SummaryIn this article, a new quantum social spider optimization (QSSO) algorithm is proposed. In the QSSO algorithm, we introduce an encoding approach based on bits described on social spider optimization (SSO) and serves as the evolution method of the population space. For the encoding of individuals, the probability amplitude expression of quantum bit is applied to describe the position of individuals, by which one individual's position can be expressed as the superposition of multistates. In such a way, the population diversity and the global searching capability of the SSO algorithm are enhanced. The QSSO algorithm was used to optimize the hydropower station dispatch, and the calculation results show that QSSO algorithm has fast convergence, small number of tuning parameters, high calculation accuracy, stability, simple, and is easy to be implemented with strong global search capability.