Social Settlement Research Articles

Standards as a social contract in curriculum-based qualifications: stakeholder views in Scotland

ABSTRACT The theoretical literature on the meaning of qualification standards depicts a variety of definitions. Some definitions describe properties of examinees, whilst others rely on cohort-level or system-level characteristics. Different definitions can be compatible or contradictory. In this study, stakeholders’ views of the meaning of qualification standards in Scotland were collected, using focus groups (82 participants) and a questionnaire (918 participants). Almost 60% of questionnaire participants responded that standards tell us about performances on the assessment (criterion-referencing) and approximately 40% responded that they tell you about an underlying ability (construct-referencing). Few participants considered that maintaining statistical grade distributions every year were important. Discrepancies in views raise questions regarding how an examination board manages the political and technical process of maintaining public confidence in standards. Based upon this Scottish case, the authors argue that social settlements regarding qualification standards are a social contract, and a solely technocratic view of standards is conceptually inadequate.

국방인력 위기에 대응한 국방혁신 4.0과 복지정책 발전방향

Military welfare policies serve as an expression of the strong will of national protection at the national level by providing sufficient welfare to military personnel, and as a mechanism for introducing pride and excellent resources for military service. Accordingly, it calls for the development of individual soldiers' self-realization and welfare, as well as the advancement of the barracks environment. The purpose of this study is to suggest the development direction of defense innovation 4.0 and welfare policies in response to the defense manpower crisis, and the research results are as follows. These include ensuring housing conditions in line with the social environment, improving the remuneration system that is appropriate for sacrifice and service, guaranteeing the livelihood of military families that guarantee pride and happiness, building advanced welfare facilities and infrastructure, and ensuring the stable social settlement of veterans. In particular, policies should be prepared to identify issues that can allow the MZ generation to enter the military organization and to ensure a stable social settlement after discharge.

Social Work and the ‘Social Doctor’: Bowlby, Social Reproduction and ‘Common Sense’

Abstract This article furnishes a critical commentary on the work of John Bowlby. It is argued that social work’s critical engagement with his contributions demands that his ideas are historised. An exploration of his rarely examined early articles reveals a figure preoccupied with the wider social world and not simply the dyadic relationship involving the mother and her child. Viewing himself as a ‘social doctor’, Bowlby was also relentlessly intent on shaping public and professional perceptions within the framework of the ‘Fordist’ economic and social settlement after the Second World War. It is maintained that Bowlby and ‘Bowlbyism’ might be more fully understood if examined through the lens of Marxist feminist social reproduction theory and alongside Gramscian ideas about ‘common sense’.

Pandemic Scholars Circle: Deepening Community during Isolation

Pandemic Scholars Circle: Deepening Community during Isolation

Planning Venice after the Italian Unification: The Development of a Space-based Identity

ABSTRACT The article focuses on the new concept of ‘ambiente urbano’, as emerged at the turn of the last century in Venice. Painters, photographers, and writers contributed to the elaboration of this concept, partly reflected into the new term ‘Venezia minore’. Born out of the conflict initiated in 1885, due to urban modernization projects, these notions were initially based on spatial identity and focused on the less known corners of the city, fostering their conservation. Following 1910, however, architects start applying these concepts to the field of urban design, as shown in the social housing settlement of Sant’ Elena, in the city’s periphery. In the 1940s, there was an attempt to mirror the old into the new, by recreating urban patterns, presumably typical of the old city of Venice. It was until the publication in 1948 of the book Venezia minore analysing in terms of morphology the urban context, that this story was fully elaborated. Highlighting unknown fragments of Venetian contemporary urban history and integrating them to the planning history of the city, this article overcomes the usual antithetical reading of conservation against sanitary planning, throwing light to the Italian concept of ambiente and tracing its history up to the 60s.

Anna Julia Cooper: Standing at the Intersection of History and Hope

Anna Julia Cooper transcended her historical place in time to become one of the most important examples of early resistance to intersectional oppression. Her seminal work, A Voice from the South (1892), articulates her feminine viewpoint on philosophy, social policies, religion, and the status of Black women’s education. Often using the language of the oppressor, Cooper’s acute wit and brilliant use of rhetorical devices allowed her to express herself in spheres of influence where she might otherwise have been silenced. Cooper’s steadfast dedication to racial uplift is illustrated through her life-long commitment to the education of Black women and their preparation to enter the fight for social justice. Her abiding devotion to her community can be seen through her work in the Colored Social Settlement Movement, Frelinghuysen University, and multiple other social organizations aimed at reaching the racially oppressed. This historical research analyzes the importance of Cooper’s work using Black Feminist Thought as a lens through which to view her work. It examines Cooper’s life, her dedication to Black women’s education and her tireless efforts to lift her community.

The Relationship between Feelingss of Discrimination and PTED in the Social Settlement Process of North Korean Defectors

The Relationship between Feelingss of Discrimination and PTED in the Social Settlement Process of North Korean Defectors

A study of natural ventilation optimization in apartment living room in Pademangan, North Jakarta

Pademangan Barat is one of the most populous sub-districts in Pademangan with a density of 26,127 people/km2. The demand for good housing is high and the slump area is growth everywhere in this area. Vertical housing as low consume energy building are the best solution for bad social settlement today. Therefore, this studiesaimed to find out whether vertical housing with natural ventilation can be built in this area. Through analyse of its local climate, spatial planning, and simulations of building orientation, size and position of windows, it is expected to find which orientation is the best for best wind flows annually, the best windows position, type and size, and the best unit plan. This research conduct with computer simulation using x-flows.

Perplexity and Philosophical Progress

Perplexity is an epistemic emotion with deep philosophical significance. In ancient Greek philosophy, it is identified as a catalyst for philosophical progress and personal philosophical transformation. In psychological terms, perplexity is the phenomenological sense of lacking immersion in the world, a state of puzzlement and alienation from one’s everyday surroundings. What could make such an emotion philosophically useful? To answer this question, I examine the role of perplexity in Jane Addams’s political theory and ethics. Addams, a social reformer and American pragmatist philosopher, regarded perplexity as an emotion that arises out of specific situations, such as being part of a social settlement, union actions, or trying to surmount gender expectations. Perplexity allows us cognitive distance from our everyday customary morality and ordinary habits of thinking, and this pushes us to become creative in our philosophical reflection. I contextualize perplexity in Jane Addams’s social reforms, and examine the relevance of her ideas today.

Gads Hill Center: Revisiting the Function and Cause of Social Settlements in a Time of COVID

The Covid-19 pandemic has extended across the globe and has made visible the hyper vulnerability of socially marginalized groups, the inadequacy of public health systems, and the fragility of national and global economic systems. Inflection points, such as the pandemic, often signal that the affected sectors, in this case nation states and their social institutions, regional bodies, and international organizations, must make a fundamental examine and consider the actions needed to strengthen their institutions and footing. In this case study we present how this historical moment has lead a 122 year old American social settlement to reexamine their role and model of practice in an effort to continue to contribute to meaningful changes that diminish human suffering and vulnerability, while advancing the rights and flourishing of the communities of color that they accompany.

Urban Transformations and Buildings Typology Changes in Areas of Military Conflict

During the period of protracted military conflicts, significant changes are taking place in the social, humanitarian and infrastructural spheres for civilians, who find themselves in the area of military confrontation. The military conflict in eastern Ukraine began in spring 2014. Despite various efforts at the international level, a peaceful settlement of the conflict has not yet taken place. In cases of prolonged conflicts, a buffer zone is formed along the line of contact, the so-called “gray zone”. It is a kind of parallel reality of human existence in very difficult, extreme and dangerous conditions. The purpose of this article is to show how a military conflict determines the direction of urban transformation, and influences the change in the typology of public buildings and structures in the “gray zone”. The article uses a comprehensive approach based on statistical analysis, urban planning and typological analysis of open source materials. In 2014, after the signing of the Minsk Protocol, the term “gray zone” was introduced. This buffer zone corresponds to the length of the collision line and is 457 km, on either side of which there is a 30 km neutral territory. According to the Memorandum, the Cabinet of Ministers approved a list of settlements located in the “gray zone”. Weapons were separated from the demarcation line (from 8 km to 120 km) on both sides. In the “gray zone” in Donetsk and Luhansk regions, 350,000 people are estimated to be living under these difficult conditions, who face a variety of daily problems, because social settlement mechanisms are poorly functioning there. In addition, there is a significant loss of housing and infrastructure (approximately 10,000 infrastructure damage has been sustained). The most devastating settlements are located on the collision line as they are strategic points in the distribution of spheres of influence between the parties of the conflict. Within the “gray zone” are urban transformations, which are associated with the emergence of new functions: military and humanitarian. The military function is reflected in the command and observation point equipment, firing points and boundaries of the defense line, control facilities, fortifications and more. Humanitarian one envisages the emergence of territories where social, medical and humanitarian relief facilities are located. For that purpose, surviving public buildings (schools, hospitals, etc.) often change their function. Thus, it can be argued that in conditions of military confrontation, there is an “adaptation” of the existing urban situation to new needs and “re-profile” the typology of buildings, demonstrating the importance of ensuring their “flexible planning”.

The cultural policy value of building social connection for new arrivals and why arts work evaluations should reflect that value

ABSTRACT Increasing movement of migrants and refugees around the world present complex social issues for countries experiencing large migrant intakes. Support for recent arrivals needs deeper policy consideration, especially as reflected in cultural policy. Anecdotally, we know arts projects have greater success in assisting refugees to build social connections and support settlement than many formal government settlement programs. However, as arts initiatives struggle for adequate funding, evaluation’s quantitative bias means that administrators face a conundrum about how to demonstrate evidence which values their work. Qualitative outcomes of supporting cultural expression, building trust, social connections and relationships are difficult to evidence, yet these make arts initiatives successful in supporting new arrivals. This paper discusses the context of that conundrum, explores the possibilities afforded by valuing social connection more highly and the consequences of such an approach. We argue that what is valued and how it is demonstrated need to be radically reconsidered.

Symbolic Legitimacy of Social Ordering and Conflict Settlement Practices: The Role of Collective Identities in Local Politics of Tajikistan

ABSTRACT Collective identities like Islamic, kinship and geographical affiliations commit people to norms and practices of social ordering and influence their everyday practices. This article discusses how collective identities commit people in southern Tajikistan to patriarchal and authoritarian ordering and conflict settlement in view of unequal and contested distribution of power. A commitment to such illiberal norms and practices legitimises an exploitation of marginalised people. It discredits and prevents their discontent, court deals or open resistance. Furthermore, patriarchal and authoritarian conflict management ostracises rivals and/or suppresses those who criticise a hierarchical distribution of resources, co-optation deals, and patron-client exchanges.

소년원 출원생의 사회정착을 위한 연계체계에 관한 일본 사례연구

소년원 출원생의 사회정착을 위한 연계체계에 관한 일본 사례연구

Forging a Resilient Social Contract in South Africa: States and Societies Sustaining Peace in the Post-Apartheid Era

ABSTRACTSince the advent of democracy in the 1990s, the South African political settlement has ushered into policy a progressive framework for the realization of socio-economic rights, enshrined by the Constitution. However, this political settlement has failed to translate into an economic and social settlement that results in just livelihood strategies and equitable service delivery that addresses historical grievances. Inadequate implementation of socio-economic policies designed to address injustice has contributed to weakening vertical cohesion between state and society. Analysing these two core conflict issues, access to service delivery and livelihood strategies, this article argues that the interaction of the political settlement and the ability of institutions to deliver effectively has negatively affected state-society relations and the legitimacy of the reconciliation agenda meant to support inter-group cohesion.

Is Urbanization Good for the Climate? A Cross-County Analysis of Impervious Surface, Affluence, and the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being

We contribute to literature exploring the socioecological impact of urban development as a multidimensional project, one in which changes to landscape features complement changes in demographic and administrative measures to co-constitute the socioecological impact of urbanity. We use a random coefficients modeling approach to examine U.S. relationships between the intensity of impervious surface within a county, population density in impervious areas, and carbon intensity of well-being (CIWB)—here constructed using industrial emissions. We then explore the moderating association that another component of social settlement patterns, household median income, has on the impervious surface–population density–CIWB nexus. Findings suggest that landscapes featuring greater development of impervious surface are associated with increased CIWB. Further exploration indicates that income acts to attenuate the association of urban space and CIWB. Ultimately, we argue that such attenuation indicates that more affluent areas are able to shift production-based processes associated with urban forms to less affluent areas.

Personal, social and public resources for social conflict settlement: interdisciplinary approach

The risk of conflict interaction proceeds to invoke requests of studying conflict manifestations and the search for means for its peaceful settlement. The research subject was the category of «resource», which nature is characterized by bi-directionality: on the one hand, the category of «resource» is thought of as the subject matter of conflict interaction due to its scarcity, and on the other hand, it is as a means to enhance the human ability to handle difficult (incl. conflict) straits. The research objective was to refine a concept of the resource under the terms of interdisciplinary knowledge and its role in conflict arrangement practices. The research was conducted on the basis of theoretical analysis and methods of qualitative research (unstructured interview, questionnaire). The article argues that, the resource approach occurred relative to human adaptation processes, coping strategies and health conditions under the study of psychological phenomena. The personal resource potential of human vital activity primarily emerges full blown in the conflict. Instead, the actualization of the following levels (social and public) is of secondary importance and involves a certain level of practical skills in its using to resolve a conflict situation. The resource concept turned to be inadequately presented within the framework of conflict psychology and it could be expanded through the implication of interdisciplinary knowledge, in particular, the economics of resources and its application in the field of strategic management. This will be especially significant for organizational psychology in the context of the issues of the competitive ability development. The use of resources in a situation of interpersonal conflict is proven limited by self-preservation processes. The ability to cooperate different resources in a conflict situation is related to the practice of training relevant skills, which source point could be important people and first-hand experience. The conducted pilot study indicates the significance of applying the interdisciplinary approach as well as emphasizes the urgency of harmonizing the terminological tools in order to increase the effectiveness of creating interdisciplinary relations. Interdisciplinary research in the conflict sphere

A Study for improvement of personal protection system to protect human rights of residents who have left North Korea

이 연구는 북한이탈주민의 인권 보장과 경찰의 원활한 업무수행을 위하여 신변보호제도의 개선을 모색하기 위하여 수행되었다. 현행 북한이탈주민의 보호 및 정착지원에 관한 법률 에 따른 신변보호제도는 포괄위임입법 금지의 원칙에 반할 소지가 있으며, 신변보호제도의 법적 근거 및 목적의 모호성도 문제점으로 제기 되고 있다. 이로 인하여 북한이탈주민의 기본권 침해 우려와 신변보호담당관 업무가중의 문제가 발생하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 가칭 ‘북한이탈주민 신변보호법’의 제정을 통해 기본권 침해소지를 줄이고 경찰행정작용의 정당성을 부여할 것을 제안하였다. 구체적으로 북한이탈주민의 안정적인 사회정착에 부합하는 신변보호제도의 목적을 명확히 규정하고, 법 적용범위와 보호대상을 세분화하여야 할 것이다. 또한 신변보호관의 업무과중 해소와 전문가 양성을 위한 교육제도를 법에 명시하고 신변보호 대상자의 심의청구권을 보장하는 등의 내용도 법에 포함시켜야 할 것이다. 무엇보다도 신변보호제도 관리주체의 전환을 통해 일반 보호대상자의 관리기관으로서 지방자치단체의 책무를 규정할 필요가 있을 것이다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 연구결과에 근거하여 향후 북한이탈주민 신변보호제도 개선에 필요한 제언을 하였다.This study was conducted to seek improvement of the personal protection system in order to ensure human rights of North Korean defectors and to ensure smooth work of the police. Under the current ‘North Korean Refugees Protection and Settlement Support Act’, the personal protection system may run counter to the principle of prohibition of general delegated legislation, and ambiguity of the legal basis and purpose of the security system is also raised as a problem. As a result, concerns about the violation of human rights of North Korean refugees and problems arising from the heavy workload of their personal protection officer. Therefore, the study suggested that the enactment of the tentatively named North Korean Refugees Protection Act should reduce the possibility of infringement of human rights and give legitimacy to police administrative actions. Specifically, it should clearly define the purpose of the personal protection system that conforms to the stable social settlement of North Korean refugees and disaggregate the scope of the law and the target of protection. Also, the Act should include matters such as stipulating the education system to relieve the burden of personal protection officers and to foster experts, and guaranteeing the right to request review by those who are protected. Above all, it will be necessary to define the responsibilities of local governments as the management institutions of the general protection target through the transformation of the managing body of the personal protection system. Based on these findings, the study suggested improvement of the personal protection system for North Korean refugees in the future.

“Now is the proper time for a foreigner to say a word”: The Rhetorical Agency of Hilda Satt Polacheck

Abstract This paper explores the rhetorical agency of Hilda Satt Polacheck, author of I Came a Stranger: The Story of a Hull-House Girl, the only known memoir of life at Hull-House written by an immigrant woman. Polacheck wrote the memoir during the 1950s and 1960s, and her daughter, Dena Epstein, edited the manuscript for posthumous publication in 1989. I Came a Stranger focused on the influence of Jane Addams on Polacheck’s early twentieth century experiences as a “Hull-House girl” and how she became an American at the social settlement. Although the memoir ends in 1935 with the death of Jane Addams, Polacheck’s writings and political activities after 1935 shed new light on the author’s reconstruction of her experiences at Hull-House. When Polacheck began writing the memoir in the 1950s, the FBI was investigating her and her adult children for alleged un-American activities. This article considers how Polacheck reconstructed her rhetorical agency and authority after Jane Addams’ death to promote a more expansive and tolerant Americanism during the politically repressive Cold War era.

The Thematic and Symbolic Potluck at the Animal Farm

Animal farm by George Orwell published in 1945 seems to be a plainly written tale at a cursory glance but it with an in depth study we could fathom the scope of it. Animal farm is rich at diverse flavours all well mixed to give the perfect taste for sensibilities and intellect. Richness of literary techniques, multidimensional narratives, characters and symbolic delicacies is offered by animal farm. The literary richness is exhibited in a simple allegorical form which represents perfect craftsmanship. This paper will discuss the various vital aspects of the novel including its multidimensional themes, felicitous characters, diverse narratives and precise symbols along with the well established techniques of social settlements.
 George Orwell the writer had an intimate experience of the brutal dealings during World War II, as he corresponded for BBC. He was instigated by the communism at USSR and his desire to bring to light the factual conditions and real reasons which gave birth to the novella Animal Farm. The variety of themes strikes the correct chord of thought. The novella is written in a form of political allegory based on the political and social fervour; where the characters replicate the leaders, common populace, bureaucrats and enterprise-grade at USSR during and after the Russian revolution of 1917.