Social Security Status Research Articles

The Impact of Livelihood Risk on Farmers of Different Poverty Types: Based on the Study of Typical Areas in Sichuan Province

After the completion of China’s poverty alleviation task in 2020, the poverty situation will undergo major changes, and the focus of poverty alleviation work will shift to solving relative poverty. This can provide useful inspiration for the government to formulate and implement relevant policies that explore the differences in livelihood risk impacts of different types of farmers in areas where disasters and poverty are intertwined. This study used survey data of 327 households in four districts and counties in the hardest-hit areas of the Wenchuan Earthquake and Lushan Earthquake in China’s Sichuan Province in 2018. This study measured farmers’ livelihood risks from four aspects: health risks, environmental risks, financial risks, and social risks, and measured farmers’ poverty types from three aspects: absolutely poor farmers, relatively poor farmers, and non-poor farmers. It systematically analyzed the four types of livelihood risks faced by farmers and the three types of poverty they were in, and constructed a multinomial logistic regression to explore the correlation between livelihood risks and poverty types. This study is the first to compare the relatively poor type with other poverty types. The second innovation is that it uses the entropy method and multinomial logistic regression. The results showed that: (1) Among the four livelihood risks faced by farmers, the biggest was the environmental risk, the next was financial risk, the third was health risk, and the last was social risk. (2) Among the three poverty types, farmers in absolute poverty were the most populated, with non-poor farmers next, and relatively poor farmers at the bottom. (3) Farmers of different poverty types were affected by livelihood risks to different degrees. Specifically, when compared with the impacts on farmers in absolute poverty, the impacts social risks could bring to farmers in relative poverty were more severe while the impacts of health risks, environmental risks and financial were not that strong. Impacted by social risks, relatively poor farmers are more seriously impacted by public affairs and social security status. When compared with the impacts on non-poor farmers, the impacts of all these four risks on relatively poor farmers were not notable.

Policy Forum: Tax, Social Security, and Employment Status—Removing the Distortions in the United Kingdom

The COVID-19 pandemic has strained tax and social security systems. Cracks that have existed for some time have been opened up further and are unlikely to close without structural repair. New insights into the shifting nature of work, combined with the development of technologies that can provide modern, practical solutions to old problems, offer the opportunity to rethink the way we tax gig workers and other non-standard providers of labour. This article argues that we need to free ourselves from the employment status classifications developed in other areas of law, for other purposes, when we consider the design of tax and social security provisions. We should aim to harmonize the tax and social security treatment of all those who provide labour as far as is practically possible in order to increase equity and remove distortions. Where that cannot be achieved, despite the benefits of new technologies, dividing lines should be dictated by tax and benefits policy objectives rather than linkages to case law that has evolved in other areas.

Social Security Status and Retirement Planning of Salaried Class Investors: A Study of Haryana State

Social security becomes the emergent issue of the world. For developing countries, it is very difficult to provide the social security to whole population but it is very important for the welfare for entire society. In all phases of life, social and economic security is necessary but need of security is increased in the old age because human not remains so efficient to do the work and they have no regular source of income in this phase of life. Main aim of this paper is to find the relationship between the demographic variables and social security conditions and retirement planning of salaried class investors of Haryana state. Total 150 is the sample size. The data is collected through a well structured questionnaire for salaried class investors of Haryana state. Main finding of this paper is salaried class investors have same level of social security conditions on the basis of different demographical variables such as gender, age, marital status, nature of employment, job experience, annual income and number of dependent family members.

80 Minor Burns in Infants: What has Changed During the Last 15 Years?

Abstract Introduction Infants are prone to unintentional minor burns. Caregivers play a key role in prevention and first aid. So, updating communal burn-prevention education programs according to time-related social changes is of importance. Aim of the present study was to analyze features of minor burns in infants who were referred to our burn center in the last 15 years. Methods Subjects were 973 infants(1-24months) with minor burns who were treated at our burn center between 2005 and 2019. Subjects were divided into two subgroups; groupI: referrals between 2005 and 2014(n=465) and groupII: referrals between 2015 and 2019(n=508). Data collected for each case were age; sex; burn-cause; extent of burns; affected major body-sites; environment in which injury occurred; first-aid method used by the caregiver; referral history (time interval between injury and referral (TIIR) and other hospitals before arriving at our center). Socioeconomic status was investigated with social-security status; home-types and methods of home-heating. Results Median age was 1±0,2 both in groupI and in groupII; male/female ratio was 0,96/1 in groupI and it was 1,07/1 in groupII. Mean TBSA burned was 2,74±0,12%(min:0,1,max:18) in groupI and it was 2,22±0,11(min:0,1,max:18) in groupII. Most common burn-cause was scalds in both groups (groupI: n=351;75,5%, groupII: n=405;79,8%) (p˃,05). Chemical burns slightly increased, flame burns decreased in groupII (p˂,05). Hands continued to be the most common affected major body-site (n=334;34,5%)(p˃,05).Home was the most common environment in which injury occurred (groupI: n=428;92%, groupII: n=487;95,9%) (p˃,05). Tap water was the favorite first-aid method (groupI: n=366;78,9%; groupII: n=411;80,9%) (p˃,05). But tendency to herbal and/or unreasoning first-aid methods increased in groupII (groupI: n=10;2,2%, groupII: n=47;9,3%)(p˂,05). TIIR was under 3 days for 820 cases (84,3%)(p˃,05). Rates of unmediated referral to our burn-center were higher in groupII (groupI:n=221;47,5%,groupII:n=303;59,7%)(p<,05). Most infants were in civil social-security-system, with an increased number of private-insurance in groupII (groupI: n=12;25,7%,groupII: n=29;74,3%)(p<,05). Most lived at centrally heated homes(n=926; 95,2%), and number of infants who lived at stove-heated homes decreased in group II (groupI:n=31; 6,7%,groupII:n=16; 3,1%)(p˂,05). Conclusions Our results revealed that socioeconomic status has improved, direct referrals to burn center increased in the last 5 years. Unfortunately usage of herbal and unreasoning first aid methods also increased in the same period. Future communal education programs for caregivers should emphatically continue to focus on precautions against threats at homes and correct first-aid methods should be urged.

Tarım Üreticilerinin Bankacılık Sistemi Bağlamında Kredi Kullanımı ve Üretimin Finansmanı Analizi: Bafra Örneği

Tarımın finansmanda kullanılan temel kanallar Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri, Kamu Bankaları, Özel Bankalar ve Üreticinin çevresidir. Üreticiler finansman kanalları seçmesi; iş tecrübesi, geleneksel davranışlar, eğitim düzeyi, yeniliklere açık olma ve ekonomik gelişmeleri takip etmesine ve tarım sigortası yaptırmalarına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Bafra‘da faaliyet gösteren 153 tarım üreticisiyle yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılmış, mülakat ve açık uçlu sorularla veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda üreticilerin eğitim, yeniliklere açık olma ve ekonomik gelişmeleri takip etme oranında artışın kamu kurumlarının dışında özel bankalara yönelmesi arasında anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Kamu kuruluşları dışında finansman kaynakları kullanılması açısından üreticilerin; sosyal güvence durumu, tarım sigortası kullanma seviyeleri ile arasında anlamlı ilişki tespit edilirken; diğer yandan yaş, geleneksel davranışları ile değerlendirildiğinde ilişki anlamsız çıkmaktadır. Üreticilerin iş tecrübesi arttıkça organize olmayan çevresinden fon sağlama eğilimi artmaktadır. Üreticilerinin hem yeniliklerden haberdar olması ve uygulaması için hem de kendilerine uygun finansmanı yöntemini belirleyecek altyapıya sahip olabilmeleri için etkin iletişim kanalları kurulması gerekmektedir. Etkin iletişimin sağlanabilmesi için özellikle kamu desteklerinin artırılması ile yapılacak yayınlar ve etkinliklerle tarım üreticileri yanlış finansman uygulamalarından arındırılmalı ve mali yapıları korunmalıdır.

Intrinsic motivation for creativity of agricultural holdings in Kirşehir province of Turkey

ABSTRACT: The agriculture sector which has gained importance with Industry 4.0 in recent years, strives to adapt to the needs and requirements of the era by stripping from its traditional structure. In this process, it is important to increase the motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) of human resources factor, which is the most important input of agriculture, on innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship. This paper examined the factors that affect the intrinsic motivation of the agricultural holdings managers in Kirsehir province of Turkey on their creativity for innovation, which is one of the main variables of growth. Questionnaire forms were filled with 312 agricultural holdings managers who were selected according to the Probability Sampling Method in September-October, 2019. Intrinsic motivation scores for creativity (IMC) were obtained by using 5-point scale. Determined some socio-demographical, agricultural, economic and behavioral variables for agricultural holdings were tested with IMC levels. As a result of the study, it was determined that variables such as education, social security status, share of agricultural income, subjective poverty and risk behaviors significantly affect the IMC level of the agricultural enterprise managers. As a result, the measures to increase both the internal and external motivations of the agricultural enterprises managers are required in order to make agriculture more competitive, profitable and sustainable by removing it from the traditional structure. In this regard, not only the economic side but also the social side of agriculture should not be ignored and the potential of agriculture should be used more with structural reforms.

Anne Özellikleri, Gebelik ve Doğum Öncesi Bağlanma Arasındaki İlişki

Introduction: Pregnancy is one of the most important periods in which psycho-physiological changes occur in a woman’s life. There are significant interactions between the age of mother, years of marriage, the number of pregnancies, the number of alive children, gestational week, the education level of the mother, the foetus gender, the status of planned pregnancy, and the thoughts of pregnancy termination. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between socio-demographic, family, pregnancy determinants, and prenatal attachment. Method: This study examines the mother-foetus relations on 295 expectant mothers in Turkey. The Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) was used as a data collecting instrument. The results are discussed on the matter of prenatal attachment, infant abandonment and other variables. Results: According to the results, age of mother, years of marriage, the number of pregnancies, and the number of alive children are correlated negatively with PAI points. Moreover gestational weeks are positively correlated with PAI points. Other results of the study display significant differences among the education level of the mother, the foetus gender, the status of planned pregnancy, and the thoughts of pregnancy termination. However, there are no significant differences between PAI points and employment status, income levels, social security status, type of family, type of marriage, miscarriage, curettage, and medical assisted pregnancy. Discussion: Low level of prenatal attachment may cause a high risk of abandonment/the termination of pregnancy. Therefore, the results of the study may be useful for professionals who want to develop proactive parental education programs to assist couples during and after pregnancy, taking into account the level of prenatal attachment.

Vajinal doğum yapan ve sezaryen operasyonu geçiren annelerin ilk emzirme davranışları, emzirme öz-yeterlilik düzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörler

Amaç: Bu tanımlayıcı araştırma; postpartum dönemde vajinal doğum yapan ve sezaryen operasyon geçiren annelerin ilk emzirme davranışlarını, emzirme öz-yeterlilik düzeylerini ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Yöntem: Araştırma 01.02.2017-15.06.2017 tarihleri arasında İstanbul ili bir kamu hastanesinin doğum servisinde yeni doğum yapan 442 anne ile gerçekleştirildi. Veriler “Veri Toplama Formu” ve “Emzirme Öz-Yeterlilik Ölçeği” ile toplandı. Verilerin analizinde frekans, ortalama ve standart sapma, KolmogrovSmirnov testi, t testi, Mann Whitney U testi, Kruskal Wallis testi, Tukey testi, Pearson Chi-square testi ve Spearman Korelasyon analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Vajinal doğum yapan annelerin emzirme öz yeterlilik ölçeği toplam puan ortalamaları 61,57±9,81, sezaryen operasyonu geçiren annelerin emzirme öz yeterlilik ölçeği toplam puan ortalamaları 61,63±8,92 bulundu. Annelerin doğum şekli emzirme öz yeterlilik düzeylerini etkilemedi (p=0,947). Annelerin doğum şekli bebeklerine ilk dokunma (p=0,488) ve ilk emzirme zamanını (p=0,269) etkiledi. Annelerin eğitim durumu, eşlerinin eğitim durumu, medeni durumları, aile yapısı, gelir durumu, sosyal güvence durumu, gebelik sayısı, çocuk sayısı, gebelikte problem yaşama durumu, emzirme deneyimi ve bebeğe ağızdan ilk verilen besin emzirme öz-yeterlilik düzeylerini etkiledi (p˂0,05). Sonuç: Kadın ve çocuk sağlığı alanında çalışan hemşire ve ebeler tarafından annelerin emzirme öz-yeterliliklerinin arttırılması için eğitim programları düzenlenmesi, bu programlarda annelerin emzirme öz-yeterlilikleri ve etkileyen faktörlerin dikkate alınması önemlidir.

It Sucks to Be Single! Marital Status and Redistribution of Social Security

Abstract In this article, we study the labour supply effects and the redistributional consequences of the US social security system. We focus particularly on auxiliary benefits, where eligibility is linked to marital status. To this end, we develop a dynamic, structural life cycle model of singles and couples, featuring uncertain marital status and survival. We account for the socio-economic gradients to both marriage stability and life expectancy. We find that auxiliary benefits have a large depressing effect on married women’s employment. Moreover, we show that a revenue neutral minimum benefit scheme would moderately reduce inequality relative to the current US system.

The knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of Syrian refugee women towards family planning: Sample of Hatay.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the fertility characteristics of Syrian refugee women and their knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with regard to family planning. The research was designed as a descriptive and cross-sectional type of study. The study group consisted of 389 refugee women in the 15- to 49-year age group who had migrated from Syria to Hatay. Study data were collected between October 2018 and January 2019 using forms containing questions on participants' sociodemographic characteristics, and their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding family planning. Data analysis was performed with the use of frequency, percentage, mean, median, standard deviation values and the chi-square test. Most of the participants reported that they used a family planning method, 47.9% that they preferred traditional methods, 15.2% that the method used was supported by their husbands. Most of the participants had mistaken beliefs about pregnancy and family planning methods. Participants' information on modern family planning methods was affected by their age, income level and social security status; their knowledge of traditional family planning methods was affected by their income level, their family structure and their use of a traditional method. Women's use of family planning was affected by their age, income level and their knowledge of modern and traditional methods. Determination of the knowledge, attitudes and practice of refugee women regarding family planning and establishing the influential factors will enable nurses to make a contribution to the future provision of specific and culturally sensitive care to sick and healthy refugee women.

Effect of social capital on food security status of rural farm households in Enugu State, Nigeria

This study analysed the effect of social capital on food security status of rural farm households in Enugu state, Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was employed in collecting data from 180 farm households using structured interview schedule. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, food security index, Tobit regression and Pearson product moment correlation. Results showed that the farm households had mean monthly food expenditure/consumption of ₦14,600. Result of social capital dimensions showed that the farm households belonged to at least 2 associations and had cash contribution index of 68.01% and participated in two out of three decision making processes of their association. Result also showed that 58.33% of the farm households were relatively food secure. Result of Tobit regression analysis showed that cash contribution index, membership density index, association heterogeneity index and decision making index significantly influenced the rural farm households’ food security status. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between social capital and food security status of the farm households at 5% level. The study recommends that relevant agencies with mandate to enhance food security status of farm households should make policies aimed at promoting membership of farmers to local agricultural associations/cooperatives where opportunities for access to social capital abound.
 Keywords: Farm households, food security, social capital

The dark side of the tour. Labour and social security challenges of highly mobile workers in the live performance sector

This article discusses challenges relating to the social security and employment status of highly mobile workers in the live performance sector. These are persons whose place of employment is not a particular Member State but Europe. As such, these challenges arise from their often-weak connection to a specific Member State. The article provides an overview of a number of problems that mobile artists and their employers encounter under the EU legal framework for posting of workers and social security coordination, and explores some possible solutions.

Social Security Membership and Saving: The Turkish Case

This study analyses the micro-foundations of the saving behaviour in Turkey, looking for a humpback profile in saving rates. Household Expenditure Surveys are used to construct a pseudo-panel of the saving rate. Then, an age-cohort-period decomposition is undertaken to isolate the age-dependent behaviour of the saving rate in Turkey. The analysis is repeated for sub-samples based on social security status. Further investigation is carried out with truncated regression. Existence of a humpback profile is confirmed, but no systematic link between social security membership and the humpback profile is identified.

Health perceptions of elderly people aged over 65 age

Purpose: The study was conducted to reveal the health perceptions of the elderly people aged over 65 living at home according to some of their demographic qualities. Materials and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional one with a population of 4158 people. 437 elderly people were included in the sample after calculations. The dependent variables of the research consist of the questions to measure the health perception and health-seeking behaviour of the participants while the independent variables consist of the socio-demographic qualities. Results: There was no difference between the general health perception and the age of the elderly people, the place where they spend most of their lives, social security status, number of children, hospitalized treatment in any health institution for the last one year, and any exposure to violence throughout one's life. Conclusion: The health perceptions of the elderly people were found to be negative according to some of their socio-demographical qualities.

The basic characteristics and medical status of pneumoconiosis patients under different investigation methods

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of pneumoconiosis patients and the basic status of medical treatment. Methods: Research objects were chosen by stratified sampling method and typical survey method from existing pneumoconiosis patients in China. The survey was carried out from March 2017 to January 2018 in nine provinces including provinces from east, medium and western region in China. Source of pneumoconiosis cases were inpatient cases, outpatient or physical-examined cases and household-investigation cases. The survey mainly included demographic and sociological characteristics, economic status, occupational history and dust exposure history, disease status, work-related injury insurance and social security status and related indicators of pneumoconiosis treatment. Results: Investigated 1037 pneumoconiosis cases which included 186 (19.9%) household-investigation cases, 212 (20.4%) outpatient or physical-examined cases and 639 (61.7%) inpatient cases. Demographic and sociological characteristics, individual monthly income, economic source, occupational history and work-related injury insurance were statistically significant among different source of pneumoconiosis patients (P<0.05) . Among all of the household-investigation cases, there were 74 cases (40.2%) had no income, 117 cases (62.9%) used to work in private enterprises, 36 cases (19.4%) had work-related injuries insurance, 95 cases (51.1%) were at three phase of pneumoconiosis, 108 cases (59.0%) haven't had any drugs for pneumoconiosis. 65 cases (39.4%) haven't went to the clinic, 53 cases (28.5%) hadn't seek medical advice although they needed medical treatment very much. Among all of the outpatient or physical-examined cases, there were 95 cases (46.1%) had no income, 36 cases (17.0%) had work-related injuries Insurance, 139 cases (65.6%) went to the clinic for treatment of pneumoconiosis, 81 cases (38.2%) went to the clinic for more than ten times. Among all the inpatient cases, 310 cases' (49.3%) personal monthly income was above 2000 yuan, 352 cases (55.1%) had work-related injuries Insurance, 588 cases (92.2%) were taking drugs for treatment of pneumoconiosis, 153 canses (24.2%) had hospitalization for than ten times. Conclusion: Household-investigation cases have lower economic conditions, lower rates of Insurance coverage for work-related injuries, severer pneumoconiosis and higher clinical service utilization. Clinical or physical-examined cases have lower economic conditions, lower rates of Insurance coverage for work-related injuries and higher clinical service utilization. Hospitalized cases have better economic conditions, higher rates of insurance coverage for work-related injuries and higher hospitalization service utilization.

Analysis on social security of pneumoconiosis patients in two areas of Chongqing from 2006 to 2018

Objective: To investigate the current status of social security among pneumoconiosis patients from two areas of Chongqing, China with different economic levels from 2006 to 2018, and to provide a reference for the development of security policy for pneumoconiosis patients. Methods: The current status of social security was analyzed for pneumoconiosis patients from A and B counties of Chongqing who were diagnosed from 2006 to 2018, and a comparative analysis was performed. Results: From 2006 to 2017, there was a significant increase in the number of newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis patients in A county, while the number of newly diagnosed pneumoconiosis patients remained relatively stable in B county. As of May 2018, there were 5738 pneumoconiosis patients in A county and 4155 pneumoconiosis patients in B county. Among the 5738 pneumoconiosis patients in A county, 5335 (93%) had employers, and among these patients, 2729 (47.6%) received one-time compensation from occupational injury insurance, and currently 1884 (32.8%) were covered by the insurance. Among the 4155 pneumoconiosis patients in B county, 2482 (59.7%) received one-time compensation from occupational injury insurance, and currently 3062 (73.7%) were covered by the insurance. The social security rate of pneumoconiosis patients was 71.0% in A county and 81.4% in B county, and there was a significant difference in the distribution of social security among pneumoconiosis patients between the two counties (χ(2)=4704.9, P<0.01) . Conclusion: Strict implementation of social security policies for pneumoconiosis patients by local governments is the key to solving social assistance for pneumoconiosis patients and improving their quality of life and social security level.

The Development of Social Security in China (1949-2019)

Over the past 60 years, the social security system has continued to advance with the development of the economy. Especially since China’s Reform and Opening-up, the role and status of social security have become more and more prominent. With the evolution of value concepts and the transformation of the system interacted with each other, China's social security has embarked on a complicated track of establishing and reform. In 2003, the Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the Central Committee's Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economic System and proposed that accelerating to found a social security scheme that is matching with the level of economic development. Thus, the social security can become an integral part of the economic system reform. It was not until the Tenth National Congress in 2004, the constitutional amendment was passed, which the provisions of “establishing a sound social security system” were officially included into the constitution, demonstrating that the social security system has formally become a necessary basic institutional arrangement. The status of the social security in China has gradually increased, and the whole society has been increasingly valued its role.

Insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in women and men receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment

Background: Insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are reported to be common in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) but much less is known about these symptoms in buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) and in women compared with men. Methods: Cross sectional study of recipients of BMT (n = 113, 47 women), MMT (n = 184, 94 women), people using opioids nonmedically (nonopioid agonist treatment, non-OAT: n = 87, 31 women) and a reference group with no opioid use (RG; n = 105, 53 women) in Australia. Measures included Athens Insomnia Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and other substance use. Results: Insomnia (Athens Insomnia Scale, total ≥10) was highly prevalent among all people who use opioids (BMT 46.0–68.1%; MMT 55.4–69.6%; non-OAT 58.6–80.5%), did not differ significantly among these groups, and was significantly associated with anxiety and depression. EDS (Epworth score >10) was found in 14.2% of BMT, 22.8% of MMT, 35.6% of non-OAT groups, and 11.4% of the RG, and was significantly associated with depression overall. Fewer people had Epworth score >15 indicating more severe EDS (BMT 4.4%, MMT 6.0%; non-OAT 13.8%; RG 1.9%). Insomnia and EDS did not differ by sex or by opioid dose, nor were they significantly associated with other drug use, housing stress or social security status. Conclusions: Insomnia was common in people receiving OAT and using opioids non-medically, and associated with anxiety and depression. Clinicians should consider the possibility of daytime sleepiness in people receiving BMT and MMT, and in people using opioids nonmedically.

Revisiting the Fiscal and Social Security Status of Highly Mobile Workers in the Road and Railway Transportation: Quo Vadis?

The increasing mobility due to globalization and the increasingly integrated nature of regional economies, for example in the European Union, provides an excellent opportunity to subject the fiscal and social security status of international highly mobile workers employed in the road and railway transportation to a critical evaluation. As far as the international taxing rights over cross-border employment income are concerned, most double tax treaties, based on Article 15 of the OECD Model Tax Convention, use ‘the actual physical place of employment’ as the main starting point. However, the criterion of the state where the employee is physically present is insufficiently attuned to the situation of highly mobile workers carrying out activities in the international road and railway transportation. Because of their mobility and the cross-border nature of their activities, highly mobile workers are exposed to complex interpretation and application problems. An excessive fragmentation of (the exercise of) the place of employment by multiple working states can increase the exposure to conflicting characterizations of facts, additionally on the basis of differences across domestic laws, thereby giving rise to a greater potential for unrelieved double taxation. Further inconveniences may arise from the fact that the obligations demanded by social security law are not always geographically aligned with those determining the place of employment for tax purposes. The special focus of the present contribution lies in a critical comprehensive, in-depth attitude and evaluation of the interpretation and application problems with regard to (1) the place of exercise of employment of international transportation workers, and (2) the affiliated (dis) coordination between the tax allocation rules (double tax treaties) and the social security law rules (Regulation (EC) No 883/2004). Suggestions are made for a minimization of the detected application and interpretation problems regarding the tax jurisdiction over employment income of international transportation workers and the provision for better coordination between fiscal and social security law.

Türkiye‘de Genç Çiftçi Proje Desteğinden Yararlanma Düzeyini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi

Türkiye‘de kimi zaman üretimi arttırmak, kimi zaman da üretim fazlasını azaltmak ve üretimi dengelemek amacıyla çeşitli tarımsal destekleme politikaları uygulanmıştır. Ancak bu politikalar, öncelikle tarımın önemli yapısal sorunlarına çözüm getirilmeden uygulandığı için, hedeflerine tam olarak ulaşamamıştır. Dünya ülkelerindeki gelişmelere paralel olarak girişimciliğin genç nüfusa benimsetilmesi ve genç girişimcilerin desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Türkiye son yıllarda tarımda girişimciliğin desteklenmesine ve girişimci bireylerin belirlenmesi konusundaki desteklemelere önem vermektedir. Bu amaçla tarım sektöründe gençlerin desteklenmesi için “Milli Tarım Projesi” içerisinde 2016 yılında desteklemelere “Genç Çiftçi Projeleri Desteği (GÇPD)” eklenmiştir. Bu destekleme politikası ile genç çiftçileri destekleyerek gençlerin tarımda kalmalarını teşvik ederek kırdan kente olan göçü önlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, 2017 yılında, Türkiye‘nin TR 71 Bölgesi‘nde (Aksaray, Kırıkkale, Kırşehir, Nevşehir ve Niğde illeri) anket çalışması yürütülmüş olup toplam 248 genç çiftçi (139 desteklenen, 109 desteğe başvuran fakat desteklemeye hak kazanamayan) ile görüşülmüştür. Verilerin analizinde Logit model kullanılmıştır. Logit model sonuçlarına göre, bireylerin genç çiftçi desteklerinden faydalanmaları üzerinde etkili faktörlerden cinsiyet, medeni durum, çiftçilikle uğraşma durumu, ailenin çiftçilikle uğraşma durumu, ikamet edilen yerin nüfusu, sosyal güvence durumu, tarım eğitimi sertifika sahibi olma durumu ve mülk arazi sahibi olma durumu istatistiksel olarak önemli görülmüştür.