Social Service Personnel Research Articles

Depressive Symptoms and Mental Health of Military Social Service Personnel

Purpose: This study aims to find the mental health characteristics and factors affecting depressive symptoms in military social service personnel.Methods: This descriptive investigation retrospective cohort study analyzed secondary data of social service personnel at I City for five years from April 2016 to May 2020. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-K, the Paranoia Scale, and the Reynolds Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire were used to examine the mental health of social service personnel.Results: Compared to the military social service personnel with no depression, depressed social service personnel were more paranoid (t=7.13, <i>p</i><.001), and had more suicidal ideas (t=7.44, <i>p</i><.001). Depressive symptoms had a significant positive correlation with alcohol use disorder scores (r=.262, <i>p</i><.001), paranoid ideas (r=.594, <i>p</i><.01), and suicidal ideas (r=.594, <i>p</i><.01). Alcohol use disorder scores (β=.16, t=2.86, <i>p</i>=.005), paranoid scores (β=.30, t=4.34, <i>p</i><.001), and suicidal ideas (β=.42, t=5.95, <i>p</i><.001) predicted depressive symptoms (R<sup>2</sup>=.49, <i>p</i><.001).Conclusion: Alcohol addiction, paranoid ideas, and suicidal ideas were found to be factors that affect depressive symptoms in military social service personnel.

Sexuality of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Dynamic with Parents and Social Services Personnel in a Chinese Context

Sexuality is a valuable part of people’s lives, including people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Parents and social services personnel are significant parties for promoting the autonomy of people with ID regarding sexuality, although evidence reveals their actions tend to be in the opposite direction. Sexual attitudes do not emerge solely as personal or individual but evolve from interactions with others in a particular sociocultural environment. To explore the sexuality of people with ID, this study set out to understand the dynamic of people with ID, parents and social services personnel within the cultural context of Hong Kong. In total, 19 participants including people with mild ID, parents and social services personnel were recruited. Individual interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed applying Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and dramaturgy. Findings revealed the participants’ experiences, obstacles, and underlying feelings regarding the sexuality of people with ID, and the phenomenon, “not taking action” formed by all the groups. Chinese Confucian culture was revealed as the factor influencing the dynamic on the issues of sexuality. With respect to cultural expectations, government and social services agency leadership should take the lead to adopt an evidence-based sex education protocol.

Determinants of Implementing an Information and Communication Technology Tool for Social Interaction Among Older People: Qualitative Content Analysis of Social Services Personnel Perspectives.

Older people are particularly vulnerable to social isolation and loneliness, which can lead to ill-health, both mentally and physically. Information and communication technology (ICT) can supplement health and social care and improve health among the vulnerable, older adult population. When ICT is used specifically for communication with others, it is associated with reduced loneliness in older populations. Research is sparse on how the implementation of ICT, used specifically for communication among older people in social services, can be performed. It is recommended to consider the determinants of implementation, that is, barriers to and facilitators of implementation. Determinants related to older people using ICT tools are reported in several studies. To the best of our knowledge, studies investigating the determinants related to the social services perspective are lacking. This study aims to explore the determinants of implementing the Fik@ room, a new, co-designed, and research-based ICT tool for social interaction among older people, from a social services personnel perspective. This study used an exploratory, qualitative design. An ICT tool called the Fik@ room was tested in an intervention study conducted in 2021 in 2 medium-sized municipalities in Sweden. Informants in this study were municipal social services personnel with experience of implementing this specific ICT tool in social services. We conducted a participatory workshop consisting of 2 parts, with 9 informants divided into 2 groups. We analyzed the data using qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The results included 7 categories of determinants for implementing the ICT tool. Being able to introduce the ICT tool in an appropriate manner concerns the personnel's options for introducing and supporting the ICT tool, including their competencies in using digital equipment. Organizational structure concerns a structure for communication within the organization. Leadership concerns engagement and enthusiasm as driving forces for implementation. The digital maturity of the social services personnel concerns the personnel's skills and attitudes toward using digital equipment. Resources concern time and money. IT support concerns accessibility, and legal liability concerns possibilities to fulfill legal responsibilities. The results show that implementation involves an entire organization at varying degrees. Regardless of how much each level within the organization comes into direct contact with the ICT tool, all levels need to be involved to create the necessary conditions for successful implementation. The prerequisites for the implementation of an ICT tool will probably change depending on the digital maturity of future generations. As this study only included 9 informants, the results should be handled with care. The study was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has probably affected the results.

Administration’s Share of Personnel in Veterans Health Administration and Private Sector Care

Health care administrative overhead is greater in the US than some other nations but has not been assessed in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). To compare administrative staffing patterns in the VHA and private (non-VHA) sectors. This cross-sectional study was conducted using US employment data from 2019, prior to pandemic-related disruptions in health care staffing, and was carried out between January 14 and August 10, 2023. A nationally representative sample of federal and nonfederal personnel in hospitals and ambulatory care settings from the American Community Survey (ACS), all employees reported in VHA personnel records, and personnel in health insurance carriers and brokers tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) were analyzed. VHA vs private sector health care employment, including 397 occupations grouped into 18 categories. The proportion of staff working in administrative occupations. Among 3 239 553 persons surveyed in the ACS, 122 315 individuals (weighted population, 12 501 185 individuals) were civilians working in hospitals or ambulatory care; of the weighted population, 12 156 988 individuals (mean age, 42.6 years [95% CI, 42.5-42.7 years]; 76.2% [95% CI, 75.9%-76.5%] females) were private sector personnel and 344 197 individuals (mean age, 46.2 years [95% CI, 45.7-46.7 years]; 63.8% [95% CI, 61.8%-65.8%] females) were federal employees. In clinical settings, administrative occupations accounted for 23.4% (95% CI, 23.1%-23.8%) of private sector vs 19.8% (95% CI, 18.1%-21.4%) of VHA personnel. After including 1 000 800 employees at private sector health insurers and brokers and 13 956 VHA Central Office personnel with administrative occupations, administration accounted for 3 851 374 of 13 157 788 private sector employees (29.3%) vs 77 500 of 343 721 VHA employees (22.5%). Physicians represented approximately 7% of personnel in the VHA (7.2% [95% CI, 6.1%-8.2%]) and private sector (6.5% [95% CI, 6.3%-6.7%]), while the VHA deployed more registered nurses (23.7% [95% CI, 21.6%-25.8%] vs 21.2% [95% CI, 20.9%-21.5%]) and social service personnel (6.3% [95% CI, 5.4%-7.1%] vs 4.9% [95% CI, 4.7%-5.0%]) than the private sector. In this study, administrative occupations accounted for a smaller share of personnel in the VHA compared with private sector care, a difference possibly attributable to the VHA's simpler financing system. These findings suggest that if staffing patterns in the private sector mirrored those of the VHA, nearly 900 000 fewer administrative staff might be needed.

Increased Competence in The Performance of Government Apparatus At the Social Service of East Java Province

According to the target, the targets of employee performance in the East Java Provincial Social Service cannot all be realized. The competence of Social Service personnel still needs to be improved, considering that social services are agencies that have the main task of social service and rehabilitation for people with social welfare problems. Analyze the extent of the improvement of the competence of Social Service employees and examine factors that affect the improvement of employee competence. The type of research used in research is a type of descriptive qualitative research. The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling, in this study, the informants are the Head of Social Services, the Secretary, and all Heads of Fields in the Social Service. Findings in the field show that the increase in competence carried out by the East Java Provincial Social Service to its personnel is still not optimal. This is due to several factors that hinder the improvement of personnel competence, including Trust and values, expertise, experience, personal characteristics, motivation, emotional issues, and intellectual capacity. The study concludes that the improvement of competence carried out on Social Service personnel is limited to attending work meetings, technical meetings, congresses, seminars, technical guidance, and workshops. Knowledge (knowledge) at least the social service apparatus related to tasks, principals and functions, work programs, and stages in carrying out work programs, not all personnel understand. The skills of the social service apparatus that must be possessed are the ability to compile, manage, evaluate programs and performance, manage finances and assets, and the ability to communicate, adapt and manage archives and information.

Experiential Learning with Criminal Justice Students: Demonstrating Knowledge and Showing Empathy toward Persons with Serious Mental Illness

The Hearing Voices that are Distressing simulation was developed by Dr. Patricia Deegan, a clinical psychologist. This study utilized the training program with criminal justice students and students from other disciplines to (a) address the stigma associated with mental illness; (b) create empathy among individuals who aspire to be first responders, crisis workers, and social or human service personnel; and (c) promote experiential learning strategies that facilitate reflection and critical thinking. Following the conclusion of the simulation, students provided open-ended responses about the impact of the training. A content analysis was performed on students’ responses to identify and categorize overarching themes. Overall, the findings gathered here will enhance our understanding of the value and immediate effects of this training simulation in the classroom setting.

사회복무요원과 정치적 표현의 자유에 대한 연구

Through the 2019 Heonma 534 Decision in the Constitutional Court’s Sentence on Nov. 25, 2021, it made the unconstitutional decision as saying of violating the freedom of political expression and the freedom of association in the claimant, a public service worker, because of being contrary to the principle of clarity, etc. regarding the section about 'act with political purpose such as joining other political organizations out of Article 33, Paragraph 2, Text No. 2 in the Military Service Act (amended by Act No. 11849 on June 4, 2013). Here, the aim was to consider concerning the judicial decision made by the Constitutional Court in relation to this case focusing on the guarantee of the freedom of political expression in social service personnel performing mandatory military service and on its limitations in reference to this case. First of all, through the 2016 Heonma 252 decision in the sentence on Oct. 27, 2016, the Constitutional Court has already made the decision of constitutionality as for ‘whether or not the freedom of the election campaign’ in a public service worker in the same article with object to adjudication. Based on this decision, it clearly identified that a public service worker has the public status equivalent to that of a public official as a person of performing public duty and has the political neutrality in light of its position and duty, along with the meaning of a public service worker. In sequence, through 2016 Heonma 252 that is the decision of this case, it examined with regard to restricting ‘political party’ affiliation out of Article 33, Paragraph 2, Text No. 2 in the Military Service Act as the article with object to adjudication. There was also an objection that the complete ban on the political party membership goes against the principle of excess prohibition in consideration of what the claimant in this case is a social service worker and of the characteristics of the duties in public service workers. However, taking into account the characteristics of the status in social service personnel fulfilling their military service obligation and the relationship with other military service performers, it agrees to what the Constitutional Court's decision as saying of not infringing on the freedom of political expression and the freedom of association is reasonable even if applying the principle of excess prohibition, which is the standard for examination. And then, it observed carefully concerning ‘Act with political purpose such as joining other political organizations, etc.’ out of Article 33, Paragraph 2, Text No. 2 in the Military Service Act as the article with object to adjudication in 2019 Heonma 534 that is the decision of this case. Like modern society, guaranteeing the freedom of political expression, which is the basis of democracy, is an important right that must be assured preferentially in the relationship with other fundamental rights, should be deliberate when trying to limit these rights, and needs to be clearer in the case of penal provision. In this sense, ‘other political organizations’ and ‘act with political purpose’ violate the principle of clarity and may not be definite even by the supplementary interpretation of the law enforcer. Thus, the Constitutional Court's decision on unconstitutionality was confirmed to be a desirable direction even for laying down a more accurate regulation.

Older Adults' Use of a Research-Based Web Platform for Social Interaction.

Loneliness and social isolation are triggers for unfavorable changes in older adults' health and well-being. Information and communication technology (ICT) can be used by older adults to mitigate the negative effects of loneliness and social isolation. However, ICT needs to be customized to the specific needs and conditions of older adults. The aim of this study was to explore older adults' use of a new, co-designed and research-based web platform for social interaction from the perspectives of older adults, researchers, and social services personnel. The study is an intervention study with a multimethod approach in which 20 older adults used the web platform for social interaction "the Fik@ room" for eight weeks. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected pretest, during the test, and posttest. The Fik@ room met the expectations of those older adults who completed the study. It enabled them to expand their social network and develop new friendships, but their experiences of loneliness were not reduced. The involvement of social services personnel in recruitment and support was important in facilitating older adults' use of the Fik@ room. Our study contributes knowledge about a new, co-designed and research-based web platform, customized specifically for older adults, which is valuable in guiding the design and delivery of future web platforms for social interaction among older adults.

Performance of the Social Service for Women's Empowerment and Child Protection in Distributing Social Assistance to Communities Affected by Covid-19 in Medan City

The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of the P3A Social Service of Medan City in distributing social assistance to villages affected by COVID-19. This study uses a qualitative descriptive methodology with an inductive approach. Data triangulation approaches such as observation, documentation, and interviews were used to obtain data. Data reduction is the first step in the data analysis process, followed by data presentation and conclusion drawing. Using Agus Dwiyanto's theory with indicators of Productivity, Service Quality, Responsiveness, Responsibility, and Accountability, the research findings show that the performance of the Social Service in providing social assistance to people affected by COVID-19 is considered good. Based on the findings, the percentage of social assistance distributed has reached 90 percent. Suggestions that the author can give in order to improve the quality of services include: first, continue to socialize social assistance in the community, second, provide service posts and information about social assistance, and realize an increase in the number of Social Service personnel with knowledge of social assistance.

DEVELOPING AND LEADING FOR INDUSTRY-EDUCATION INTEGRATION SERVICE IN VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL COLLEGES

The industry-education integration (IEI) is one of the strategies to develop vocational education. The concept of IEI is the basis for the development of vocational education proposed by the Ministry of Education of China in 2011, which mainly refers to the integration of industrial system and education system. The integration is an important measure to promote the reform and development of vocational education and an effective way to train high quality skilled personnel in vocational and technical colleges (VTC). Vocational and technical education should respond to the strategic education development programme of the Chinese government and comply with the basic requirements of IEI in vocational and technical education. This paper aims to develop the conceptual framework for IEI to serve the vocational and technical college students better. The VTC will focus on training social service personnel as the goal, through the reform of teaching content, inspire students to innovate learning mode in the learning process, the combination of demand-driven and IEI, to enrich students' practical experience and professional work ability. In the course of vocational and technical education, some training subjects of scientific research should be added to cultivate students' ability of independent work and innovation. Through the application of the Internet technology of modern science and technology to improve the teaching environment, to achieve the quality of talent training for the goal of teaching methods and teaching modules, to provide enterprises with elite talents. The students will most probably benefit from the industry-driven education initiatives.

The perception of professionals in the socio‐health field about the support services provided for families with a member with neurodegenerative disease

AbstractBackgroundIn the Spanish case, the social organization of care is characterized by being family oriented. This means that the involvement of the family in the care of its members is high in relation to the participation of other social actors, such as the State, the market, or the community. Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) significantly affect the quality of life of the person, but also that of their family, precisely because of their high involvement in care. Families require support services to increase their well‐being, and several studies have shown the impact that the absence of support services has on the Family Quality of Life (FQoL). Considering this, the main objective of this study is to find out the perception of professionals working in the socio‐health field about the adequacy and sufficiency of the services available to people with ND and their families in the Spain‐Portugal cross‐border area.MethodThis research has been developed through qualitative methodology. Three focus groups were held. They involved: 1) public social services personnel; 2) public health services staff; 3) workers in the services offered by private initiatives. All of them carried out their work in the cross‐border area studied. With the support of the Atlas.ti software and following a deductive coding model, the data obtained were systematically coded and interpreted.ResultsInitial research results suggest that professionals in the socio‐health field agree on their perceptions of the adequacy and sufficiency of support services provided for families with a member with ND. They consider that:1) most support services are aimed solely at the needs of the person with a ND and therefore contribute little to improving the FQoL;2) support services considered very adequate for the improvement of the FQoL are very insufficient; 3) the characteristics of the environment (small population, geographical dispersion, etc.) significantly limit support services in rural areasConclusionThe support services provided for families with a member with ND are scarce and inadequate, and therefore contribute little to improving the FQoL. There is a need to improve access and adapt support services to the needs of families.

사회복무요원의 우울이 복무만족도에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 부산광역시, 울산광역시, 경상남도의 사회복무요원 1,421명을 대상으로 사회복무요원들의 우울이 사회복무만족도에 미치는 영향력을 검증하고 그에 대한 대안을 모색하였다. 그 결과, 사회복무요원들의 복무만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 인구사회학적 요인보다는 개별적 복무상황과 우울인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 사회복무요원들의 개별적 특성에 적합한 복무기관 연계와 정신건강문제의 선별을 위한 충분한 사전 과정의 확보, 사회복무요원들의 우울감 감소를 위한 정신건강개입의 내실화가 필요함을 제언하였다.

Health and social impacts of California wildfires and the deficiencies in current recovery resources: An exploratory qualitative study of systems-level issues.

BackgroundWildfires in California have become more deadly and destructive in recent years, and four of the ten most destructive fires occurred in 2017 and 2018. Through interviews with service providers, this article explores how these recent wildfires have impacted surrounding communities and the role various recovery resources have played in responding to the short- and long-term health and social needs of survivors.MethodsUsing a purposive sampling methodology, we interviewed 21 health and social service personnel who assisted in wildfire recovery efforts in California in 2017 and 2018. The study participants worked or volunteered in medical facilities, social services agencies and philanthropy/nonprofit organizations located in communities affected by wildfires. Participants were asked about three common, overarching themes that fire-impacted communities navigate post-disaster: health issues, social issues, and response and recovery resources. Inductive coding was used to identify common subthemes.ResultsThe two most frequently discussed social issues during interviews were housing and employment access. Mental and emotional well-being and access to health resources were identified as being the most challenging health concerns that survivors face post-disaster. Participants also identified the following private and public recovery resources that survivors use to attempt to restabilize following the fire: community support, county agencies, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA,) insurance companies and philanthropic organizations. However, participants noted that the cumulative impacts of these efforts still leave many of their patients and clients without the resources needed to restabilize emotionally, financially and physically. Finally, participants spoke about the community-wide, downstream impacts of wildfires, noting that “survivors” are not only those whose health is immediately compromised by the disaster.ConclusionGiven the worsening wildfire seasons in California, we must increase our understanding of both the scope of the health and social issues that survivors navigate following a disaster, as well as the effectiveness and sustainability of recovery resources available to survivors. We must also understand the “ripple effect” that wildfires have on surrounding communalities, impacting housing access, social services, and health care access. More research and support, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic, is urgently needed to improve our ability to support the health and social needs of wildfire survivors in the future.

Who refers parents with intellectual disabilities to the child welfare system? An analysis of referral sources and substantiation

Parents with intellectual disabilities (ID) have higher rates of child welfare involvement than their non-disabled peers. One common explanation for the high rates of child welfare involvement is that they are more likely to be referred to child protection because of their substantial, ongoing involvement with professionals who are mandated reporters. Professionals are the largest overall source of child protection referrals in the United States, however prior to this study, there has not been any exploration into referral sources in cases specifically involving parents with ID in the United States. This study explored report sources to child welfare using the 2014 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System data, comparing parents with ID, parents with other disabilities, and parents with no disabilities. Secondary data analysis showed that parents with ID and parents with other disabilities had higher odds of referral by social services personnel than parents without disabilities. Additionally, among cases that entered the system from both professional and non-professional report sources, caregivers with an ID had higher odds of case substantiation than those whose caregiver did not have an ID. Implications for practice, policy and future research are discussed.

Changes in Human Resources Management (Hrm) in Transition From Past Towards Today’s Information Society

Human Resources Management (HRM), which is based on human as a dynamic element of working life, has undergone a rapid transformation. In the past, practices known as employee record keeping, social service duties, personnel management, and industrial relations have become a phenomenon of HRM along with the processes of change and transformation. Today, HRM has become a part of strategic management. The aim of this study is to reveal the changes that human resources management has undergone since its emergence, and to shed light on its future. In this respect, the applications and transformations of HRM from agricultural society to information society are investigated, based on the results of this theoretical research and the problems encountered with information society transformations, the future of human resources management is projected.

The factors of loyalty of social service personnel

The article reveals the relevance of the problem under study; relying on the previously developed research base, as well as analyzing the results of various companies in the field of personnel policy. The paper focuses on the fact that for the sustainable development and functioning of the organization, it is not enough to have a high level of training and skills, since the loyalty of staff is not always correlated with the intellectual abilities or skill level of the organization's employees. Loyal staff is highly reliable, responsible and dedicated to their organization. This, in turn, reduces the likelihood of personnel risks (malfeasance, petty theft, property damage, intentional accidents, etc.). The basic definition of staff loyalty is considered, as well as the essence of the main two approaches: foreign and domestic, which in turn are divided into separate approaches. In the process of reviewing domestic approaches, we paid attention to the following authors: K. Harsky, T. N. Chistyakova, and N. V. Mosienko. among foreign approaches, we focused on such authors as: Howard Becker and Lyman porter. Based on the analysis of these approaches, the author's definition of staff loyalty is given. We analyze groups of factors that contribute to the formation and increase of staff loyalty: organizational and personal. The article focuses on the study of factors of loyalty of social service personnel. In order to study and structure the factors of loyalty of social service personnel, the author conducted a sociological study, the object of which was employees of the Kharkiv city center of social services for children, families and youth "Trust". 10 employees of this organization were interviewed using a semi-structured interview method. The age of the respondents is from 26 to 58 years, among them: 2 men and 8 women. All respondents have higher education or several higher education institutions.

The Changing Role of Libraries: How Social Workers Can Help

Public libraries in the United States are visited daily by vast numbers of people experiencing unmet psychosocial needs including poverty, homelessness, immigration concerns, mental health, substance abuse, and health problems. While some libraries have begun to hire or partner with social service personnel, many library staff are facing patron psychosocial crises without adequate training or resources. Various studies examine different facets of this issue; however, none examine how library staff perceive their role, patron psychosocial needs, library responsibility to address psychosocial needs, and policy and program recommendations. This study addresses that gap and presents needs assessment results from a large metropolitan public library system. Recommendations are included for how social workers can help libraries meet patron psychosocial needs.

The Association Between Father’s Power, Performance, and Mental Stress of First Wife in Monogamous and Polygamous Families: A Comparative Study in Iran

Background: Polygamy is a social reality that results from different sociocultural factors and can alter familial functional harmony and relations, leaving changes in the familial system. Objectives: The purpose of the present research was to compare polygamous and monogamous families in variables of the senior wife’s stress, father’s power and performance. It also determined the extent of relationships between father’s power, performance, and wife’s stress. Methods: The current research was a survey study. The statistical population of the study composed of 400 married females above the age of 16, including 150 senior woman from polygamous families and 250 from monogamous families in Zahedan, Iran in 2018. Participants were assessed using the Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein’s perceived stress scale (PSS) and Mahdavi, Sabouri power scale (PS). Father’s performance scale used by combined McMaster’s functioning scale and Olson’s marital satisfaction scale. Results: Results of mean stress of senior women in polygamous marriages showed significantly more stress mean than their counterparts in monogamous marriages (P < 0.001). In addition, women from polygamous families had more problems than women belong to monogamous families (P < 0.001). The data, as shown, confirm that fathers in polygamous families are more powerful than fathers in monogamous families (P < 0:001). There was a correlation between father’s power and wife’s stress (0.56) and also father’s performance and wife’s stress (-0.67) with 99% confidence level. Conclusions: This study shows that polygamous families confront more problems than monogamous families. The article calls on public policy and social service personnel to increase public awareness of the significance of proper understanding of marital roles and interactions for families well being.

Analysis of occupational stress and occupational exhaustion of primary caregivers

Objective: To investigate the occupation stress and job burnout of orphan child care workers in Nanjing and nursing staff in Yangzhong primary hospital, to compare the differences of occupational stress and job burnout between the two social service workers. Methods: From February to May 2017, a cross- sectional survey was conducted. Cluster sampling method was used to investigate the occupation stress and job burnout of orphan child care workers in Nanjing and nursing staff in Yangzhong primary hospital, totally 403 people, by a combination of the Internet of things assessment system of occupational stress and traditional questionnaire. Results: There were statistically significant differences of occupational stress and job burnout scores of both social service workers (P<0.05). Orphan child care workers in job control, technology utilization, job routinization, work risk, role ambiguity and participation decision-making, anxiety state, body complain, life attitude, behavior characteristics, ambition, anxiety trait, social support, logic, family-work relationship and depersonalization were higher than those of Yangzhong primary nurses (P<0.05); Primary nurses in Yangzhong in quantitative load and change, workload, role conflict, job prospects, promotion, depressive symptom, daily stress, self-esteem, task strategy, time management, work input, and personal accomplishment reduction scored higher than those of Orphan child care workers (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis of the occupational depletion positive rate of the two social service personnel showed that the protective factors of the nursing staff of the orphans and disabled children had behavioral characteristics and family support(OR=0.877, P=0.044; OR=0.691, P=0.001) . The contributing factors of the primary nursing staff in Yangzhong were task control, workload, work psychological control source (OR=1.110, P=0.019; OR=1.128, P<0.001;OR=1.066, P=0.032) . The protection factors were technical utilization, opportunities for improvement, and mental health (OR=0.775, P=0.005; OR=0.765, P=0.006; OR=0.914, P=0.002) . Conclusion: The work content, the service object and the nature of the unit of primary caregivers influence the state of occupational stress and job burnout. The influencing factors of occupational stress and job burnout are not identical, Different social service personnel show occupational stress and occupational exhaustion in different aspects, and it is necessary to propose mitigation measures for two kinds of social service personnel.

Child Advocacy Centers in the United States and Music Therapy

In the United States, children who suffer trauma or abuse receive services through Children’s Advocacy Centers (CACs). Over 800 CACs provided treatment and services to nearly 325,000 children in 2016 (National Children’s Alliance, 2016b). CACs coordinate the work of multidisciplinary teams (MDT) including law enforcement, mental health, medical, and social service personnel to help children and families heal. CACs are autonomous groups made up of affiliations with many local agencies. This article provides a description of the National Children’s Alliance (NCA) standards for implementing treatment, including the state of music therapy implementation in CACs. The literature has shown that music therapy can be helpful to address needs of children and families who have experienced trauma, suggesting that this may offer a helpful treatment modality in CACs. However, music therapy is rarely available in CACs. This may be, in part, a result of the lack of randomized controlled trials, a key determining factor for inclusion in the annotated bibliography that accompanies the NCA Standards (National Children’s Alliance, 2013). Music therapy practice has addressed the clinical needs of children and teens who have been abused. This work is often presented in clinical reflections, not randomized controlled trials. Music therapy is currently not included in the treatment modalities utilized by CACs because of a perceived lack of evidence base. This article attempts to synthesize the information available to provide CACs with the current state of research in music therapy with children who have been abused. This article also provides music therapists with a depth of information about the structure and function of CACs, including a synthesis of the NCA Standards of Practice. The article presents a description for the implementation of music therapy services in a CAC in New Jersey and includes recommendations for music therapists who wish to seek out opportunities for clinical practice at CACs