Social Sanctions Research Articles

Media Representation and Evaluation of Non-travelers

Although about a quarter of the German population are non-travelers, the economic and social consequences that may result from non-travel are still unexplored. For this reason, this study aims to examine via a media analysis the representation and evaluation of non-travelers in German newspapers since the turn of the millennium and gain first insights into the social consequences that non-travelers face. By conducting a discourse analysis, a part of the social reality of non-travelers can be reconstructed. The study concludes that travel is predominantly constructed as a norm in the media and that deviation from this norm leads to negative social sanctions. Over the last 20 years, however, mainly three events have had an impact on the media's assessment of non-travel: the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in 2001, the financial crisis in 2008-09 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-21. The COVID-19 pandemic led to a paradigm shift in the evaluation of the phenomenon of non-travel, during which a normalization process of non-travel occurred, at least temporarily. This media analysis thus provides the first indications of the social consequences for non-travelers in the past 20 years in Germany.

Domestic and external violence, parental neglect, and social sanctions among crack users: A cross-sectional study exploring the role of gender.

Substance Use Disorders are often associated with significant levels of domestic and external violence registered among abusers. This investigation aimed to evaluate the Domestic Violence Involvement (DVI) and related gender differences among Crack Cocaine Users in Brazil. For this purpose, a secondary data analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study involving 780 Crack Cocaine Users from 6 Brazilian capitals was performed. The prevalence of DVI among abusers was not different between males and females. Crack-cocaine users with DVI versus without DVI experienced significantly more aggressions and beatings as victims throughout their life (54.7% vs. 40.5%), showed greater difficulty in controlling the impulse to assault or hurt someone throughout their life (65% vs. 36.4%), higher number of physical aggressions (25.9% vs. 11.6%), car theft (27.3% vs. 16.9%), violent crimes (12.9% vs. 6.2%). Men also reported a higher prevalence of detentions/arrests (61%) than women, while women were more frequently charged over their parental powers than men. Our findings suggested that DVI in Crack-Cocaine users may be a potential predictor of social violence in general with no significant differences between males and females. Legal punishments remain related to the cultural role assigned to each gender with men being more likely to be detained in their lives and women being reported more for parental neglect.

Implementation of the Fishing Prohibition Policy on Certain Days as an Effort Towards Sustainable Development Goals: Life Below Water

This research aims to explore and understand more deeply the implementation of the no-fishing policy as an effort to achieve sustainable development goals for life below water. The research method uses qualitative with a descriptive approach with the aim of building meaning based on the views of participants. Data collection is carried out through three stages: observation by directly observing fishing activities and comparing them to the activities of the day of the fishing ban, in-depth interview stages by meeting informants and the literature study stage is carried out by collecting research results that are closely related to the research. The determination of informants was carried out purposively with the criteria of the Sabang City Community, who work as Fishermen, fishermen who know about the no fishing policy, ship-owning financiers who are closely related to fishing operations, and traditional representatives of the laot customary commander. The research findings of the communication stage, which originally prohibited fishing as part of the culture, was changed into a rule with a legal umbrella in Qanun No. 7 of 2010 concerning fisheries. The resources stage was carried out by forming an institution in charge of supervising and enforcing customary law rules, namely Panglima laot, which was further reinforced by the issuance of Qanun No. 10 of 2008 concerning the role of customary institutions. The disposition stage provides social sanctions in the form of ostracism and gives negative stigma to strict sanctions in the form of confiscation of catches and boats for three to seven days; the bureaucratic structure stage reinforces the authority of customary law and the role of Panglima laot as stated in Qanun No. 10 of 2008 and Qanun No. 7 of 2010.

PERAN BUDAYA LOKAL TERHADAP PENCEGAHAN ILLEGAL FISHING

This study aims to determine the Role of Local Culture in Preventing Illegal Fishing. The research method combines normative and empirical approaches to determine the role of local culture in preventing illegal fishing in coastal communities in Southeast Sulawesi. The results of the study indicate that the role of local culture in Southeast Sulawesi, especially local wisdom and social sanctions, has an important contribution to preventing illegal fishing in coastal communities. The synergy between strong customary traditions and formal government policies is the key to success in maintaining the sustainability of marine ecosystems. These efforts can be strengthened through the development of local wisdom-based education, increasing the capacity of customary leaders, formulating responsive policies that involve the community, and strengthening community-based monitoring systems. With this holistic approach, the sustainability of marine resources can be realized, while preserving the traditional values ​​that are the identity of the local community.

Social Norms And Norm Elicitation In Behavioral Economics

Classical economic models assume individuals make rational decisions, but behavioral economics seeks to refine these models by considering cognitive limitations. A vital aspect of this refinement is the role of social norms—unwritten rules and commonly accepted behaviors within communities. Research indicates that social norms significantly influence decisions related to giving, tax compliance, cooperation, saving, and recycling. Game theory highlights the interconnectedness of individual choices, showing that people are more likely to adhere to social norms when they believe others will do the same. It also explains how norms counterbalance in communities, where deviations from expected behavior can result in social sanctions or reputational damage. Understanding how individuals perceive and respond to these norms is crucial. Personal experiences and moral values shape individual perceptions of social norms, leading to their diversity. Norm elicitation, a research method, explores how people interpret social norms and adjust their behaviors accordingly. The norm elicitation method enables researchers to understand individuals' attitudes toward social norms and to predict norm-based behaviors by allowing social norms to be measured separately from behavior in behavioral economics. This study aims to elucidate the concepts of social norms and norm elicitation, exploring their significance in behavioral economics.

Transnationalism and Hegemonic Masculinity: Experiences of Gender-Based Violence Among African Women Immigrants in Canada

Gender-based violence (GBV) is an age-long issue plaguing societies all over the globe. Over the years, GBV perpetrated against women has been justified and legitimized by patriarchal and hegemonic masculine structures. This study explored the role of hegemonic masculinities and transnational cultural conflicts in creating a suitable environment for GBV against women newcomers from the continent of Africa. The study gathered perspectives of African immigrants and of the service providers working in immigrant-serving organizations. The paper adopts a qualitative approach and hinges on the transnationalism framework. This framework argues that immigrants maintain connections while transitioning to their destination countries. In such processes, immigrants carry with them their beliefs about cultural norms and hegemonic masculinity, of their country of origin. A total of 13 women immigrants and 20 service providers were purposively recruited to participate in the semi-structured interview. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed thematically and organized using Nvivo version 12. Findings show that African immigrant women in Canada disproportionately bear the burden of GBV due to hegemonic masculinities. The construction of masculinity in immigrant populations is heavily reliant on the communities of origin. As such, the prevailing systems during and post migration such as—unstable residency status, fear of deportation, fear of social and family sanctions and stigmatization, economic dependence on their spouses, and fear of retaliation from their spouses creates an environment that supports toxic masculinity. The study recommends comprehensive and culturally sensitive programmes and services to support African immigrants affected by hegemonic masculinity and GBV.

Developing A Conceptual Model of Factors Influencing Express Delivery Packaging Recycling Behaviors of E-Commerce Enterprises in China

The rapid growth of the e-commerce industry has led to a significant increase in express delivery service volumes, resulting in substantial environmental pollution and resource depletion from express delivery packaging (EDP) waste. Recycling express delivery packaging (EDPR) has become a critical global concern, particularly in China, the largest contributor to EDP waste for decades. Despite numerous government regulations aimed at promoting recycling behavior to support carbon peaking and neutrality targets, China’s recycling rate remains low, at just 25%-30%, compared to rates as high as 65% in EU countries, with some exceeding 80%. Drawing on Structuration Theory (ST), this study posits that the authority effect positively influences the recycling behavior of e-commerce organizations. It also examines the mediating role of recycling intention in the relationship between authority effect and recycling behavior and the moderating role of social sanction on recycling intention and behavior. This research aims to develop a comprehensive model for understanding the factors influencing EDPR and offers valuable insights from an organizational perspective. The findings will guide future empirical studies and help policymakers devise more effective strategies by understanding the impacts of authority and social sanction on recycling behavior.

Ostracism in Japan

Abstract Informal social sanctions such as ostracism are the primary means of controlling deviance in communities. Formal legal sanctions are a costly back-up. Yet outside of university laboratories, studies of ostracism barely exist. We examine legal cases brought by targets of ostracism in Japan, encompassing nearly all the non-trivial reported opinions. The cases do not involve villagers who actually offended their community. Instead, most plaintiffs are victims of opportunistic ostracism, where ostracism is used to extort property, hide community-wide malfeasance, or harass rivals. We explore carefully the non-random character of the disputes and provide a formal model in the annex. We conclude that typical plaintiffs in these lawsuits are not seeking to harness the government's coercive power. Instead, they bring suit for the informational role of courts, aiming to have the court publicly certify that they did not misbehave, contrary to what ostracism might be thought to imply. This analysis contributes to the growing body of legal scholarship on social norms and the role of the courts as informational intermediaries.

Judgmental the Identity of New York Times between Al Jazeera on Indonesia General Election: Appraisal Framework

This study aims to identify the terminology Al Jazeera and the New York Times used in their news reports on the 2024 Indonesian General Election, which had many candidates. In particular, this article identifies the data gathered from the appraisal system's components of attitude judgment (Martin & White, 2005), described in interpersonal (Martin & Rose, 2007). The number of negative judgments is much higher than the number of positive judgments. Out of the 21 total data, 76.2% are identified as negative judgments with 16 data, while the remaining 23.8% are positive judgments with 5 data. Once the analysis is carried out thoroughly, it is found that 80.9% of the data is categorized under social esteem, and the other 19.1% falls under social sanction. There are indications that the disparity between the positive and negative judgments is because of the controversy that preceded and followed the 2024 Indonesian General Election, in which Gibran, the President’s son, nominated Prabowo as a candidate and won the general election. This study's language assessment (appraisal) tries to identify two forms of judgment in four online international newspaper segments.

The effects of expanding worker rights to children

One out of two working children worldwide works in hazardous conditions. We study the effects of a law that introduced benefits and protections for child workers and temporarily lowered the de facto legal working age from 14 to 10 in Bolivia. We employ a difference-in-discontinuity approach that exploits the variation in the law’s application to different age groups. Work decreased for children under 14, whose work was newly legalized and regulated under the law, particularly in areas with a higher threat of inspections. The effects disappear after the law is reversed. We do not find evidence of improvements in work safety. Thus, the effects do not appear to be driven by increased hiring costs to ensure worker safety. Instead, the effects appear to be driven by a reduction in the most visible forms of child work, suggesting that firms and parents (households) may have reduced employment of young children to minimize the risk of being subject to legal and social sanctions.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA BODY SHAMING DI MEDIA SOSIAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF VIKTIMOLOGI

This study aims to analyze the form of legal protection for victims of body shaming crimes on social media in the perspective of victimology and the urgency of legal protection. The research method used is normative juridical. The results show that legal protection for victims of body shaming crimes in social media can be seen from the provisions in Law No. 13 of 2006, LPSK Regulation Number 6 of 2010, and article 27 paragraph 3 of the ITE Law. However, the current regulations are considered ineffective to overcome the problem of body shaming on social media. The majority of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the imposition of criminal penalties alone and advocated for social sanctions as well. In addition, the complexity of the legal process is considered to be one of the factors for victims' reluctance to report. The urgency of providing legal protection for victims of body shaming crimes on social media is very high, given the significant psychological impact on victims. In addition, there are still many perpetrators who do not realize the consequences of body shaming. The government has implemented legal protection measures for victims as a form of commitment to protect the community, which can be in the form of compensation, restitution, and other forms of compensation.

The Representation of Peace Values in Indonesian Primary School Textbooks: Marrying of Ecovisual Judgment Theory with Environmental Literacy

This qualitative research, employing content analysis, aims to achieve two objectives: (1) to examine self-values, which encompass the categories of literacy and environmental assessment, and (2) to explore social peace values, which include the categories of content and environmental literacy assessment. The research data consist of images accompanied by textual elements sourced from Indonesian language textbooks used in grades 5 and 6 of primary schools. These textbooks are published by the Center for Curriculum, Research, and Book Development, which operates directly under the Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia in support of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The findings of the research reveal that (1) the values of oneself include acceptance of conditions, wisdom, adherence to rules, patience, consistency, cleanliness, hard work, creativity, enthusiasm, and hard work. Meanwhile, (2) the values of social peace consist of cooperation, care for the environment and other living beings, togetherness, and respect for others' rights. These two categories are spread across texts of types environmental behavior, knowledge, affect, and cognitive, which are included in the categories of social esteem and sanction. Overall, the findings of this research indicate that the discursive practices within the textbooks aim to shape individuals who are independent and cooperative, with an emphasis on inclusivity, appreciation of diversity, and mutual intercultural respect in fostering environmental peace. The analytical framework developed in this study represents a novel contribution to environmental discourse analysis and can be utilized by future researchers, both locally and globally, to study textbooks. Future research could focus on a lexico-grammatical analysis of engagement and graduation elements, with the aim of deepening understanding and enhancing the delivery of sustainability solutions.

Rambangan and Lelebusayan as a Local Maritime Tradition Embraced by the Artisanal Fishing Community in Sapeken Sub-district, District of Sumenep, Indonesia

The artisanal fishing community in the Saseel and Tanjungkiaok villages in the Sapeken sub-district lives by the marine resources in the maritime area of the Sapeken sub-district. They are engaged in fishing activities through the extraction of fishery resources and seaweed cultivation. Owing to insufficient resources, the fishermen have agreed to utilize resources sparingly for the continuous supply of resources and sustainability of the lives of the fishermen. An effort to maintain the sustainability of the resources is through agreeing to use traditional extraction equipment such as fishing rods and agreeing on the pattern of resource extraction, which is based on the principle of kinship and togetherness. However, social sanction is sometimes applied to fishermen who conduct activities through extraction mechanisms beyond that which are collectively agreed upon; for example, a ban on the extraction within a certain time in the common maritime spaces. Consequently, the conception of Rambangan and Lelebusayan has subsequently emerged and has been developed by the artisanal fishermen communities in Saseel and Tanjungkiaok as a local maritime tradition. This is used as the main life reference for the artisanal fishermen community. Rambangan is a maritime tradition that obliges artisanal fishermen within the community to behave socially, whereas Lelebusayan is a maritime tradition that obliges the artisanal fishermen community to behave spiritually in their utilization of resources.

Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Berbasis Adat: Studi Kasus Masyarakat Kampung Naga

In the era of globalization, indigenous communities are increasingly at risk of losing their identity and traditional values. Kampung Naga, one of the oldest traditional villages in Indonesia, has a complex social and cultural system. This study aims to deeply examine the role of traditional institutions in shaping and instilling civic values in the indigenous community of Kampung Naga. Through a qualitative case study method, this research analyzes the structure of traditional institutions, decision-making mechanisms, and customary practices related to citizenship. The results of the study show that traditional institutions have a central role in preserving the values of mutual cooperation, consensus-based decision-making, and respect for nature. Customary practices such as traditional ceremonies, village meetings, and social sanctions serve as effective social control mechanisms in shaping the character of good citizens. This study concludes that the traditional institutions of Kampung Naga can serve as a model for the development of character education and citizenship rooted in local values.

Compassion as appraisal, performative identity and moral affiliation

Abstract This article addresses the underexplored topic of compassion in digital activism through linguistic research. Utilising corpus linguistics and the SFL appraisal framework, the study initially analyses the lemma “compassion” and its appraisal nature within The Coronavirus Corpus. It then models compassion development as a social discursive process, taking Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS-Australia) campaigns as a case study, drawing on “communion” and “tendering” strategies, and positioning theory-based morality by linking structure to agency. The analysis provides evidence that the concept of “compassion” extends beyond triggered emotions, expressing institutionalised feelings. Compassion also develops through a moral affiliation process: aligning identities, positioning others within shared moral and sociocultural frameworks, and exhorting people towards purposeful social actions as commodities. This research underscores compassion’s normative (i.e. moral orders) core and performative essence.

The Dynamic Costs of Deviance: Status, Track Records, and Social Sanctions

The Dynamic Costs of Deviance: Status, Track Records, and Social Sanctions

Pelecehan Seksual Verbal (Catcalling) sebagai Tindak Pidana: Menuju Ruang Publik yang Aman bagi Perempuan dalam Perspektif KUHP dan TPKS

Criminal Code and the Penal Code for Sexual Violence, verbal sexual harassment, also known as catcalling, is considered a criminal offense. This kind of sexual harassment is common in public spaces, especially in Indonesia. This behavior not only makes women feel insecure and uncomfortable, but it can also lead to psychological trauma. This research is normative legal research or library research. The results showed and understood the legal framework related to verbal sexual harassment, also known as catcalling, in Indonesia. As well as raising public awareness of rights and law enforcement, in order to create a safe public environment for women, it can be concluded that the law enforcement of perpetrators of verbal sexual harassment (catcalling) still faces some problems. This includes low public awareness and a lack of solid evidence. To ensure legal certainty, there needs to be a new policy governing catcalling and social sanctions for perpetrators.

The nexus between social norms and the Ubuntu and social work

What are norms? There are different schools of thought, but there is a general agreement that a norm is a behaviour shared by members of a given group, and this helps us to distinguish between a norm and an attitude. An attitude is something conceptualised at individual level. However, when you talk of a norm, it must be shared by a group. And when a norm is widely accepted within a much larger society, say, a whole region in Zimbabwe or a whole region in Malawi, that’s what you can say that it is a meta-norm because it is widely accepted by a much wider group of people. Social norms are influenced by belief systems and perceptions of what others expect and do. So, there is always this notion that what you believe others do is likely also to influence what you choose or decide to do – because you want to belong. So, you want to make sure that the way you behave, the decisions you make are aligned to your group, sometimes beyond your group, aligned group – the community or society where you live. However, social norms are also influenced by what you believe others approve or disapprove. So, you are likely to behave in a certain way or adopt a certain behaviour based on what you believe others you relate with approve or disapprove, or what you believe they consider appropriate or inappropriate. Adherence to these norms is also sustained by social sanction (rewards and punishments) from those people who matter in your life or context in which you live. These are referred to as reference groups. The strengths of social norms are in most cases determined by the severity of its social sanctions. Therefore, since Ubuntu is culturally constructed and displayed through processes of interaction, there is a high likelihood that it is influenced by social norms. HOW TO REFERENCE USING ASWDNET STYLE Bukuluki, P. (2024). The nexus between social norms and the Ubuntu and social work. African Journal of Social Work, 14(3), 120-126. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v14i3.2 Visit journal website: https://ajsw.africasocialwork.net

THE APPRAISAL SYSTEM OF TOURISM EDITORIAL TEXTS ON SINDONEWS.COM

This research aimed to identify appraisal system in tourism editorial texts in SINDOnews.com news portal, particularly to identify attitude, graduation, and engagement as well as to know how the writer positions himself in his writing and public response on the issue. This research applied Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theories and is designed with an embedded case study. The data were taken from a tourism editorial text in SINDOnews.com with the total number of 70 out of 30 sentences. The data were then analyzed with appraisal system theory proposed by Martin & White (2005). The result shows the existence of attitude (affect positive/negative), judgement (social esteem positive/negative: normality, capacity, and tenacity; social sanctions positive/negative: veracity and propriety), appreciation (reaction, composition, and valuation positive/negative), graduation (force: Intensifier, attitudinal lexis, metaphor and focus: sharpen and soften) and engagement (monogloss and heterogloss). The data mostly found are graduation which consists of force (8 intensifiers, 6 metaphor, and 2 qttitudinal lexes) and focus (6 sharpen and 8 soften). The texts themselves emphasize values, public opinions, author’s attitude, and show the beautiful and the selling point of tourist destinations in Bali. It means that the writer shows the positive perception subjectively whereas the society shows the positive and negative perception objectively in the texts.

How should regulatory schemes be optimized to enhance deterrence against medical insurance fraud by enrollees? Evidence from a discrete choice experiment in China

Medical insurance fraud (MIF) poses a substantial global financial challenge, necessitating effective regulatory strategies, especially in China, where such measures are in a critical developmental phase. This study investigates the effectiveness of various regulatory components in deterring MIF among enrollees and explores preference heterogeneity among individuals with different characteristics, utilizing a discrete choice experiment survey. Grounded in deterrence theory, our conceptual framework incorporates five attributes: intensity of economic penalties, restrictions on medical insurance benefits, deterioration of social reputation, and certainty and celerity of penalties. Employing a D-efficiency design, 24 choice sets were generated and blocked into three versions. A multistage stratified sampling method was adopted to collect data from the basic medical insurance enrollees in Shanghai. The survey was conducted from September to October 2022. The sample representativeness was further improved via the entropy balancing approach. Data from the final sample of 1034 respondents were analyzed using mixed logit models (MIXLs), incorporating interactions with individual characteristics to assess preference heterogeneity. Results reveal that escalating economic penalties, suspending insurance benefits, listing individuals as unfaithful parties, ensuring penalty certainty, and expediting enforcement significantly enhance the deterrent effect. We observed preference heterogeneity across different demographics, including age, gender, education, health status, and employment status. The study underscores the pivotal role of economic penalties in deterring MIF, while also acknowledging the significance of non-economic measures such as enforcement efficiency and social sanctions. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers to tailor and strengthen regulatory schemes against MIF, contributing to the advancement of more effective and precise healthcare policies.