Social Ski Driver Research Articles

Optimized hybrid machine learning approach for smartphone based diabetic retinopathy detection.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is defined as the Diabetes Mellitus difficulty that harms the blood vessels in the retina. It is also known as a silent disease and cause mild vision issues or no symptoms. In order to enhance the chances of effective treatment, yearly eye tests are vital for premature discovery. Hence, it uses fundus cameras for capturing retinal images, but due to its size and cost, it is a troublesome for extensive screening. Therefore, the smartphones are utilized for scheming low-power, small-sized, and reasonable retinal imaging schemes to activate automated DR detection and DR screening. In this article, the new DIY (do it yourself) smartphone enabled camera is used for smartphone based DR detection. Initially, the preprocessing like green channel transformation and CLAHE (Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization) are performed. Further, the segmentation process starts with optic disc segmentation by WT (watershed transform) and abnormality segmentation (Exudates, microaneurysms, haemorrhages, and IRMA) by Triplet half band filter bank (THFB). Then the different features are extracted by Haralick and ADTCWT (Anisotropic Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform) methods. Using life choice-based optimizer (LCBO) algorithm, the optimal features are chosen from the mined features. Then the selected features are applied to the optimized hybrid ML (machine learning) classifier with the combination of NN and DCNN (Deep Convolutional Neural Network) in which the SSD (Social Ski-Driver) is utilized for the best weight values of hybrid classifier to categorize the severity level as mild DR, severe DR, normal, moderate DR, and Proliferative DR. The proposed work is simulated in python environment and to test the efficiency of the proposed scheme the datasets like APTOS-2019-Blindness-Detection, and EyePacs are used. The model has been evaluated using different performance metrics. The simulation results verified that the suggested scheme is provides well accuracy for each dataset than other current approaches.

Social ski driver conditional autoregressive-based deep learning classifier for flight delay prediction

The importance of robust flight delay prediction has recently increased in the air transportation industry. This industry seeks alternative methods and technologies for more robust flight delay prediction because of its significance for all stakeholders. The most affected are airlines that suffer from monetary and passenger loyalty losses. Several studies have attempted to analysed and solve flight delay prediction problems using machine learning methods. This research proposes a novel alternative method, namely social ski driver conditional autoregressive-based (SSDCA-based) deep learning. Our proposed method combines the Social Ski Driver algorithm with Conditional Autoregressive Value at Risk by Regression Quantiles. We consider the most relevant instances from the training dataset, which are the delayed flights. We applied data transformation to stabilise the data variance using Yeo-Johnson. We then perform the training and testing of our data using deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) and SSDCA-based algorithms. The SSDCA-based optimisation algorithm helped us choose the right network architecture with better accuracy and less error than the existing literature. The results of our proposed SSDCA-based method and existing benchmark methods were compared. The efficiency and computational time of our proposed method are compared against the existing benchmark methods. The SSDCA-based DRNN provides a more accurate flight delay prediction with 0.9361 and 0.9252 accuracy rates on both dataset-1 and dataset-2, respectively. To show the reliability of our method, we compared it with other meta-heuristic approaches. The result is that the SSDCA-based DRNN outperformed all existing benchmark methods tested in our experiment.

Improved Social Ski Driver-Based MPPT for Partial Shading Conditions Hybridized With Constant Voltage Method for Fast Response to Load Variations

In this paper, an Improved Social Ski Driver based MPPT algorithm (ISSD-MPPT) has been proposed. Single dynamic tuning parameter making the algorithm implementation simpler as compared to the others. Besides, the ISSD-MPPT also increased the convergence speed (CS) by 38.75% compared to the conventional Social Ski Driver algorithm (SSD). Then, a new approach to increase the response speed during load variations, which is applicable in any conventional dc-dc converter, has been proposed. Different complex Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs) were tested on a buck-boost converter with an average tracking time less than 1s and a tracking efficiency of 99.8%. The MPPT rating through rating computation technique proved the proposed method consists of a higher number of features, with fast CS for irradiance and load variations, along with the low power fluctuations during the tracking state.

Optimal design of low computational burden model predictive control based on SSDA towards autonomous vehicle under vision dynamics

The adjusting of autonomous vehicles (AVs) steering angle represents a challenging issue in the intelligent vehicular applications. Among different control strategies, the model predictive control (MPC) is devoted to providing efficacious steering control for the AVs. However, the formulation of MPC with a few parameters is the main challenge to overcome the complicated computation that happens due to the long prediction and control horizons. Hybridization between discrete-time Laguerre function (DTLF) and MPC is suggested to formulate the MPC with few parameters. While the hybrid DTLF–MPC requires an adequate tuning technique for their gains to improve the system performance. A new low computational burden design is proposed in this paper to adjust the gains of the hybrid DTLF–MPC based on the social ski driver algorithm (SSDA). This algorithm is developed as a recently artificial intelligence technique. The tuned hybrid DTLF–MPC by SSDA is devoted to control AV's steering angle. Furthermore, the proposed system takes into account the vision dynamics. The system performance based on the tuned DTLF–MPC by SSDA is evaluated with the MPC based on the neural network algorithm for comparison. Different scenarios are carried out to confirm the superiority of the suggested control mechanism to handle small as well as large-scale variations of road curvatures.

Social-sine cosine algorithm-based cross layer resource allocation in wireless network

Cross layer resource allocation in the wireless networks is approached traditionally either by communications networks or information theory. The major issue in networking is the allocation of limited resources from the users of network. In traditional layered network, the resource are allocated at medium access control (MAC) and the network layers uses the communication links in bit pipes for delivering the data at fixed rate with the occasional random errors. Hence, this paper presents the cross-layer resource allocation in wireless network based on the proposed social-sine cosine algorithm (SSCA). The proposed SSCA is designed by integrating social ski driver (SSD) and sine cosine algorithm (SCA). Also, for further refining the resource allocation scheme, the proposed SSCA uses the fitness based on energy and fairness in which max-min, hard-fairness, proportional fairness, mixed-bias and the maximum throughput is considered. Based on energy and fairness, the cross-layer optimization entity makes the decision on resource allocation to mitigate the sum rate of network. The performance of resource allocation based on proposed model is evaluated based on energy, throughput, and the fairness. The developed model achieves the maximal energy of 258213, maximal throughput of 3.703, and the maximal fairness of 0.868, respectively.

A Hybrid Feature Selection Optimization Model for High Dimension Data Classification

Feature selection is an NP-hard combinatorial problem, in which the number of possible feature subsets increases exponentially with the number of features. In the case of large dimensionality, the goal of feature selection is to determine the smallest possible features considering the most informative subset. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid feature selection optimization model for Cancer Classification called, ENSVM. Our model is based on using the Elastic Net (EN) method that regulates and selects variables for gene selection of genomic microarray data. We applied three different optimization techniques namely Social Ski-Driver (SSD), Randomized SearchCV (RS) and Elastic NetCV (ENCV) for determining Elastic Net with traditional Support Vector Machines for classification. To evaluate the model, we compared the results of applying ENSVM to seven genomic microarray data with the SSD-SVM model and SVM with (RBF) kernel without any feature selection method. The results of the comparison revealed the effect of ENSVM in selecting the optimal feature subset that maximized the classification performance. Accordingly, minimizing the number of features is significant when analyzing high dimensional data for performance nevertheless accuracy. Moreover, the ENSVM model is superior compared with the SSD-SVM model.

Optimal power generation for wind-hydro-thermal system using meta-heuristic algorithms

In this paper, Cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is suggested for determining optimal operation parameters of the combined wind turbine and hydrothermal system (CWHTS) in order to minimize total fuel cost of all operating thermal power plants while all constraints of plants and system are exactly satisfied. In addition to CSA, Particle swarm optimization (PSO), PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight factor (FCIWPSO) and Social Ski-Driver (SSD) are also implemented for comparisons. The CWHTS is optimally scheduled over twenty-four one-hour interval and total cost of producing power energy is employed for comparison. Via numerical results and graphical results, it indicates CSA can reach much better results than other ones in terms of lower total cost, higher success rate and faster search process. Consequently, the conclusion is confirmed that CSA is a very efficient method for the problem of determining optimal operation parameters of CWHTS.

Optimal biomarker selection using adaptive Social Ski-Driver optimization for liver cancer detection

Most essential biomolecule found in the human body is a biomarker; with these biomarkers, the abnormal biological processes and disease states of each patient can be accurately determined. Nowadays, the biomarker applications are frequently applied during clinical trials to identify cancer patients. In this method, the major significance of miRNA biomarkers during liver cancer detection is analysed. For such analysis, a deep learning technique is introduced along with optimization algorithms. Six different filter-based approaches are considered for feature selection they are Chi-Squared (Chi2), Information Gain (IG), Gain Ratio (GR), Symmetrical Uncertainty (SU), RelieF (RF) and RF-W. Two high ranked features from these selected features are extracted by the Modified Social Ski-Driver optimization (MSSO) algorithm. With that high ranked features, the liver cancer tissues are accurately detected by Sunflower Optimization-based deep neural network (DSFNN) approach. The analysis part concludes that a miRNA biomarker having a higher rank provide better cancer detection results than other low-ranked biomarkers. In this work, 10 different, clinically verified miRNA biomarkers are selected for this detection process. The data required for liver cancer detection is selected from NCBI-GEO database. The performance of this entire cancer detection process is evaluated by accuracy, sensitivity, precision, specificity, and Area under curve (AUC) metrics. Furthermore, we also determined that the usage of 10, 5, and 3 clinically verified miRNAs provide better cancer detection results than other miRNAs. Among all clinically verified miRNAs, the selected three biomarkers (hsa-mir-10b, hsa-let-7c, hsa-mir-145) has attained higher recognition result. The performance result attained by the proposed DSFNN is compared with five different algorithms for both training and validation datasets.

An optimized deep learning architecture for the diagnosis of COVID-19 disease based on gravitational search optimization

In this paper, a novel approach called GSA-DenseNet121-COVID-19 based on a hybrid convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture is proposed using an optimization algorithm. The CNN architecture that was used is called DenseNet121, and the optimization algorithm that was used is called the gravitational search algorithm (GSA). The GSA is used to determine the best values for the hyperparameters of the DenseNet121 architecture. To help this architecture to achieve a high level of accuracy in diagnosing COVID-19 through chest x-ray images. The obtained results showed that the proposed approach could classify 98.38% of the test set correctly. To test the efficacy of the GSA in setting the optimum values for the hyperparameters of DenseNet121. The GSA was compared to another approach called SSD-DenseNet121, which depends on the DenseNet121 and the optimization algorithm called social ski driver (SSD). The comparison results demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed GSA-DenseNet121-COVID-19. As it was able to diagnose COVID-19 better than SSD-DenseNet121 as the second was able to diagnose only 94% of the test set. The proposed approach was also compared to another method based on a CNN architecture called Inception-v3 and manual search to quantify hyperparameter values. The comparison results showed that the GSA-DenseNet121-COVID-19 was able to beat the comparison method, as the second was able to classify only 95% of the test set samples. The proposed GSA-DenseNet121-COVID-19 was also compared with some related work. The comparison results showed that GSA-DenseNet121-COVID-19 is very competitive.

Rough sets and social ski-driver optimization for drug toxicity analysis

Background and objectives: Toxicity testing is an important step for developing new drugs, and animals are widely used in this step by exposing them to the toxicants. Zebrafishes are widely used for measuring and detecting the toxicity. However, measuring and testing toxicity manually is not feasible due to the large number of embryos. This work presents an automated model to investigate the toxicity of two toxicants (3, 4-Dichloroaniline (34DCA) and p-Tert-Butylphenol (PTBP)).Methods: The proposed model consists of two steps. In the first step, a set of features is extracted from microscopic images of zebrafish embryos using the Segmentation-Based Fractal Texture Analysis (SFTA) technique. Secondly, a novel rough set-based model using Social ski-driver (SSD) is used to find a global minimal subset of features that preserves important information of the original features. In the third step, the AdaBoost classifier is used to classify an unknown sample to alive or coagulant after exposing the embryo to a toxic compound.Results: For detecting the toxicity, the proposed model is compared with (i) three deterministic rough set reduction algorithms and (ii) the PSO-based algorithm. The classification performance rate of our model was ranged from 97.1% to 99.5% and it outperformed the other algorithms.Conclusions: The results of our experiments proved that the proposed drug toxicity model is efficient for rough set-based feature selection and it obtains a high classification performance.

Hybrid gravitational search algorithm based model for optimizing coverage and connectivity in wireless sensor networks

Recently, the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) found its extensive application in surveillance and target tracking. For these two WSN applications, connectivity and coverage play a major role most particularly for target tracking. A large number of available sensor nodes track targets, during which a massive redundant data gets generated, which may minimize the system performance. Most particularly during the sensor node failure, the major intention of coverage and connectivity optimization model is to select less number of sensor nodes with maximum direct sensor node connectivity. But existing algorithms fail to achieve minimal node selection, therefore to mitigate the barriers of the traditional coverage algorithms, this paper proposed the hybrid Gravitational Search algorithm with social ski-driver (GSA-SSD) based model. This hybrid approach in target based WSN optimizes the coverage and connectivity requirement. By adapting the dynamic behaviour of SSD algorithm, the performance of GSA gets improved. Finally, the relative performance of the proposed hybrid GSA-SSD based optimization model is validated and compared with other optimization algorithms. On the basis of uncovered area rate and a number of sensor nodes the performance is evaluated. The results are implemented in the MATLAB simulation tool. Further, the performance enhancement in terms of uncovered area rate, number of selected active sensors, energy consumption, connectivity and network lifetime is achieved with randomly deployed nodes.

Group based emotion recognition from video sequence with hybrid optimization based recurrent fuzzy neural network

Group-based emotion recognition (GER) is an interesting topic in both security and social area. In this paper, a GER with hybrid optimization based recurrent fuzzy neural network is proposed which is from video sequence. In our work, by utilizing the Neural Network the emotion recognition (ER) is performed from group of people. Initially, original video frames are taken as input and pre-process it from multi user video data. From this pre-processed image, the feature extraction is done by Multivariate Local Texture Pattern (MLTP), gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), and Local Energy based Shape Histogram (LESH). After extracting the features, certain features are selected using Modified Sea-lion optimization algorithm process. Finally, recurrent fuzzy neural network (RFNN) classifier based Social Ski-Driver (SSD) optimization algorithm is proposed for classification process, SSD is used for updating the weights in the RFNN. Python platform is utilized to implement this work and the performance of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, recall and precision is evaluated with some existing techniques. The proposed method accuracy is 99.16%, recall is 99.33%, precision is 99%, sensitivity is 99.93% and specificity is 99% when compared with other deep learning techniques our proposed method attains good result.

Optimisation of both classifier and fusion based feature set for static American sign language recognition

Sign language recognition becomes a popular research field in human–computer interaction. Attention on hand signal analysis helps to make easy communication among computer and human for information sharing. Major focus of the gesture recognition system is to identify and recognise various gestures, by a computer. This study introduces optimisation of both classifier and feature set for static American sign language recognition. Initially, the hand part is segmented from other parts of the image through effective edge and skin colour detection. Thereafter, robust features are obtained using discrete cosine transform, Zernike moment, scale-invariant feature transform, speeded-up robust features, histogram of oriented gradients and binary object features from the segmented hand image. From these extracted features, an optimal feature set is selected by social ski driver optimisation algorithm. Deep Elman recurrent neural network classifier is then introduced for recognition purpose. Optimisation is performed on feature sets, derived by fusion of features obtained from the above methods, based on precision, accuracy, F-measure and recall. Finally, optimised feature set and best classifier are used to recognise the hand gesture for classification purpose. The performance of this proposed method is evaluated and compared with existing literature.

Late Acceptance Hill Climbing Based Social Ski Driver Algorithm for Feature Selection

Feature selection (FS) is mainly used as a pre-processing tool to reduce dimensionality by eliminating irrelevant or redundant features to be used for a machine learning or data mining algorithm. In this paper, we have introduced binary variant of a recently proposed meta-heuristic algorithm called Social Ski Driver (SSD) optimization. To the best of our knowledge, SSD has not been used yet in the domain of FS. Two binary variants of SSD are proposed using S-shaped and V-shaped transfer functions. Besides, the exploitation ability of SSD is improved by using a local search method, called Late Acceptance Hill Climbing (LAHC). The hybrid meta-heuristic is then converted to binary version by using said transfer functions. The proposed methods are applied on 18 standard UCI datasets and compared with 15 state-of-the-art FS methods. Also to check the robustness of the proposed method, we have applied it to 3 high dimensional microarray datasets and compared with 6 state-of-the-art methods. Achieved results confirm the superiority of the proposed methods compared to other meta-heuristic wrapper based FS methods considered here. Source code of this work is available at https://github.com/consigliere19/SSD-LAHC.

Deep Neural Network and Social Ski-Driver Optimization Algorithm for Power System Restoration with VSC - HVDC Technology

Deep Neural Network and Social Ski-Driver Optimization Algorithm for Power System Restoration with VSC - HVDC Technology

Parameters optimization of support vector machines for imbalanced data using social ski driver algorithm

The parameters of support vector machines (SVMs) such as kernel parameters and the penalty parameter have a great influence on the accuracy and complexity of the classification models. In the past, different evolutionary optimization algorithms were employed for optimizing SVMs; in this paper, we propose a social ski-driver (SSD) optimization algorithm which is inspired from different evolutionary optimization algorithms for optimizing the parameters of SVMs, with the aim of improving the classification performance. To cope with the problem of imbalanced data which is one of the challenging problems for building robust classification models, the proposed algorithm (SSD-SVM) was enhanced to deal with imbalanced data. In this study, eight standard imbalanced datasets were used for testing our proposed algorithm. For verification, the results of the SSD-SVM algorithm are compared with grid search, which is a conventional method of searching parameter values, and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The experimental results show that the SSD-SVM algorithm is capable of finding near-optimal values of SVMs parameters. The results also demonstrated high classification performance compared to the PSO algorithm.

Accurate Speech Emotion Recognition by using Brain-Inspired Decision-Making Spiking Neural Network

A portion of speech recognition is taken away by emotion recognition which is a smart update and it is necessary for its gain massively. Feature selection is an indispensable stage among the furtherance of various schemes in order to implement the classification of sentiments in speaking. The communication among features prompted from the alike audio origin has been rarely deliberated at present, which might yield terminated features and cause an upswing in the computational costs. To resolve these defects the deep learning-based feature extraction technique is used. An incredible modernization in speech recognition in recent years incorporates machine learning techniques with a deep structure for feature extraction. In this paper, the speech signal obtained from the SAVEE database is used as an input for a deep belief network. In order to perform pre-training in the network, the layer-wise rapacious feature extraction tactic is implemented and by using systematic samples, the smearing back-propagation method is accomplished for attaining fine-tuning. Brain-inspired decision-making spiking neural network (SNNs) is used to recognize different emotions but training by deep SNNs remains a challenge, but it improves the determination of the result. In order to enhance the parameters of SNNs, a social ski-driver (SSD) evolutionary optimization algorithm is used. The results of the SNN-SSD algorithm are related to artificial neural networks and long short term memory with different emotions to refine the classification for authorization.