological Self-restraint subscales. Using the two new scales, the Moscow Authenticity Scale and the Ecological Lifestyle Scale, along with a modification of the Authenticity Scale, we found that authenticity, considered within the framework of subject psychology, provided a more nuanced picture of the relationship between personal authenticity and pro-environmental behavior than the person-centered model did. Women were more likely to exercise pro-environmental behavior than men; however, the connections between personal authenticity and pro-environmental behavior were stronger in the male group. Authenticity is associated with pro-environmental behavior but does not predict it accurately enough. Future research on moderating or mediating variables is suggested.

Quality of Life after Surviving a Spinal Cord Injury: An Observational Study in South India.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) and its negative impact on the quality of life (QOL) is a significant public health concern in India. People with SCI suffer from serious health, economic, and social consequences in their lives. Often, care for SCI survivors is left to their immediate family members in India. Appropriate planning is needed for prevention, rehabilitation, health, and psychological care for SCI in the country. This study assessed the overall QOL of SCI survivors and their satisfaction levels with specific domains and their importance of QOL. In this observational study, two instruments, Farrens and Power for QOL and Barthel Index for functional abilities, were administered to a convenience sample of participants drawn from Narayana Medical College, Nellore, in South India. Statistically, SCI survivors were found moderately and very satisfied with their QOL. Their perception about importance of health, functioning, social, and economic subscale also did not differ statistically.

An examination of the characteristics of mothers neglecting their children.

This study is aimed to recognize families who have neglected their children in the early period, to raise awareness among experts especially pediatricians-working in this field about the reasons contributing to the neglect. For this purpose, data were collected by quantitative and qualitative methods. The mothers of 32 neglected children and 30 children who were not neglected were included in to the study. Sociodemographic Information Form, Neglect Assessment Tool, Close Relationships Inventory, Perceived Social Support Scale, Marital Adjustment Scale, Childhood Trauma Survey Scale, Semi Structured Interview Form, SCID I and SCID II were used as data collection tools. T-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis, Pearson Correlation test were used for quantitative analysis and descriptive analysis method was used in the analysis of qualitative data. In the quantitative findings obtained; mothers of neglected children and control group mothers differed in terms of their age, income perceptions, multidimensional perceived social support, marital adjustment, physical and emotional abuse subscales on the scale of childhood abuse, adult attachment patterns, however; it was found that there was no difference in terms of mental illness and personality disorder, and scores on sexual abuse subscale of child abuse. Qualitative results demonstrated that most of the mothers did not consider themselves adequate for parenting, were not satisfied with their parenting role, had insufficient emotional investment in their children and could not balance their roles. It was concluded that the mothers of neglected children had problems in the areas of social support, marital adjustment, adult attachment patterns and they were also exposed to physical and emotional abuse during their own childhood and these problems negatively affected the quality of their childcare. For this reason, it is important to provide support to neglectful families and family interventions should be established.

Impact of a Residential Summer Camp Experience on Children With Sickle Cell Disease.

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) has a significant psychosocial impact on affected children. Summer camp has been shown to improve psychological and physical states for children with diabetes and cancer. However, opportunities to attend camp for children with SCD are limited, as many are from low-income families, and many camps are not equipped to care for children with medical complexities. To our knowledge, no literature evaluates how camp can positively affect emotional functioning, social functioning, self-esteem, and physical activity levels in children with SCD.Methods: Children with SCD attending a residential summer camp during 2019 were identified. Participants completed a modified version of the Pediatric Camp Outcome Measure, a validated 29-item questionnaire that evaluates self-esteem, emotional function, social function, and physical activity. Four additional questions related to SCD were included.Results: Nine campers enrolled in the study. Questionnaire results showed a total score of 113.7 (maximum score135, range 84-129), with a self-esteem subscale score of 22.1 (maximum score 25, range 20-25), an emotional subscale score of 32.1 (maximum score 40, range 25-39), a social subscale score of 38.9 (maximum score 45, range 24-45), and a physical activity subscale score of 20.6 (maximum score 25, range 19-25). All campers indicated that they would return to camp.Conclusion: Attending summer camp has a beneficial impact on emotional function, social function, self-esteem, and physical activity. Mean questionnaire scores from children with cardiac disease and cancer are similar to those of children with SCD. Increased funding should be awarded to sickle cell camps to allow for more children to have this beneficial experience.

Autistic traits, emotional recognition and empathy in adolescents with gender dysphoria

Objective: Gender dysphoria (GD) is defined as an apparent incongruence between the sex assigned at birth and the experienced gender. The aim of this study is to evaluate the basic milestones of autistic symptoms in adolescents diagnosed with GD and to compare them with the control group. Method: The Sociodemographic Information Form, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and DANVA (Non-Verbal Diagnostic Accuracy Test), the Ka-Si Empathy Scale, and the Social Response Scale (SRS) were used. The psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results: A total of 36 adolescents, diagnosed with GD (n=17) and a control group (n=19), included to the study. The GD group and control group were similar in terms of mean age. Of the GD group, 29.4% had a CBCL total score, 35.3% had a CBCL internalization score and 11.8% had a CBCL externalization score above their respective cut-off points. The GD group had significantly higher scores in the SRS social subscale than the control group (t=2.227, p=0.033). SRS social score was found to be predicted by group and gender variables (df=3, F=5.064). Conclusion: Having male biological sex and having GD increased the SRS social subscale score. It was found that internalizing problems such as depression and anxiety were common in adolescents with GD and their social skills were impaired compared to the control group.

The clinical utility of the Children’s Communication Checklist-2 in children with early childhood traumatic brain injury

Objective Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits. Social communication impairments are common and impact functional outcomes, such as social engagement and academic performance. There are many barriers to identifying social communication deficits following TBI, including the absence of a standardized parent-reported communication measure for use in this population. The Children’s Communication Checklist—Second Edition (CCC-2) has demonstrated utility in identifying communication deficits in diagnoses other than TBI. This study investigated the clinical utility of the CCC-2’s social communication scales in children with TBI. Method: 203 children who sustained TBI or orthopedic injuries between the ages of 36 and 83 months were recruited as part of a larger, longitudinal study. We analyzed social communication subscale scores from the CCC-2 an average of 3.5 years postinjury. We used binary logistic regression analyses to examine the measure’s accuracy in classifying children with and without social communication deficits on other measures of pragmatic language and social competence. Correlation analyses and linear mixed models were used to examine the construct validity of the CCC-2. Results: The CCC-2 was able to accurately classify those with and without pragmatic language impairments on the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language 92% of the time (sensitivity = 55%) and 96% of the time on the Home and Community Social Behavior scale (sensitivity = 72%). The CCC-2 demonstrated strong correlations with and predictive validity for measures of social communication and competence. Conclusions: The findings offer support for the clinical utility of the CCC-2 in the pediatric TBI population.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Beden Kütle İndeksi, Tükenmişlik Düzeyi ve İyilik Hâli Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Aim: To examine the impact of body mass index (BMI) of university students on burnout levels and wellness. Material and Methods: In the study, 953 university students were enrolled. ‘Personal Information Form’, ‘Maslach Burnout Inventory- Student Survey’ and ‘Wellness Scale’ were the instruments of the study. Ethical approvals were received for the study. In this study, the data were analyzed using the SPSS 21 package program. Results: Of all participants, %74.6 were female and %25.4 were male. Their mean age was 20.86±2.03. %32.5 were physiotherapy students, %30.7 were nursing students, %26.3 were health institutions management students and %10.4 were nutrition and dietetics students. %51.1 (n=506) of the students do not have a regular and balanced diet. As for the BMI of participants, %79.9 were labelled as normal weight with the value under 25 kg/m2, %16.6 were overweight with 25-30 kg/m2 and %3.6 were found to be obese with 31 kg/ m2. The mean wellness scores of the participants were 88.39±12.66 (min:24, max:120). As for the subscales, the mean scores of giving meaning to life and being goal- driven were 26.88±4.63; of cognitive subscale was 16.43±2.71; of emotional subscale was 17.65±3.24; of physical subscale was 11.31±3.33 and of social subscale was 16.10±2.60. According to Maslach Burnout Inventory, the mean scores of burnout, desensitization and competence sub-factors were 15.14±5.00, 10.27±4.05 and 12.26±3.00, respectively. There is a significant moderate and negative oriented relationship (%35) among students’ total scores of Wellness Scale, burnout and desensitization scores (burnout; r=-0.359; desensitization r=-0.358; p=0.000). However, there is a significant moderate and positive oriented relationship (%42) between their total scores of Wellness Scale and competence scores (r=0.428,p=0.000). There is no significant relationship between BMI of the students and burnout score (p=0.189). Nevertheless, there is a significant low and positive oriented relationship between BMI of the students and Wellness Scale scores (r=0.273, p=0.024). Conclusion: The fact that students do not have a regular and balanced diets dies poses a risk of increase in the population of pre-obese and obese in the future. The more students’ level of wellness increases, the more their level of competence increases while the burnout and desensitization levels decrease. BMI of the students has been found to have a positive impact upon students’ wellness although it has no effect on burnout level.