Social Settlement Research Articles

Reading, Writing, and Redemption: Literacy Sponsorship and the Mexican-American Settlement Movement in Texas

Social settlements established in the United States in the late nineteenth century and the twentieth century were important sites of literacy sponsorship for immigrant families. In Texas settlement houses differed from their larger Eastern and Midwestern counterparts in that they were founded against a backdrop of often angry anti-Mexican sentiment and in a region in which the white settlers themselves were often the more recent immigrants. An understanding of these differences contributes to a more complete picture of the varieties of social settlement experiments and their literacy practices in the United States.

Sanofi-Aventis and the Complexity of Capitalist Organization

Using case study material on French pharmaceutical firm Sanofi-Aventis, this article aims to elaborate on recent criticisms of the varieties of capitalism (VoC) perspective. The article claims that the VoC approach is not so much ‘wrong’ as limited, both by its narrow focus on the national and its exclusive concern with mapping national institutional organization. The article highlights the important role of sectoral and global institutions, and discusses the difficulty of reading firm strategy directly from national institutional change, when ownership and personnel changes often provide senior management with greater autonomy to pursue divergent strategies which are difficult to generalize from the national level. In the case of Sanofi, the article finds that, whilst domestic institutional shifts explain the timing of the company's strategic change, sectoral and global institutions play a more important role in understanding the form and direction of that change. Meanwhile, Sanofi's PDG, Jean-François DeHecq, drew on non-national institutions — notably US- and UK-based institutional shareholders who bought the new share issues, and foreign investment banks which brokered acquisitions — to operationalize a discretionary strategy of expansion in the US market. The article argues that VoC's emphasis on national institutional configurations fails to adequately engage with these complexities. Further, it presents empirics on Sanofi's geographical accumulation and reinvestment of profit, which highlights how funds generated in the US were recycled in France to support well-paid research and manufacturing jobs. The article concludes that Sanofi is better thought of as part of a disorganized but interconnected economic world, where firms operate as a kind of conduit for cross-subsidy between national social settlements. This requires us to question VoC's emphasis on national complementarities and encourages us to think divergently about the degree of separateness between national capitalisms.

RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY IN LATE ANTIQUITY: AN INTRODUCTION

The place of religion in the world of Late Antiquity, no less than in our modern world, has been the subject of great debate in recent years. Late Antiquity was a period of diversity and change. The relationship between archaeology and the study of religion has not always been smooth. Archaeologists have at times placed religion and religious belief on the fringes of their research, preferring to focus on economic and social structures, production and settlement. Archaeological discovery and the ongoing reassessment of older literary and material evidence continue to reinforce the diversity of late antique religion. The Christian Empire offered imperial patronage to those who accepted the approved orthodoxy in belief and practice and the threat of persecution to those who did not, together with the structures required to define that orthodoxy at an empire-wide level through the ecumenical council and imperial law. Keywords: archaeological discovery; Christian empire; late antiquity; orthodoxy; religious diversity

Learning From Housing: A Retrospective Narrative of Housing Environments in North Cyprus

This study attempts to assess housing developments on the island of Cyprus by referring to the various actions taken and policies implemented during different periods as a result of changing socio-economic and political dynamics. From this perspective, the methodology of the study is based on an assessment of housing developments throughout periods which coincide with certain socio-political thresholds in the history of the island, such as the year 1974, which resulted in the division of the island into two as Northern and Southern parts, and the year 2004, in which the overall setting is changed as Southern part of the island became member of EU. The overall developments and transformations in housing developments are considered as a mirror image of the actors, actions and associations in building activity throughout the periods referred to in this paper. Nicosia as the capital city of the island, has experienced different spatial transformations, and is comprised of a diversity of housing schemes ranging from the low cost housing units of urban workers, located next to the centers of traditional employment, to the large refugee housing estates and to the institutionalized social housing settlements. In this regard, the study aims to understand, interpret and learn from past experiences in the field of housing developments in order to provide lessons which will serve to support future sustainable living environments, since the current situation is at a critical point, and is currently requiring the interest and attention of the responsible authorities.

Workplace Democracy and the Global Financial Crisis

The global financial crisis provides an opportunity for Australia to undertake reforms that will create a more democratic workplace. This will require a new social settlement between government, employers and unions, which not only restores and extends collective bargaining rights but also strengthens workers’ legal rights to participate in decision making at the enterprise level. In the global era, Australia should also play a more active role in supporting efforts by international bodies, such as the ILO, to promote decent jobs which embody core labour standards. This paper examines recent Australian and international experience as well as outlining future challenges for workplace democracy.

Annie Marion MacLean, Feminist Pragmatist and Methodologist

Annie Marion MacLean was a major Chicago sociologist and methodologist. She was profoundly influenced by the gendered division of labor in sociology during her era. MacLean combined her work with the men and women of the early Chicago school of sociology and the women of Hull-House, an early social settlement. As a feminist pragmatist, MacLean was both a theorist and practitioner who used qualitative and quantitative methods. She set precedents in the Chicago school of ethnography, participant observation, and critical methodology. MacLean, however, was not the “mother” of ethnography. Harriet Martineau holds a far stronger claim to be a founding contributor to the origin and development of ethnographic methodologies in the social sciences.

Converging at the Center in Britain

Under Brown's rather uncharismatic leadership, something like a new political and social settlement seems to be in place, and the best measure of that is how little a Tory government would alter it.

Urban Settlement Houses and Rural Parishes: The Ministry of the Sisters of Christian Doctrine, 1910-1986

Urban Settlement Houses and Rural Parishes: The Ministry of the Sisters of Christian Doctrine, 1910-1986 Margaret M. McGuinness B y the end of the nineteenth century, women religious representing many communities were a familiar sight inAmerican cities and towns. In addition to those founded to meet the specific needs of American Catholics, such as Elizabeth Seton’s Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg), a number of European communities had responded to the entreaties ofAmerican bishops and sent sisters across the ocean to teach school, staff hospitals, and minister to the poor.As a result, young women called to serve God and others were able to choose from a number of apostolic communities, each contributing in a distinct way to the development of the Catholic Church in America. In recent years, studies documenting the work of women’s religious communities and their place in the story of American Catholicism have steadily grown. Some, such as Carol Coburn and Martha Smith’s work on the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondolet, have demonstrated the influence of women religious on the development of American Catholicism through an examination of a particular community. Others, such as Barbara Mann Wall’s study of nursing sisters and the development of Catholic hospitals , have focused on several communities sharing a common apostolate. Still others, including recent books by Maureen Fitzgerald on Irish Catholic nuns and their work among the poor, and Amy Koehlinger on sisters’ involvement in the struggle for civil rights, have focused on the response of women religious to specific societal needs.1 Little attention has been paid, however, to the role played by smaller com23 1. See Carol K. Coburn and Martha Smith, Spirited Lives: How Nuns Shaped Catholic Culture and American Life, 1836-1920 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1999); Barbara Mann Wall, Unlikely Entrepreneurs: Catholic Sisters and the Hospital Marketplace, 1865-1925 (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 2005); Maureen Fitzgerald, Habits of Compassion: Irish Catholic Nuns and the Origins of New York’s Welfare System, 1830-1920 (Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2006); Amy L. Koehlinger, The New Nuns: Racial Justice and Religious Reform in the 1960s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007). munities of women religious in American Catholic life, especially those whose apostolate included neither teaching nor nursing. Since the histories of many of these communities have not yet been written, they are often overlooked in broader comparative studies because even though they were supportive of and participated in movements for social justice, lack of personnel and resources prevented them from becoming a highly visible presence in this work. Founded in 1910, the Sisters of Our Lady of Christian Doctrine is one small community of American women religious that has received little attention from historians of either American Catholicism or women. Despite the fact that they have never numbered more than about seventy professed women at any one time, these sisters and others like them represent a vital part of the larger history of American Catholicism: women religious who were neither teachers nor nurses nor contemplatives, but who were able to minister to the physical and spiritual needs of Catholics in ways other communities could not. Marion Gurney, the community’s foundress, believed God was calling her to offer material assistance and religious education to the poor flocking to America’s cities during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Unable to find a community that would allow her to carry out this work in the way she believed was most efficient , which was establishing Catholic social settlements whose programs would offer material comfort and sustenance to the poor as well as religious education and sacramental preparation, Gurney founded a religious community known as the “Institute of Our Lady of Christian Doctrine.”2 Catholic women, primarily from New York City and its suburbs, would learn of this community from either priests who worked with its members or from a personal encounter with a Sister of Christian Doctrine. Sister Dorothea McCarthy, who entered the Sisters of Christian Doctrine in 1936 at the age of nineteen, for instance, knew she had a vocation to religious life, but also wanted to work with the poor. A priest at...

Lillian Wald: A Biography (review)

Reviewed by: Lillian Wald: A Biography Elisabeth Israels Perry Lillian Wald: A Biography. By Marjorie N. Feld. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2008. According to Marjorie Feld, historians have failed to do justice to settlement worker Lillian Wald's religious and ethnic identity. Despite Wald's adherence to a nonsectarian universalism rooted in the Protestant Social Gospel and her personal resistance to particularist labels, Jewish historians continue to claim her as one of their own. At the same time, historians of women fail to deal with Wald's Jewish origins and instead focus almost exclusively on her feminism. Feld contends that Wald's designation as a feminist is problematic, too. Although Wald promoted women's rights, and gender was at the center of her social vision, her insistence on an essential nature for women ultimately distanced her from modern feminism. Born in 1867 to an assimilated, secularized, upper-middle-class family of German Jews from Rochester, N.Y., by the late 1880s Wald had turned to nursing in her quest for "serious, definite work." This profession took her to New York City's Lower East Side, where she discovered the desperate need of immigrant communities for accessible health care. Determined to help meet this need, she persuaded wealthy benefactors, most notably financier Jacob Schiff (who became one of her closest friends), to finance a visiting nursing service. Over time this service grew into a social settlement that pursued an agenda of reforms designed, as Feld puts it, to "soften the rough edges of industrial capitalism (65)." As head worker at the Henry Street Settlement, Wald evolved into one of the city's most prominent advocates not only for public health reforms but also for the reform of municipal government, revision of tenement laws, legalization of labor unions, and protection of the rights of racial minorities, women, children, and immigrants. Wald has received much less scholarly attention than Jane Addams, to whom she is often compared. For this reason alone, Feld's book is a welcome addition to Progressive-Era studies. Despite its title, however, it is less a biography than a critical analysis of Wald's social reform vision. Feld roots this vision in Wald's spiritual and gender identities which were formed in Wald's "hometown lessons," absorbed during her Rochester upbringing, on ethnic identity and gender difference. Carrying this theme throughout her book, Feld covers Henry Street and its programs, Wald's work for international peace, her publications, and her views on the Russian revolution, New Deal, Equal Rights Amendment, and Zionism. Feld presents these and other topics in a manner well informed by current scholarship on ethnic and cultural history. While Feld's book is definitely useful, it leaves key questions unanswered. We never learn how Wald's nursing service "became" a social settlement, or why so many people came to love and admire her. We hear Wald's "voice" through excerpts from her letters and speeches, but we never get a systematic description of the evolution or political meaning of her public power. Feld provides only a few prose portraits of Wald's many friends and associates, and although she calls attention to the world of women activists in which Wald functioned, and hints at issues of homosexuality and homosociality, she [End Page 288] doesn't explore them. In short, much about Wald's life story remains to be explored. Elisabeth Israels Perry Saint Louis University Copyright © 2010 Mid-America American Studies Association

Civic engagement: social science and Progressive-era reform in New York City

Introduction 1 COMPETING GOSPELS: MAKE WAY FOR SCIENCE AND FOR LIGHT! From Study of Nature to Knowledge of themselves Christian Sociology, spirit for science, or species of venerable quackery? dilemma of intelligence in a democratic society Expert intelligence: Leaders or public servants? Who was progressive and what was regression? academic quarrel limits of dissent: Trustees and faculty 2 FROM NOBLESSE OBLIGE SOCIAL REFORM IN NEW PHILANTHROPY OF SCIENTIFIC CHARITY Toward a of dealing with poor: Mrs. Lowell's Society deserving and undeserving poor The with the rank of a first school of applied science: York School of Philanthropy The sensational story of industrial Pittsburgh: science and change 3 SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS AS NEIGHBORHOOD DEMOCRACY OR AS BENEVOLENT PATERNALISM? In daily personal contact with working people Responsible self-government, associating...as equals in a New and Perfect City social experiment of Henry Street, and Greenwich House's passionate attempt to realize Settlements as Laboratories in attitude of mind scholar-activists: Frances Kellor's new sociology and suffrage Democracy upon paper?: continuing dilemma of benevolent paternalism 4 SCIENCE OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: SCIENTIFIC TRAINING OR AGENTS OF WALL STREET? An era of constructive municipal undertakings of Municipal Research versus Tammany Hall: Intelligent control Bureau of Municipal Besmirch versus Tammany: Applying methods to government No more important for science of administration: Schools Collaborate Another Realm: Women's historic function...along line of cleanliness... Limits of Research: Scientists as white slaves of philanthropy? The only kind of an expert that democracy will and ought to tolerate 5 TO LOOK AFTER NATION'S CROP OF CHILDREN Clearly a Duty of Federal Government: A Children's based absolutely work Scholar and Impatient Crusader: Florence Kelley and National Consumers' League Sociological jurisprudence: Kelley, Goldmark Sisters, and Brandeis brief Frances Perkins: I'd much rather get a law than organize a union Effective child law efficiently enforced Mothers' pensions: A right and not as dole Federal Child Labor Law: The evil of premature and excessive child labor 6 SELF-CONSTITUTED LEADERS OR 'TEACHERS' WHOSE PRINCIPAL AIM IS DOMINATION?: SOCIAL SCIENCE, ORGANIZED LABOR, AND SOCIAL INSURANCE LEGISLATION Life material...upon which these professional workers experiment Voluntarism: Self-determination or reactionary self-interest? Erratic college professors, on ragged edge of socialism laboratory of scientific legislative drafting first success: Ending phosphorous poisoning pride in enactment: Employer liability and workmen's compensation Triangle fire: Safer working conditions, a minimum wage, and adversaries of both What next?: Government aid for elderly, unemployed, and ill 7 SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE NEGRO PROBLEM: FROM NORDIC MYTH NAACP AND NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE Eugenics and of racism Harvard and Columbia's first African-American Ph.D.s, in the great of York City: Du Bois and Haynes Mary White Ovington and Call From standpoint of modern science, are Negroes men?: Founding of NAACP union of opposition to the forces of evil: NAACP Equal opportunity...conditioned by character only: National Urban League Why two organizations? Dividing mission 8 OUR IDEAS WILL BECOME COMMON CURRENCY: SOCIAL SCIENCE POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT IN ELECTION OF 1912 AND ITS AFTERMATH and sociological experts in the stern arena of political action 23 Standards of Social Science Platform Roosevelt and the best people Progressivism or betrayal? Race and Progressive party Women in Political Bondage: Vote Progressive Ticket to Make Us Free Who was truly a progressive? scientists all sides in election Defined by laws and ... manned by experts Epilogue Appendix Notes Index Acknowledgments

Gender, Ageing and the ‘New Social Settlement’

The article documents a shift in the assumptions underpinning welfare state change in Europe, towards an ‘adult worker family model’ in the context of dramatic family and labour market changes. This set of assumptions, in which all adult men and women are presumed to be active in the labour market and increasingly self-supporting, amounts to a new ‘social settlement’. The article suggests that, given the existing gendered division of paid and unpaid work, the lack of attention on the part of policy-makers to the issue of care and care work means that women are unlikely to become fully autonomous citizen workers, which will in turn exacerbate gender inequalities in later life. The article argues first, that the degree of behavioural change does not fully support the major shift in policy assumptions; second, that the assumptions being made by policy-makers about what will happen to care work are untenable; and third, reviews the existing policy logics and debates about care before sketching what is needed to secure a holistic approach to care.

White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-vice Activism, 1887-1917

Early twentieth-century Americans seemed obsessed with white slavery crusades, efforts to extirpate prostitution that launched dozens of urban vice investigations, a spate of state legislation, and ultimately, passage of the federal Mann Act (or the White Slave Traffic Act) in 1910, criminalizing the interstate transportation of women for “immoral purposes.” That preoccupation was not merely the result of an urban panic but reflected as well Americans' efforts to negotiate a rapidly changing gender and racial order. In this well-researched and nuanced study of anti-vice efforts in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco, Brian Donovan explores the “reactions of native-born whites to new immigrant groups in Chicago; to African Americans in New York City; and to Chinese immigrants in San Francisco,” deftly revealing the commonalities and differences among anti-vice crusaders in these distinct urban settings (p. 4). While Donovan supports the notion that the white slavery crusades served “as a project of social control” and agrees that they allowed white males to sustain their hegemony, he notes that most scholars who support that interpretation ignore the often multivalent nature of the crusaders and their response to shifting racial and gender boundaries (p. 130). The Chicago anti-vice crusader Clifford Roe and the New York City district attorney James Bronson Reynolds viewed women engaged in the white slave trade as passive victims of male treachery; exhibited a clear nativist hostility to immigrants; and focused on the moral responsibility of white men and women to protect themselves from vice and to police racial boundaries. However, the social settlement leader Jane Addams of Hull House in Chicago and the missionary Donaldina Cameron at the San Francisco Mission Home adopted a far more pluralist racial ideology, viewing immigrant acculturation not as an eradication of inferior cultures but rather “as a gradual process of urban adaptation” (p. 130). While Donovan rightly notes that Addams and Cameron took a more humane approach to the problem of prostitution—they viewed immigrant women as being victimized by the sexual coercion of the modern city—as reformers they still helped reinforce racial categories by emphasizing the distinctions among ethnic groups and by continuing to uphold the color line.

Hegel in Glasgow: Idealists and the emergence of adult education in the West of Scotland, 1866–1927

This paper considers how Hegel's philosophical idealism influenced the thinking and practical activities of four successive holders of the Chair of Moral Philosophy in the University of Glasgow between 1866 and 1927. It argues that their activities were shaped by Hegelian concepts of citizenship, which engendered a commitment to encouraging the organisation and development of liberal adult education. It considers how their support for social movements promoting new educational opportunities, notably university extension, the WEA and social settlement houses, had a substantial and lasting impact on the evolution of adult education during the twentieth century.

John Lovejoy Elliott and the Social Settlement Movement

During the Progressive Era, American social settlements played a critical role in helping immigrants adjust to a new life that was puzzling, difficult, and often grueling. Settlements offered immigrants medical help, language classes, art and music lessons, day-care services — and sometimes a place where they could learn to be community leaders. Most often, it is the inspiring work of women reformers that one thinks of in connection with the important work of social settlements. Yet among the many prominent women, several men in the settlement movement were influential and extraordinary in their own right. John Lovejoy Elliott, founder and head worker of the Hudson Guild in New York City, was a prime example.Although Elliott held such impressive posts as President of the Board of Directors of the National Federation of Settlements (from 1919 to 1923) and was described by one of his contemporaries as “one of the great social workers and spiritual leaders of our time…. a kind of lay saint,” historically Elliott's work has been overshadowed by that of his more famous female counterparts. Yet one could argue that it is Elliott who created and put into practice a settlement house that best addressed the needs of immigrants and most helped the immigrant underclass achieve some independence and political power.Although John Lovejoy Elliott had a single focus (helping immigrants), female settlement head workers, such as Jane Addams, often pursued a dual goal. They were concerned about helping immigrants, but also were intent on giving college-educated, middle-class or upper-class young American women something to do with their lives. “We have in America,” wrote Addams, “a fast growing number of cultivated young people who have no recognized outlet for their active abilities.”

Labour and Neo-Liberal Globalization in South Korea and Taiwan

As they increasingly embrace neo-liberal economic policies (especially since the 1997‐8 Asian financial crisis), the Northeast Asian NICs of South Korea and Taiwanarenowsaidtobelosingtheiruniquenessasalternativecapitalistmodels. Central to the neo-liberal project is labour flexibility. This entails the reform of employment legislation and of the wider social settlement between state, business and labour. This article will argue against the ‘homogenization’ thesis by revealing the distinctive political, economic and ideological characteristics that distinguish the recent market-oriented labour reforms in South Korea and Taiwan from neo-liberal transitions elsewhere. The sources of variation in the pathways of labour market reform within the Northeast Asian NICs will also be explained. Neo-liberal globalization is said to have homogenizing effects on formerly regionally specific capitalist forms. Long depicted as an alternative model of capitalist development, the Northeast Asian NICs of South Korea and Taiwan are now said to be losing their uniqueness astheyembrace neo-liberaleconomicpolicies,atransition hastened by the 1997‐8 Asian financial crisis. A crucial component of the transition to neo-liberalism is the creation of flexible labour forces. This entails the reform of institutional relationships that govern flexibility, namely, the regulations specified in employment legislation and the wider state-business-labour arrangements or social settlements underpinning those rules. From the perspective of recent labour reforms in South Korea (hereinafter Korea) and Taiwan, this article will question the ‘homogenization’ thesis. It will do so by revealing the distinctive political, economic and ideological characteristics that mark out the recent market-oriented labour reforms in Northeast Asia from neo-liberal transitions elsewhere. Having established the continuing distinctiveness of the Northeast

The education of Jane Addams

Introduction 1. Self-Made Man 2. The Predominant Elements of Her Character 3. Sober, Serious, and Earnest 4. Bread Givers 5. My Relations to God and the Universe 6. Cassandra 7. Claims So Keenly Felt 8. Scenes Among Gods and Giants 9. Never the Typical Old Maid 10. Some Curious Conclusions 11. The Subjective Necessity for the Social Settlement 12. Power in Me and Will to Dominate 13. The Luminous Medium 14. Unity of Action 15. What We Know Is Right Epilogue Notes Selected Bibliography Index Acknowledgments

African American Women and Social Action: The Clubwomen and Volunteerism from Jim Crow to the New Deal, 1896-1936

Preface Introduction Black Women and Social Action: A Historical Perspective African American Women Organize to Ameliorate Social Conditions Club Women and Social Housekeeping in the South Social Settlements and School Settlements Black Bourgeoisie in the Slums or Helping Women: Paradigms of Black Settlement Houses in the North and Midwest The National Urban League and the Professionalization of Black Social Workers A New Image: From the New Negro Woman to the New Deal Epilogue Manuscript Collections

Controversy and Conflict in the Henry Street Settlement Music School, 1927-1935

Controversy and Conflict in the Henry Street Settlement Music School, 1927–1935 Shannon L. Green (bio) In 1971 Helen Hall (1892-1982), the president of the National Federation of Settlements, published Unfinished Business in Neighborhood and Nation, memoirs of her tenure as Henry Street Settlement's second di-rector.1 The book relates many of the activities that took place at the settlement house, including those of its music school. Hall also describes with fondness many of Henry Street's staff members, including Grace Spofford, the second director of the settlement's music school. Curiously, Hall's book fails to make any mention of Hedi Katz, the music school's founder and first director, even though their terms at Henry Street overlapped by at least six months and Katz had led the school for its first eight years. Katz's peculiar absence is symptomatic of divisive opinions regarding the purpose of musical training within the social settlements during the years of the Great Depression. Beginning in the late 1880s and continuing well into the first half of the twentieth century, middle-class Progressivists founded settlement houses to alleviate the difficult living and working conditions of tenement neighborhoods.2 As urban community centers, social settlement houses in the large industrial cities of the United States were emblematic of the Progressive era in which they originated; many settlements, especially Hull-House in Chicago, were centers of the era's reform activities. Settlement leaders [End Page 73] were essential in the passage and implementation of laws involving child labor, the eight-hour workday, and improved safety in factories.3 Settlement workers, many of whom were "residents" living within the settlement houses, were for the most part middle-class white Protestant men and women. Many subscribed to Progressive philosophy, devoting their professional and personal lives to helping those deemed less fortunate in immediate and concrete ways. They brought educational opportunities to the tenements, offering an affordable means for the inhabitants to better their circumstances. In addition, settlements offered arts programs such as private music lessons, participation in choirs and other ensembles, and regular low-cost concerts to help tenement workers forget, if only temporarily, their deplorable living and working situations. After many years of offering various musical activities to the surrounding neighborhood, the directors at Henry Street Settlement, located on Henry Street in the Lower East Side of Manhattan Island in New York City, organized a formal music school in 1928.4 The school quickly gained the committed support of such renowned musicians as Aaron Copland, George Gershwin, and Jascha Heifetz, all of whom were members of the school's advisory committee. The school also received aid from members of well-known business families such as the Marshall Field family. Director Lillian Wald chose Hedi Katz as the first director of the music school. A European-born violinist with impressive credentials, Katz had studied at the Royal Academy in Vienna and had been a pupil of Arnold Rosee, Emile Sauret, and Carl Flesch. For four years she served as a first violinist in the symphony orchestra in The Hague, Holland.5 Wald first made Katz's acquaintance, shortly after immigrating to the United States, through a mutual friend who had asked Wald to assist Katz with an "unfortunate" financial situation.6 Before making her final decision regarding who would lead the music school, Wald contacted Katz and asked her to write a plan for the school. Wald then asked three friends and experts to review Katz's plan: Janet Schenck, director of the Neighborhood Music School (later the Manhattan School of Music) in New York and a leader of the Music Division of the National Federation of Settlements, the conductor and composer Walter Damrosch, and Melzar Chaffee, associated with the Third Street Music School Settlement.7 After receiving their full approval of Katz and her plan, Wald hired her for the position. The school's first season began in the fall of 1928. As director, Katz was paid thirty-five hundred dollars for operating the school during eight months of the school year and for any necessary summer preparations. As for other settlement music school directors, her position was considered part-time, and Katz...

The Odyssey of William English Walling: Revisionism, Social Democracy, and Evolutionary Pragmatism

In the history of American socialism William English Walling occupies a special place. Born into a wealthy Midwestern family, Walling was educated at the University of Chicago and Harvard, but soon found a calling as a social reform activist when he learned first hand about the conditions of working people as an Illinois factory inspector and a habitué of turn-of-the-century social settlement houses and the Jewish ghetto scene. From that point forward Walling was a major influence wherever he directed his fertile mind and instinct for provoking controversy and precipitating new movements. In 1903, Walling helped found the National Women's Trade Union League and became president of its New York chapter. Six years later he cobbled together a group of anti-racist socialists to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – then invited W.E.B. DuBois to become editor of its journal, The Crisis.

Good boys are problems too!

The ‘problem’ of boys' achievement in the United Kingdom has emerged as part of a policy response to a crisis in the post-war social settlement. Post-Fordism has become the dominant meta-policy of education reform in the United Kingdom, constituting both policy problems and solutions as gender-neutral. However, the economic and political transformations these policy approaches attempt to deal with are deeply gendered and require an appropriate gender politics. This article demonstrates that even in classrooms where boys engage positively with the curriculum, a gender order based on difference and hierarchy are instituted. This article argues that the gender-blind approach of the United Kingdom government lends itself to a cultural politics of gender restoration.