Social Relations Research Articles

Interaksi Sosial Pedagang Kaki Lima dan Konsumen di JL. RE Martadinata

This research aims to see how social interactions between street vendors and consumers at JL. RE Martadinata Banjarmasin. This research uses a qualitative method with observations as a data collection methods. This observation was carried out for 5 days in December 2023. This research observes 3 street vendors, pop ice sellers, pentol sellers and ice sellers. The research results show that social interaction between street vendors and consumers at JL. RE Martadinata or Pemerintah Kota (Pemko) Banjarmasin looks quite good. Pop Ice and pentol sellers look much more fulfilling for social interaction than ice sellers. Pop Ice sellers and Pentol sellers seemed to meet the social interaction indicators more in the early days of observation. Meanwhile, ice sellers seem to fulfill the social interaction indicators at the end of the day. Social interaction among street vendors not only plays a role in buying and selling transactions, but also plays an important role in the formation of broader social relationships.

Peer Review and Natural-Like Social Relations of Production in Academia

ABSTRACT There is a paucity of studies addressing the nature of the social relations of production prevailing in academia prior to the commodification of academic research. By filling that gap, this paper enables us to better understand the historical presuppositions from which the process of knowledge commodification in academia has evolved. Our theoretically informed analysis will focus on peer review, given that it is one of the few academic practices where traces of that historical past can still be found. On the basis of Marx’s exposition of the main features of pre-capitalist social relations of production in the Grundrisse, it will be concluded that peer review reveals that social relations of production in academia were of a pre-capitalist, or natural-like, nature: peer review is labour of a direct nature; is the practice through which the academic community mediates its own reproduction, determining how – and, sometimes, if – its members enter into contact with the objective conditions of production; finally, in this latter capacity, peer review presupposes that the academic community relates to the conditions of knowledge production as though they were their collective property. These findings are employed to account for the underlying logics of the ongoing ‘functional transformation’ of peer review.

Sources and processes of social influence on health-related choices: A systematic review based on a social-interdependent choice paradigm

BackgroundMost choices in healthcare are not made in social isolation. However, current econometric models treat patients' preferences as the sole determinants of their choices.Through the lens of sociology and medical sociology theories, this paper presents a systematic literature review of identifiable social influences on patients’ choices, serving as a first step in developing a social-interdependent choice paradigm. MethodsFollowing the PRISMA guideline and using nine databases, we identified the individual agents or groups involved in health-related choices, the functional content through which social relationships influence patients, and the choice constructs affected by these processes. From 9036 screened articles, we selected 208 to develop an analytical framework connecting social relationships with choice constructs. ResultsSocial influences predominantly come from family, friends, specialized physicians, and general practitioners. We decomposed the functional content of social relationships into functions and contents. Dyadic interactions and expert knowledge were prominent functions, followed by social control. Prescriptive and informational contents were prevalent, followed by instrumental and emotional ones. Expert knowledge and social norms aligned with prescriptive and informational signals, while dyadic interactions provide emotional and instrumental signals. Reference points for social norms included friends, coworkers, and patients. Social relationships primarily impact which alternatives are evaluated, followed by alternative evaluation strategies and goal selection. Distinctions between medical domains and dimensions emerged, highlighting how the medical area conditions the social influence process. ConclusionThis systematic review presents a comprehensive framework that elucidates the social influence process in healthcare patient decision-making. By detailing the functional content of social relationships into functions and contents and linking these components to the elements of the choice process, we created a structured approach to understanding how social relationships impact patient choices. This will facilitate the systematic integration of social relationships into econometric models of patient choice.

A Lightweight Multi-Mental Disorders Detection Method Using Entropy-Based Matrix from Single-Channel EEG Signals

Background: Mental health issues are increasingly prominent worldwide, posing significant threats to patients and deeply affecting their families and social relationships. Traditional diagnostic methods are subjective and delayed, indicating the need for an objective and effective early diagnosis method. Methods: To this end, this paper proposes a lightweight detection method for multi-mental disorders with fewer data sources, aiming to improve diagnostic procedures and enable early patient detection. First, the proposed method takes Electroencephalography (EEG) signals as sources, acquires brain rhythms through Discrete Wavelet Decomposition (DWT), and extracts their approximate entropy, fuzzy entropy, permutation entropy, and sample entropy to establish the entropy-based matrix. Then, six kinds of conventional machine learning classifiers, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB), Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Decision Tree (DT), are adopted for the entropy-based matrix to achieve the detection task. Their performances are assessed by accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score. Concerning these experiments, three public datasets of schizophrenia, epilepsy, and depression are utilized for method validation. Results: The analysis of the results from these datasets identifies the representative single-channel signals (schizophrenia: O1, epilepsy: F3, depression: O2), satisfying classification accuracies (88.10%, 75.47%, and 89.92%, respectively) with minimal input. Conclusions: Such performances are impressive when considering fewer data sources as a concern, which also improves the interpretability of the entropy features in EEG, providing a reliable detection approach for multi-mental disorders and advancing insights into their underlying mechanisms and pathological states.

Lack of optimistic bias during social evaluation learning reflects reduced positive self-beliefs in depression and social anxiety, but via distinct mechanisms

Processing social feedback optimistically may maintain positive self-beliefs and stable social relationships. Conversely, a lack of this optimistic bias in depression and social anxiety may perpetuate negative self-beliefs and maintain symptoms. Research investigating this mechanism is scarce, however, and the mechanisms by which depressed and socially anxious individuals respond to social evaluation may also differ. Using a range of computational approaches in two large datasets (mega-analysis of previous studies, n = 450; pre-registered replication study, n = 807), we investigated how depression (PHQ-9) and social anxiety (BFNE) symptoms related to social evaluation learning in a computerized task. Optimistic bias (better learning of positive relative to negative evaluations) was found to be negatively associated with depression and social anxiety. Structural equation models suggested this reflected a heightened sensitivity to negative social feedback in social anxiety, whereas in depression it co-existed with a blunted response to positive social feedback. Computational belief-based learning models further suggested that reduced optimism was driven by less positive trait-like self-beliefs in both depression and social anxiety, with some evidence for a general blunting in belief updating in depression. Recognizing such transdiagnostic similarities and differences in social evaluation learning across disorders may inform approaches to personalizing treatment.

Dance for Parkinson, multifaceted experiences of persons living with Parkinson’s Disease

Background Dance classes for people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) are offered worldwide; however, further studies are needed to explore patients’ experiences of how dance affects well-being. Purpose To explore how Dance for Parkinson (Dance for PD) is experienced, and how it contributes to the well-being and health of participants in Sweden. Methods This qualitative study collected data from four focus groups. Participants were asked how dance classes impacted their well-being, and their ability to perform activities of daily life. The focus groups were recorded and transcribed. Data were analysed using content analysis, meaning units were coded, and codes were coalesced into categories from which themes were abstracted. Results Dance for PD provided a multifaceted experience related to social relationships, aesthetic context, feelings of wellbeing and the physical experience of dancing. The main theme contained four sub-themes: Connectedness, Pleasure and glamour, Well-being in mind and body and Customized movements. Conclusion The present study highlights that health and well-being are improved by Dance for PD. It is an enjoyable activity that meets the specific needs of persons living with the consequences of PD and should therefore be promoted by occupational therapists.

Rendering smallholders social: Taking a social relations approach to understanding the persistence of smallholders in the rural Global South

Drawing on 36 studies in 19 countries and three continents, conducted over forty years, this paper revisits the question of how and why smallholders – and smallholdings – persist in the Global South even under conditions of rapid social and economic transformation. The paper argues that a significant part of the answer to this question can be found by taking a social relational approach: by ‘rendering’ the smallholder social. We identify five social themes that have resonance notwithstanding very different historical inheritances, environmental conditions, political contexts, and economic and developmental situations. Smallholder households feed a significant population of the world, educate the next generation, care for the sick and support those in need, cushion workers when economies contract and jobs evaporate, create communities, underpin national growth, and manage the land. Bringing these roles and qualities into view makes clear that smallholders, far from being relict survivors are critical actors in contemporary rural and urban transformations.

Cross-cultural adaptation and content validation of the Singapore English version of EQ-5D-Y: a qualitative study

BackgroundThe EQ-5D-Y is a generic preference-weighted measure for children and adolescents which was developed within Europe. Two versions exist, the EQ-5D-Y-3L (Y-3L) and EQ-5D-Y-5L (Y-5L). This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the Y-3L and Y-5L for use in Singapore and to assess the content validity, specifically, the relevance and comprehensiveness of the EQ-5D-Y descriptive system (DS) in Asia.MethodsTo culturally adapt the instruments, an expert panel consisting of paediatricians and primary school educators were consulted. Modifications suggested by the expert panel were tested via cognitive debriefing interviews with children aged 8–12 in Singapore. To assess the content validity of the EQ-5D-Y DS, interviews were conducted with both healthy (n = 8) and ill children (n = 6) aged 8–15. In the interviews, children discussed their experience with poor health and commented on the comprehensiveness and relevance of the EQ-5D-Y DS.ResultsThe cross-cultural adaptation process led to minor modifications to the UK English Y-3L and Y-5L versions, including using phrases familiar to the local children and adding examples to facilitate understanding. The five health dimensions in the EQ-5D-Y DS were spontaneously elicited when children discussed their experience with poor health. All health dimensions related to poor health elicited from the interviews fell into three broad categories: physical health (e.g. Appetite, Mobility, and Sleep), mental well-being (e.g. Annoyed/Frustrated and Scared/Worried), and social relationships (e.g. Family and Friends). The EQ-5D-Y DS was generally found to be relevant and comprehensive, although some health dimensions that may be relevant to the local population (Social relationship and Appetite) were not covered.ConclusionsThe UK English EQ-5D-Y instruments were adapted to produce the Singapore English EQ-5D-Y instrument that were comprehensible to local children as young as 8 years old. The EQ-5D-Y DS was generally relevant and comprehensive to measure poor health of local children. Future studies should ascertain the benefits of adding bolt-on items related to social relationships and appetite to the EQ-5D-Y DS.

Who you are and who you want to be: a pilot study of dental hygiene students' professional identity formation

BackgroundDental hygienists play a crucial role in providing successful community-based healthcare for patients. They should perform expected roles to address various tasks, in response to changing social contexts and needs. The value created by the role of a dental hygienist closely relates to job satisfaction, which is formed through daily clinical experiences, and in the process of professional identity formation, learners must internalise a value system. This study examined how dental hygiene students developed their professional identities during their undergraduate education.MethodsThis study adopted a case study approach based on an interpretivist paradigm. Ten dental hygiene students in their final year were selected, and semi-structured interviews were conducted regarding changes in their views on dental hygienists and their identities as health professionals. The data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach to identify the components of their professional identities and the factors influencing identity formation.ResultsStudents pre-professional identities were transformed into inter-professional collaborators with a more patient-centric and generalist perspective. The following three aspects of professional identity were identified: their own roles in promoting oral and general health, broadening the perspectives on professional competencies of dental hygienists, and the context of inter-professional collaborative practice. Additionally, this study identified some key factors influencing their identity formation, namely role models, clinical experiences, health care system, and social relationships with others. Among these factors, role models and clinical experiences were the most influential.ConclusionsThis study suggests that recognition of professional roles during preclinical education, and collaborative opportunities in clinical education are necessary to promote professional identity formation. Such learning opportunities enable students to reflect on the kind of dental hygienist they want to become. Moreover, for the students to continuously pursue their profession with a sense of fulfilment, educators need to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges the students would encounter as they transition from their undergraduate degrees to employment. This understanding is essential for developing and supporting communities where dental hygienists connect, help, and learn from each other.

Quality of Life of Malaysian Older Adults of Indian Community: A Pilot Study

Background: Quality of life (QOL) among the geriatric population is a global concern as it reflects the status of health and of wellbeing. Aims: Aims of this pilot study to assess the quality of life and its associated factors among older adults of Malaysian Indian community living in urban areas. Settings and Design: A community based cross sectional pilot study, using convenience sampling technique was conducted from April 2024 to May 2024, among 30 older adults in a urban town, Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: Quality of life scale developed through the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was used to collect data, about quality of life and socio-demographic details were also collected. Statistical Analysis: The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The highest average quality of life score, 3.6762±1.10, was in the psychological health domain and the lowest was in the physical health domain, 3.3714±0.31. The scores of the other two domains were moderate, that is, the social relationship score was 3.5111±0.48 and the environment score was 3.4000±0.83. Conclusion: The quality of life score among the elderly was moderate, while in the domain of psychological health, the quality of life score was found to be high. The quality of life scores of the social relations and environmental domains were moderate while the quality of life scores of the physical health domain were the lowest. Lifelong education that includes, the importance of understanding physical health activities, and environmental changes and improvements in social relationships can help in improving the quality of life among the elderly of the Indian community in the city of Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia.

Историко-правовой анализ защиты авторских прав в Великобритании

Introduction. The history of origin and development of copyright, mechanisms of its protection is closely related to the change of paradigms, transformation of society, and emergence of qualitatively new social relations in it. The identification of general historical regularities as well as significant differences allows not only to characterise more clearly the problems arising in connection with copyright protection, but also, based on the events of the past, to identify trends in the further development of this institution. The author was given a multi–faceted task of this study – the systematization of knowledge about the subject of research with the identification of features and historical patterns associated with the emergence of the copyright institute in the UK. Essential to substantiate the existence of copyright in modern realities is the need to clarify the conceptual ideas and traditions of literary and artistic property in the law making of European states of the XIX – historical context, identifying the peculiarities of each stage, from the first royal privileges to modern approaches to copyright protection in Great Britain. Methods. The solution of the problems faced by the researcher was possible taking into account the use of methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy in combination with comparative-legal, formal-legal, systemic methods, as well as problem-theoretical and historical-legal methods of research. Results. The obtained results of the conducted historical and legal analysis supplement the knowledge on the theory and history of foreign state and law, clarify the peculiarities of the nature of copyright in its historical context. Conclusion. Identification and establishment of historical and legal connections, general historical regularities of origin, formation and further development of the institute of copyright in Great Britain (its protection) will allow to outline a number of issues arising in copyright in the modern world and to determine the trends of further development of this institute.

Natural resource extraction - Sustainable development relationship and energy productivity moderation in resource-rich countries: A panel Bayesian regression analysis

Social development is essential for improving quality of life, fostering stability, driving economic growth, achieving sustainable goals, enhancing human capital, encouraging civic engagement, building resilience, and fostering innovation, thereby ensuring inclusive, equitable, and sustainable progress. The Social Progress Index (SPI), also known as social development, contains all these features. This study aims to examine the impact of natural resource extraction on social development quadratically using data from 2011 to 2022. The focus of the study is on resource-rich countries. In this study, productive capacity in the energy sector is used as a social development determinant and a natural resource consumption moderator, ensuring sustainability in social development. Analyzing the quadratic relationship allows us to model and understand nonlinear relationships between the predictor and the outcome variable, capturing the effects that change direction or strength at different levels of the predictor. In this study, Bayesian regression is incorporated as an econometric approach. It provides more flexible modelling, incorporates prior knowledge, and offers a full distribution of parameter estimates, leading to better uncertainty quantification and more robust predictions. These estimates confirms a U-shaped natural resource extraction and social development relationship. Energy productive capacities in resource-rich countries not only enhance social development but also ensure the sustainable extraction of natural resources leading to sustainable social development. Population density and biodiversity are incorporated as control variables of the model. The impact of both is positive on social development.

Egalitarian cooperation linked to central oxytocin levels in communal breeding house mice

Relationships between adult females are fundamental to understanding diversity in animal social systems. While cooperative relationships between kin are known to promote fitness benefits, the proximate mechanisms underlying this are not well understood. Here we show that when related female house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) cooperate to rear young communally, those with higher endogenous oxytocin levels have more egalitarian and successful cooperative relationships. Sisters with higher oxytocin concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus weaned significantly more offspring, had lower reproductive skew and spent more equal proportions of time in the nest. By contrast, PVN oxytocin was unrelated to the number of weaned offspring produced in the absence of cooperation, and did not vary in response to manipulation of nest site availability or social cues of outgroup competition. By linking fitness consequences of cooperation with oxytocin, our findings have broad implications for understanding the evolution of egalitarian social relationships.

Hypergraph contrastive learning for recommendation with side information

PurposeThis paper addresses the limitations of current graph neural network-based recommendation systems, which often neglect the integration of side information and the modeling of complex high-order interactions among nodes. The research motivation stems from the need to enhance recommendation performance by effectively utilizing all available data. We propose a novel method called MSHCN, which leverages hypergraph neural networks to integrate side information and model complex interactions, thereby improving user and item representations.Design/methodology/approachThe MSHCN method employs a hypergraph structure to incorporate various types of side information, including social relationships among users and item attributes, which are essential for enriching user and item representations. The k-means clustering algorithm is utilized to create item-associated hypergraphs, while sentiment analysis on user reviews refines the modeling of user interests. Additionally, hypergraphs are constructed for user-user and item-item interactions based on interaction similarity. MSHCN also incorporates contrastive learning as an auxiliary task to enhance the representation learning process.FindingsExtensive experiments demonstrate that MSHCN significantly outperforms existing recommendation models, particularly in its ability to capture and utilize side information and high-order interactions. This results in superior user and item representations and improved recommendation performance.Originality/valueThe novelty of MSHCN lies in its use of a hypergraph structure to integrate diverse side information and model intricate high-order interactions. The incorporation of contrastive learning as an auxiliary task sets it apart from other hypergraph-based models, providing a significant enhancement in recommendation accuracy.

Проблема оценки существенности вреда в составе самоуправства

Introduction. The aarticle deals with the issue of legislative regulation, establishment and assessment of the consequences of arbitrariness. The issues of determining the materiality of harm as a feature of the objective side of the offence under Article 330 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, the varieties of substantial harm caused in the commission of arbitrary actions are determined. It is noted that the materiality of harm is a necessary condition for qualification of a deed under Article 330 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the research is to characterise the criteria used by law enforcers in determining the essential harm as part of arbitrariness. Methods. The author used the following methods: dialectical method of cognition, a set of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), as well as a number of special methods (formal-legal, comparativelegal, systemic, functional). Results. The analysis of judicial practice on the problem under study allowed to determine the influence of the subjective factor due to the creative nature of the law enforcer in determining the materiality of the harm caused by unlawful actions. It is concluded that the lack of criteria for assessing the materiality of harm, as well as the lack of specification of the range of social relations that may be harmed as a result of arbitrariness, may cause such harm, entails uncertainty in the emerging law enforcement judicial practice.

Unraveling relationship dynamics in sports teams: A primer on the social relations model

Interpersonal behavior in sports teams are inherently intricate. The Social Relations Model (SRM) presents a compelling framework to conceptualize and dissect these complexities, enabling the empirical testing of theories concerning relationships within group settings. The SRM decomposes dyadic measurements obtained from a round-robin design into components at the individual (actor and partner) level, relationship level, and team level. Leveraging data on need satisfaction, as experienced by the coach, team captain and two other athletes in relation to each other across 96 sports teams, we showcase the application of the SRM. A step-by-step introduction to the implementation of the model in R is provided. We elucidate how the SRM facilitates the investigation of research questions that deepen our understanding of team dynamics. Our illustration reveals that while the team effect exhibits minimal explanatory power over variability, substantial variability in need satisfaction is accounted for by both individual factors (actor and partner) and relationship effects. Notably, considerable differences are observed between sports teams in the extent to which coaches elicited need satisfaction in their team members. On average, coaches elicit lower levels of need satisfaction compared to other team members. Reciprocal relationships are evident in the team captain-athlete dyad and the athlete-athlete dyad, but not in dyadic relationships with the coach. In sum, this tutorial illustrates how analyzing dyadic data from a round-robin design using the SRM can enhance our understanding of dyadic relationship data within sports teams.

Social Evils and Its Impacts on Class Conflicts in Mulk Raj Anand’s Major Novels: A Marxist Study

This paper focuses on the impacts of socio-political evils and class conflicts portrayed in the novels of Mulk Raj Anand. Three novels by Anand—Coolie, Untouchable, and Two Leaves and a Bud have been selected for this work which has a connection with the Marxist approaches. These novels highlight the dehumanizing contradictions within the colonized Indian society. Through his writings, Anand reveals capitalism in addition to foreign colonialism, where exist layers of colonialism and bourgeoisie within the Indian community. This system develops intra-communal clashes to enhance the gap between the haves and the haves-not. Similarly, the caste system and the previous economic system, i.e., feudalism combined with capitalism, create a harsh reality for the oppressed community. Thus, this paper considers capitalism, colonialism, imperialism, feudalism, and casteism as socio-political evils that legitimize a process to dominate the society. It creates a contradictory social relation which is blissful for the colonizers but a curse to the working class. The consequences of these appliances bring class conflict, exploitation, poverty, hunger, cruelty, and many others into practice. Anand sets his protagonists—Munoo, Bakha, and Gangu – in front of the demeaning, hostile world which depends mainly on the bounty of the moneyed class. This paper makes a critical study to unveil the consequences of exploiting the evils and class struggle through the lens of Marxist criticism. On the other hand, it can be said that the paper emphasizes Anand’s attention in portraying intra-social clashes in colonial India based on economic exploitation and its consequences.

Законодательная регламентация вопросов противодействия новым формам девиантного поведения в сети «Интернет»

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of legislative counteraction to new forms of deviant behavior that have recently appeared in the information space of the Internet. Trash streams represent the greatest public danger among its currently existing varieties. With the application of general scientific and private scientific methods, as well as the method of systemic formal- legal analysis, an attempt was made to determine some general provisions concerning the possibility of bringing the organizers and participants of trash streams to criminal, as well as in some cases to administrative responsibility. From the position of the theory of criminal legal science, as well as the currently available law enforcement practice, a number of draft laws prepared by the public and legislators, which are currently being considered as legislative initiatives, have been analyzed. In particular, the draft law on introducing alterations and additions to criminal legislation, proposing to establish criminal liability for committing such acts on the Internet. The subject of the study is federal laws, regulations and documents governing social relations in the field of combating criminal manifestations of deviant behavior on the Internet. The material base of the study was formed by the works of domestic forensic scientists devoted to the problem under study, as well as periodical press materials, judicial and investigative practice. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the basic provisions of the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific and private scientific methods, such as comparative-legal, concrete-sociological, formal-logical, systemic and historical, which made it possible to state some general conclusions. Results. As a result of the research the relevance of the systemic formal-legal approach has been established, starting from the legislative fixation of the concepts related to the signs of trash streaming, an attempt has been made to formulate the general conditions of criminalization of this kind of phenomena, legislative initiatives and proposals aimed at combating trash streaming have been named and analyzed. In addition, the conclusion is drawn of the complexity of criminal legal qualification of trash streaming as an act enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the form of a specific criminal law norm due to the formal absence of indicia of public danger and illegality, as well as the need for further work on draft laws, taking into account, among other things, the opinion of the scientific community.

Уголовно-правовые меры специальной профилактики насильственных посягательств и их реализация полицией при межотраслевой конкуренции права

Introduction. The article deals with the issues of effectiveness of one of the directions of police activity in the sphere of special prevention of offences – the suppression of the most dangerous violent encroachments, infliction of harm when apprehending a person having committed a crime, through the use of physical force, special means and firearms by police officers. The lack of consistency in legal regulation, in particular, in the conditions of legality of necessary defence in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law of 7 February 2011 No.3 “On Police”, leads to interbranch competition of non-contradictory norms of different branches of law, regulating analogous social relations in the sphere of protection of a person and the rights of the defeated or other persons, but with a different degree of specification of the legal prescription. In a number of cases, the current situation leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of the protection of an individual from violent encroachments, the appearance of possible negative consequences for the personal safety of an official himself protected by the state from legal injustice and court errors. Methods and Results. Based on the ideas on the dialectical connection between the state policy in the sphere of counteraction to crime and criminal law, the author critically assesses the system of legal regulation of the use of measures of special prevention of violent offences on the example of the use of firearms by police officers in the situation of necessary defence. With the use of axiological, logical-legal methods and content analysis the author’s variant of comprehensive approach to improving the mechanism of counteraction to violent offences through criminal-legal measures is given. This author’s alternative is brought for discussion by specialists of criminal-legal profile.

Perceived Mental Health and Quality of Life in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Armed Forces in a Tertiary Care Center of North India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose: To explore the impact on mental health and quality of life among mothers following the diagnosis of mild or moderate autism in their child.Methods: The study included 100 consecutive mothers with a defence background, each having a child aged 3 to 10 years diagnosed with mild to moderate autism. Participants were briefed about the study, and informed consent was obtained. A quantitative experimental design was employed, utilising the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) and the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Scale-Brief (WHOQOL-Brief) to assess the mothers.Results: The results indicated that mothers experienced moderate levels of anxiety (mean±standard deviation, 10±6.4) and stress (19±6.7), but lower levels of depression (11±7.7), as measured by the DASS-21 questionnaire. The WHOQOL-Brief revealed a moderate decline in psychological health (transformative [T]-score=38) and social relationships (T-score=31). However, satisfaction with their environment (T-score=75) and physical health (T-score=63) was higher, potentially due to their defence background, which may provide easier access to healthcare and improved living conditions.Conclusion: Mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder experience moderate levels of stress and anxiety, and low levels of depression. Additionally, they face a decline in their quality of life.