Social Risk Research Articles

Possible social Risk and Risks arising from Information and Telecommunication Tools in the Hands of second primary Education Stage Pupils in Slovakia

The current era is characterised by many technologies with online access. This paper lists the most significant negative phenomena associated with the use of modern technologies: the harmfulness of Internet use in general, Internet addiction, bullying through information and communication technologies (ICT), sites with toxic content, defamation and intolerance, false and fraudulent messages and conspiracies, radicalization, communication with unknown people via the Internet and explicit content. Other risks include: the spread of child pornography, sexting and cyberbullying. Our research and its results will show how information and telecommunication technologies are used by second primary education stage pupils attending selected primary schools. The paper concludes with recommendations for practice that emerged from the empirical findings.

Exploring the Occupational Lifestyle Experiences of the Families of Public Safety Personnel.

Public safety personnel, including first responders, are regularly exposed to physical, social, and psychological risks and occupational requirements. These risks and requirements extend beyond the employee and may also impact the families (for example, work-family conflict, compassion fatigue). Despite recent attention directed at the population's wellness, considerably less attention is directed towards the family. This review investigates how the risks and requirements associated with these occupations affect families' lives and experiences, and correspondingly, how families respond and adapt to these risks. In the current qualitative review, we sought to identify and describe the lifestyle experiences of public safety families as they navigate the occupational risks and requirements of public safety work. The inclusion criteria resulted in an analysis of 18 articles, representing only police (n = 11), paramedics (n = 7), and firefighting (n = 10) sectors. We identified and described the experiences of public safety families both by occupation and familial role. Shared familial themes across occupational groups included 'Worry', 'Communication', 'Where do I turn', 'Are they okay', 'Serving alongside', and '(Over)Protective'. However, distinct themes also emerged between different occupational groups and family configurations. Themes prevalent amongst primarily children of police included: 'Worry', 'Let's Laugh Instead', '(Over)Protective', and 'I'm not the Police, my Parent is!'. Experiences differed if the family contained on serving public safety personnel or multiple. We identified the shared and unique occupational experiences of public safety families. This review normalizes these experiences and emphasizes the need to develop initiatives to improve the well-being of families and safety employees.

A comparative analysis of distracted driving behavior among drivers of different income levels: A case study in huainan, China

This research aims to investigate the differences and causes behind distracted driving behavior among drivers with varying income levels. A comparative survey of 1121 drivers in Huainan City, China, was conducted, including 562 drivers from high-end communities representing the high-income group, and 559 drivers from general communities representing the low-income group. Employing social norms, risk perception, and experience as independent variables, the study further examines the role of in-group bias as a mediating variable, with distracted driving behavior serving as the dependent variable, through the construction of two structural equation models for analysis. The study found that among the high-income driver group, in-group bias significantly mediates the impact of social norms, risk perception, and experience on distracted driving behavior; however, this mediating effect is less pronounced in the low-income driver group. This finding is crucial for understanding the potential distracted driving behaviors induced by in-group bias within the high-income driver group and for effectively promoting driving safety. In summary, this research provides new insights into reducing distracted driving behavior among the high-income driver group, thereby enhancing road safety.

How did COVID-19 Social Security Measures Resemble Universal Basic Income? A Comparative Study of OECD Countries

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, governments were mainly relaying on pre-pandemic policies when introducing changes to social policies. However, the crisis did lead to transformative action as well. In this article, we explored the novel direct payments, delivered beyond existing social risk categories such as unemployment or sickness. Our exploration demonstrates that most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries did not introduce novel payments. Exceptions were Australia, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Seven countries also continued and modified payments while the crisis continued. All the novel direct payments met some of the characteristics of universal basic income (UBI). The idea of universality was realised in Japan and South Korea. The key findings of this study suggest that the COVID-19-related novel direct payments were primarily emergency benefits for people affected by the pandemic and interpreted as quasi-basic income in times of crisis.

Comparing the Understanding of "Punishment" in Teacher- Student Relationships Based on Majors in Bukitinggi City: An Indigenous Psychology Study

Education gives students access to knowledge and information that has been collected and organized. Punishment is very important to change student behavior in a safe and orderly school environment. This study reveals the types of punishment and the impact of punishment on high school students using an indigenous psychology approach. This research was conducted on 430 high school students in Bukittinggi City. The method used is descriptive qualitative with an indigenous psychology approach, using an open-ended questionnaire with the stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding analysis. The results of this study found that the types of punishment that are preferred and make students not burdened are physical punishment, emotional punishment, and procedural punishment. The impact of punishment that is favored and makes students unburdened consists of academic risk, physical impact, and impact on relationships. The types of punishment that students dislike are physical punishment, emotional punishment, administrative punishment, and punishment that has a long-term impact. The impact of students disliking punishment in the form of threats to academics, threats to the self, risk of new negative behaviors, and social risks. The ways students avoid punishments they don't like include compliance, unexpected behavior, and camouflage/fiking.

Changes in social mixing and attitudes and practices to precautionary measures in a maturing COVID-19 pandemic in six communities in Sudan: a qualitative study

IntroductionWith low COVID-19 vaccination coverage, non-pharmaceutical interventions were critical to mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan. We explored changes in social contact patterns, risk perception, attitudes, and practices toward protective measures during an evolving COVID-19 outbreak in six illustrative communities in Sudan.MethodsThis qualitative study took place in six communities in five Sudanese states using focus group discussions with community members and non-participant structured observations in public spaces between March 2021 and April 2021. A total of 117 participants joined 24 group discussions. We used a two-stage thematic analysis.ResultsThe perceived importance of compliance with individual preventative measures among those who believe in COVID-19 was higher than observed compliance with behaviors in most study sites. Adherence was consistently low and mainly driven by enforced movement restrictions. As restrictions were lifted, social contacts outside the household resumed pre-COVID-19 levels, and risk perception and individual and institutional adherence to protective measures diminished. We identified an environment that is socially and economically unsupportive of preventive practices, compounded by widespread rumours, misinformation, and mistrust in the government-led response. However, we identified new social habits that can contribute to reducing COVID-19 transmission.ConclusionThe unfavourable social and economic environment, coupled with the low visibility of the pandemic and pandemic response, has likely modulated the influence of higher risk perception on adopting precautionary behaviours by individuals. Governments and non-governmental actors should increase the visibility of the pandemic and pandemic response, enforce and incentivise infection control measures in public areas, promote emerging preventive social habits, and actively track and address rumours and misinformation related to COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines.

Social Demographic Characteristics Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis in West Pokot, Kenya.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a tropical disease with a significant global public health burden. This study aimed to determine the social demographic characteristics associated with visceral leishmaniasis in West Pokot of Kenya. A mixed-methods research design was adopted where household questionnaires and key informant interviews were administered. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 22, and qualitative data were analyzed to establish patterns for interpretation. Male children aged 10 years or younger were the most infected by Leishmania donovani in the community. The hospital record indicated that 60% of previously treated visceral leishmaniasis patients were severely malnourished during admission. Risk factors associated with the disease included low formal education (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.39; 95% CI = 1.66-11.59; P <0.05), peasant farming (aOR = 8.49; 95% CI = 2.77-26.00; P <0.05), and dog ownership (aOR = 4.86; 95% CI = 1.87-12.60; P <0.05). Social demographic risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis remain a major public health concern in West Pokot.

Macro-level predictors of child removals: Do social welfare benefits and services reduce demand for children’s out of home placements?

The purpose of this macro-level study is to examine the effects of social welfare benefits and services on the demand for child removals. The study is based on the panel data of Finnish municipalities (N = 293) and their social welfare indicators for the period 2010–2021. Linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze the associations between the dependent variable (child removals) and the main predictors (child welfare notifications, family support services, social assistance). The community-level social risk factors were controlled for. It was found that child welfare notifications and family support services were associated with child removals. The more cases there are of children accessing the child protection system, the more cases there also are of child removals in a municipality. On balance, additional income support seems to reduce the demand for child removals. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that community-level social risk factors (drop-out youth, unemployment, low education level) were in a negative relationship with child removals, which would tentatively suggest that the threshold for child welfare notifications is actually higher in the deprived communities than in the prosperous areas. Relatively, it is more difficult for children to access child protection services in the communities with a high unemployment rate and low education level and also if there is a high proportion of youths out of education, employment, and training. The present study underlines the significance of a macro-level approach to child protection.

Food Insecurity Prevalence and Risk Factors at a Large Academic Medical Center in Michigan

Health care systems are increasingly adopting methods to screen for and integrate food insecurity and other social risk factors into electronic health records. However, there remain knowledge gaps regarding the cumulative burden of food insecurity in large clinical settings, which patients are most at risk, and the extent to which patients are interested in social assistance through their health care system. To evaluate the 5-year prevalence and associated risk factors of food insecurity among adult primary care patients, and to examine factors associated with patients' interest in social assistance among those with food insecurity. This cross-sectional analysis of a retrospective cohort study took place at a tertiary care academic medical center (encompassing 20 primary care clinics) in Michigan. Participants included adult patients who completed screening for social risk factors between August 1, 2017, and August 1, 2022. Data analysis was performed from November 2022 to June 2023. Food insecurity was assessed using the Hunger Vital Sign. The primary outcome was patients' interest in social assistance, and associated factors were examined using multivariate logistic regression models, adjusting for patients' demographic and health characteristics. Over the 5-year period, 106 087 adult primary care patients (mean [SD] age, 52.9 [17.9] years; 61 343 women [57.8%]) completed the standardized social risk factors questionnaire and were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of food insecurity was 4.2% (4498 patients), with monthly trends ranging from 1.5% (70 positive screens) in August 2018 to 5.0% (193 positive screens) in June 2022. Food insecurity was significantly higher among patients who were younger, female, non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic, unmarried or unpartnered, and with public health insurance. Food insecurity was significantly associated with a higher cumulative burden of social needs, including social isolation, medical care insecurity, medication nonadherence, housing instability, and lack of transportation. Only 20.6% of patients with food insecurity (927 patients) expressed interest in social assistance. Factors associated with interest in social assistance including being non-Hispanic Black, unmarried or unpartnered, a current smoker, and having a higher burden of other social needs. In this retrospective cohort study, the overall prevalence of food insecurity was 4.2%, of whom approximately 1 in 5 patients with food insecurity expressed interest in assistance. This study highlights ongoing challenges in ensuring all patients complete routine social determinants of health screening and gaps in patients' interest in assistance for food insecurity and other social needs through their health care system.

Medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic: a reflection on the JHUSOM experience

BackgroundWe sought to understand the relative risk of COVID-19 infection and identify risk factors for infection to identify targets for mitigation among medical students.MethodsAn observational cohort study of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine students was conducted from June 2020 to July 2021. Blood samples were collected and tested at three visits to assess for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered at each visit to collect demographic information and assess potential social and behavioral risk factors.Results264 students enrolled in the study, and 38 participants completed all study requirements by study end. Roughly 6% of the first- and second-year classes had a reported positive COVID-19 test compared to 5% of third- and fourth-year students. By visit 3, 92% of medical students had detectable antibodies against COVID-19 compared to 4% during the study enrollment period. From study enrollment to visit 3, there was a 10-fold increase in the percentage of students reporting attending large social gatherings and dining in restaurants.ConclusionsOverall, few COVID-19 cases were found among medical students, even those on clinical rotations. As the study progressed, students reported engaging in higher-risk social behaviors in conjunction with increasing vaccination rates among students.

Corporate Governance and Ownership Structure Effect on Corporate Social Performance: Evidence from Non-Financial Industries of Pakistan

This paper will examine the diversified associations between corporate governance and ownership structure impact on corporate social performance in dissimilar industries across Pakistan non-financial. The OLS models regression are estimation to using data from 2011 to 2020, that the non-financial industries of Pakistan. Corporate governance including board independence (BINDP), board size (BSIZE), and audit size and committee (A&amp;COM), and structure ownership including, ownership managerial (MOWN), ownership family (FOWN), and ownership concentration (COWN), inspires of organizations corporate social performance with environmental and social risk market capitalization. Generally, the outcomes significant of ownership structure and corporate governance is recognized in industries of non-financial different at a joint level while examines the organizations with a risk whole risk market capitalization disclosure. That suggest to identifying the ownership structure and corporate governance can risk mitigate the market capitalization disclosure non-financial industries in term of correlation the corporate social performance improving and the developed the benefits with the calculation of identical female director in women on board and family ownership organizations (independent or executive) to the panel. This study also demand consideration to the corporate governance and improve structure ownership to enhance the corporate social responsibility in industries non-financial with market risk capitalization analysis, whereas risk control performance of industries analysis after complement by critical mass and independent directors properties.

Morning Sustainalytics: Environmental, Social, Governance and Financial Leverage Risk Ratings on the Financial Performance of Mining Companies in Indonesia

This research investigates the influence of Environmental, Social and Governance (LST) Risk Ratings on the Financial Performance of mining companies in Indonesia. The financial performance of this research is focused on return on assets (ROA). This research design uses associative quantitative. The population of this research is mining companies in Indonesia, which are listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI). The sample from the population was selected using a selection approach, namely mining companies that had complete disclosure of ESG Risk Rating information from Morning Sustainalytics and comprehensive financial reports and did not record losses in consecutive financial reports in the 2019-2022 period. Statistical research results show a 95% confidence level that both ESG Risk Rating and Financial Leverage negatively impact financial performance (ROA) in mining companies in Indonesia. ROA is influenced by Risk Rating ESG, which implies that a mining company implements sustainable practices or has a P Risk Rating. Good ESG _ or low tends to achieve better financial performance. The finding that there is a statistically significant influence between ESG assessments and the economic success of general mining companies in Indonesia indicates that environmental, social and corporate governance factors have a measurable impact on the financial performance of these mining companies.

Risk management and decision-making in dementia care.

What constitutes a risk for a person living with dementia may be perceived and prioritised differently by nurses from varying clinical backgrounds. Furthermore, risk may be perceived differently according to the context. This article outlines some of the social, psychological and physical risk factors relevant to people living with dementia across the life course of the condition. It is important that nurses understand their role in identifying, assessing and managing risk and are aware of the resources, policies, legislation and processes designed to support decision-making and minimise the risk of harm to people living with dementia, their families and carers. The authors hope that this article will support nurses to become more confident in identifying risk while encouraging them to adopt a proactive and person-centred approach to risk assessment and management.

Social and legal significance of the non-jurisdictional protection of the social rights of military personnel in Ukraine

The article delves into the social and legal significance of non-jurisdictional protection concerning the social rights of military personnel in Ukraine. The author delineates that the significance of these protective measures unfolds within three distinct contexts. Firstly, the state assumes the role of an employer responsible for ensuring and safeguarding the social rights of military personnel. This dynamic underscores the presence of a social risk for military personnel, stemming from the confluence of two conflicting roles within a single entity - that of being both the controlled and the controller. In a legal and democratic state, this duality necessitates equilibrium through the provision of non-state protection for the social rights of military personnel. Secondly, Ukraine is witnessing a burgeoning civil society, whose advocacy efforts in human rights bolster social security for individuals, society, and the state, with a potential focus on safeguarding the social rights of military personnel. Thirdly, non-jurisdictional mechanisms for protecting the social rights of military personnel harbor considerable human rights potential. The state's commitment to fully realizing this potential would directly enhance the overall social security of military personnel. The human rights potential of civil society actors materializes through three primary forms of human rights protection. Firstly, it involves exerting comprehensive and legitimate pressure on violators of social rights, without compromising the state's defense capabilities. Secondly, it entails targeted and lawful influence on offenders. Thirdly, it encompasses fostering solidarity among military personnel and addressing their sense of belonging to a nearly homogeneous group. This group comprehends the intricacies of social security issues facing military personnel and ensures the protection of the rights of its members. In conclusion, the article synthesizes the findings of the study and underscores the necessity of establishing a platform for safeguarding the rights and interests of military personnel. This platform, founded on institutional partnership, would convene delegates from diverse civil society entities engaged in the ongoing protection of the social and other rights of military personnel.

Abstract 34: Social Risks, Glycemic Control and Elevated Blood Pressure Among Patients With Diabetes in the Ascension Health System

Background: Calls to address social risks have stimulated interest in integrating screening measures into the electronic medical record (EMR) - particularly, self-reported individual level social risks - to improve care for chronic diseases like diabetes (DM). Objective: Examine associations between individual-level social risks and glycemic control and elevated blood pressure (BP) among patients with DM in the Ascension Health System. Methods: A 10-item EMR-embedded survey [access to care, resources, transportation, employment] was collected in Ascension primary care clinics in 12 U.S. states. Neighborhood-level risk was characterized with the CDC Social Vulnerability index (SVI) by census tract of patients’ residences. Associations between social risk (individual/composite) and uncontrolled DM (HbA1c &gt;9%) and elevated BP (&gt;120/80) adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, SVI, region, and chronic conditions were examined. Results: Among 75,848 patients with DM and social risk data available [median age 62, 53% female, 22% Black, 7.5% Hispanic]. 20% had poor glycemic control; 27% had elevated BP; 20% lived in a high SVI census tract. Patients identifying any social risk were more likely to have poor glycemic or elevated BP. Patients with the highest social risk scores had higher odds of uncontrolled glycemia (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.60-1.85) and elevated BP (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.10-1.26). Conclusion: Examination of a large sample of primary care patients in a large multi-region health system determined that individual-level social risks were correlated with glycemic and BP control. These data highlight the need to simultaneously address social risks and medical conditions to impact population health.

«ВРАЗЛИВІ ГРУПИ НАСЕЛЕННЯ» ЯК ОЦІНОЧНА КАТЕГОРІЯ ПРАВА СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ

The article examines the phenomenon of evaluative categories in jurisprudence, reveals their concept and features. It is concluded that the term “evaluative concepts” is given a different meaning by scientists representing various branches of law. The author comes to the conclusion that “vulnerability” as a characteristic of the category of the population receiving individual types of social protection is of an evaluative nature. Through the prism of various social relations, it can be considered as a situation in which the risk of discrimination or violations of human rights increases, the probability of being “excluded” from society, as a result of which the social or material situation of a person may suffer, a threat to life or health and other negative consequences may arise. It is proven that it is most expedient to associate vulnerability with the possibility of encountering a certain social risk, and therefore – to claim social protection. The term “vulnerable stratum of the population” is used in international legal acts and in national legislation. At the international level, the traditional contractual approach to assessing persons as vulnerable prevails, states are given the opportunity to independently decide which means of protection such social groups will be supported with reference to the standards established in international legal acts. “Vulnerability” as a status can be directly enshrined in an international treaty or be presented abstractly. The definition of “vulnerable population groups” has relatively recently found expression at the level of national legislation and is revealed due to a number of factors, the influence of which can determine the state of vulnerability. It is proved that the circle of those factors fixed in Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Social Services” is limited and therefore needs to be expanded. This is explained by the existence of certain social risks, which were already established at the level of separate special legislative acts earlier, but were not reflected in the above-mentioned article (for example, homelessness, internal displacement, drug addiction, presence of HIV/AIDS, etc.). Moreover, it is necessary to take into account the dynamism of social risks in general, which may mean the appearance in the future of new ones not foreseen today, and therefore this fact should also be taken into account when forming the text of the article. Keywords: vulnerable population groups, risk groups, social security, social protection, evaluative categories, low-income families, people living with HIV/AIDS, social risks, factors that can lead to difficult life circumstances.

Abstract MP05: Proportion of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Attributable to Social, Behavioral, and Metabolic Risk Factors in US Adults

Introduction: Recent studies have shown that social determinants of health (SDoH) are related to all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality. However, the attribution of SDoH to all-cause and CVD mortality beyond behavioral and metabolic risk factors has not been quantified in the US general population. Methods: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018 included a nationally representative sample of 25,165 individuals aged 20-74. Data on social, behavioral, and metabolic risk factors were collected using standard methods. Deaths were ascertained from linkage to the National Death Index with follow-up through 2019. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models using backwards elimination were used to select risk factors associated with all-cause and CVD mortality. Average population attributable fractions (PAF) for risk factors significantly associated with mortality were calculated. Results: Over an average of 7.6 years of follow-up, 765 CVD deaths and 2,540 all-cause deaths were confirmed. Hazard ratios and PAFs from multivariable-adjusted regression models are presented in the table. Overall, social, behavioral, and metabolic risk factors accounted for 71.1% (95% CI: 63.0, 79.3) of all-cause deaths and 70.6% (62.4, 78.7) of CVD deaths in the US population. The top five leading risk factors for all-cause mortality are hypertension (15.7%), physical inactivity (11.9%), lower family income (11.6%), not married or living with a partner (9.7%), and diabetes (7.0%); and for CVD mortality are hypertension (15.5%), lower family income (13.0%), physical inactivity (12.6%), not married or living with a partner (10.5%), and diabetes (7.1%). Conclusion: These data indicate that social, behavioral, and metabolic factors account for most all-cause and CVD deaths in the US. Furthermore, in addition to interventions targeting hypertension, diabetes, and physical activity, novel public health policies focusing on SDoH are warranted to reduce premature deaths in the US.

Non-market strategies in weak institutional environments: The case of MNE subsidiaries in Cameroon

This study seeks to understand why and how multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries use non-market strategies to establish legitimacy in weak institutional environments. By adopting an in-depth qualitative approach, we explore the non-market strategies enacted by four MNE subsidiaries operating in Cameroon. We find that MNE subsidiaries endeavour to gain legitimacy and social reputation in weak institutional environments by engaging with multiple local stakeholders through corporate social responsibility and political non-market strategies. Our findings support the previous studies on emerging African markets that the host-country government remains the most critical and challenging stakeholder. However, firms experience legitimacy risks due to their strong ties with the government during periods of political and social instability. The subsidiaries mesh social with political strategies and use them as complementary strategies for developing their social reputation and gaining social license to operate in the host market, thus mitigating social and political risks from aligning with the host government. We draw implications of these findings for research and practice.

Risk-Taking Driving Behavior in Interacting With an Autonomous Vehicle at Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections

During the initial stages of autonomous vehicles (AVs), they will coexist and interact with human-driven vehicles (HVs). There is a research gap in exploring AVs’ impact on human drivers’ risk-taking driving behaviors during such interactions. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 676 drivers to gain insight into this impact. Respondents were asked to complete the questionnaires after understanding the scenarios of interacting between HVs and AVs at two-way stop-controlled intersections. The results demonstrate that human drivers have higher risky driving intentions and perceive lesser social pressure and safety risks when interacting with AVs compared to HVs interactions. Attitudes are the most important factor in explaining risk-taking driving intentions. Furthermore, intentions are directly influenced by perceived behavioral control when interacting with AVs. These findings indicate that human drivers may engage in risky behaviors when interacting with AVs.

Abstract P451: Clinical, Demographic, and Geographic Trends in Cardiovascular Causes of Deaths Associated With Homelessness

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for a staggering 928,741 fatalities in 2020. Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) have a 3- to 5-fold excess risk of mortality from CVD, which ranks as a predominant cause of mortality in this setting, second only to overdose deaths. The elevated incidence of CVD mortality for PEH may be attributable to complex interactions between social determinants and risk factors that include delayed diagnosis, limited healthcare access, heightened smoking rates, and the increased incidence of diabetes and hypertension among other factors. Methods: This study utilized records from the county medical examiner in the third most populous county in the US from 2021-2022, focusing exclusively on CVD mortality in medicolegal cases to analyze the impact of specific risk factors for PEH. All medicolegal deaths involving CVD were analyzed to determine relative frequencies of associated or secondary causes between housed and PEH deaths along with insights into the influence of age, race, and gender. Results: The examination of the CVD mortality in PEH cases in 2021 (n=52) and 2022 (n=71) revealed important trends, yielding an estimated, unadjusted mortality rate of 23 deaths per 1,000 person-years-exposed-to-homelessness (compared to around 2 per 1,000 person-years in population). The mean age for CVD deaths in PEH was 58.6 and 60.6 years in 2021 and 2022 respectively (males increased 57.8 to 61.3 years; females increased 58.8 to 60.6 years), while the proportion of CVD deaths increased among males (30-32%) but decreased for females (29-22%). This widening gap in the percent of CVD deaths occurring among male PEH and female PEH is evident where the gap stood at 1% in 2021 but expanded to 10% in 2022 (p=n.s.). Racial disparities show a rapid increase in CVD deaths for Black/African American PEH (26.1-33.7%). Top conditions associated with CVD deaths were hypertension and atherosclerosis, regardless of housing status at death. Diabetes mellitus (25%), obesity (22%), and chronic ethanolism (16%) round out the top 5 conditions for housed decedents, while among the unhoused COPD (19.7%), CHF (12.7%), and diabetes mellitus (11.3%) were the most common. Conclusion: Exposure to homelessness and housing instability is a major driver of cardiovascular mortality. These findings suggest that PEH face ongoing challenges in the management and prevention of CVD. Additionally, CVD deaths associated with homelessness often point foremost to hypertensive and atherosclerotic vascular changes, contributing to natural deaths. These conditions point to persistent risk factors such as limited healthcare access, high smoking rates (contributing to COPD), and higher incidences of diabetes and hypertension. Additional research is needed on underlying causes of the identified gender disparities.