Social Relations Model Research Articles

A place for Miguel: discovering the power of belonging within an inclusive toddler community

ABSTRACT In this phenomenological case study, we explore how a toddler with autism (Miguel) becomes a member of an early childhood learning community. Drawing on the right to belong and a social-relational model of disability framework, we asked research questions that are fundamental to the rights and agency of the child and how children experience inclusion and belonging in their learning community. By following Miguel during his first year in early care and education, we share depictions of his expressions of interest, initiations, and agency; his ways of relating to children and adults in the classroom; his use of environmental supports and scaffolds to engage with the physical and interpersonal space; and his growing sense of membership in the toddler classroom. In conclusion, we discuss what inclusion means to individual children and the ways in which inclusive practices can unfold in a setting that promotes authentic belonging.

Interpersonal Perception in Virtual Groups: Examining Homophily, Identification and Individual Attraction Using Social Relations Model in Network

With the penetration of the Internet, virtual groups have become more and more popular. The reliability and accuracy of interpersonal perception in the virtual environment is an intriguing issue. Using the Social relations model (SRM) [1], this paper investigates interpersonal perception in virtual groups from a multilevel perspective. In particular, it examines the following three areas: homophily, identification, and individual attraction, and explores how much of these directional and dyadic relational evaluations can be attributed to the effect of the actor, the partner, and the relationship.

ЦИФРОВІ ДОКАЗИ У КРИМІНАЛЬНОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ: ВИДОВА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА

The given article studies the development of the system of procedural evidence types with the aim to distinguish the criteria for its typological classification, as well as to define its place in the system of criminal procedural evidence, taking into account a specific artificial intangible nature of digital evidence data. The author of the article states that the development of information society supposes a new model of social relations, communication and respectively new approaches to solving important issues, including those within the criminal proceedings field. Information technologies are evolving very fast so are the methods of use of digital technical means with malicious purposes, which results in a steady increase of crimes committed in cyber space. But, the question of digital data use as the evidence is still poorly studied and not regulated enough in criminal and procedural legislation of Ukraine. In particular, the place of digital evidence in the system of procedural evidence sources has not been defined yet. The author of the article analyses the status of scientific research related to the classification of procedural evidence types, its evolution, and raises the question of establishing a separate type of criminal procedural evidence for digital information which has a probative value. The analysis of criminal and procedural legislation and evaluable scientific resources shows, that the existing concept of classification requires improvement bearing in mind a specific nature of digital evidence. There also have been defined the criteria for dividing procedural evidence into certain types with further grounding the necessity to classify digital evidence as a separate type due to its specific nature. It has been substantiated that it is inaccurate to refer digital evidence to both physical evidence and documents in criminal procedure. The article convincingly proves that digital data in the form of files and machine media is a separate type of evidence, and, correspondently, it is advisable to amend p.2 of Article 84 of CPC of Ukraine.

Applying multimodal social relations analyses in personality pathology research.

In this article, we introduce multimodal social relations analysis as a powerful tool for studying personality pathology that tackles several important limitations of existing research. By implementing a design in which groups of participants provide repeated ratings as they interact, researchers can gather data on individuals' mutual perceptions, affective experiences, and interpersonal behaviors in naturalistic social contexts. We demonstrate how the social relations model can be used to analyze and make conceptual sense of these complex, dyadic data and showcase how this may be used to address not only the experiences and behaviors of individuals diagnosed with a personality disorder but also the reactions these individuals evoke in others. We provide recommendations as to what settings and measures might be best suited when designing a study that applies multimodal social relations analysis, and we discuss practical and theoretical implications as well as possible extensions to this method. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Ethics of “Digital Society”: New Conflict or New Balance

The article examines the conflict and balance perspectives of ethical reflection on the digitalization challenges. Based on digital society conceptions by Manuel Castells, Tom Redshaw, Mary Chayco, the theory of communal and non-communal conflicts by George Simpson, the ethics of technology by Joseph Pitt and Peter-Paul Verbeek, the author suggests that the digital society is indeed a specific model of social relations with an ever-increasing connectedness and speed of exchange, which, nevertheless, realizes itself in the previously established and essentially unchanged socio-economic structure. At the same time, the consistently expanding digital intervention in the space of value interactions makes ethical reflection of digitalization necessary, which should realize itself not as an explication of digital ethics as a new morality, but by adapting the already existing body of theoretical and applied ethics to the conditions of the digital age. In this context, the article focuses to the conflict of values as the dominant way for ethical positions updating and a new moral balance achieving in order to effectively absorb the contradictions caused by digitalization. The article shows that such conflicts are communal; the options for their deployment do not contain a scenario of a structural crisis, due to the sufficient elasticity of the zone of disagreement, which makes it possible to accommodate a large number of compromise settlement strategies. On the basis of the identified substantial characteristics of the digital society, the author concludes that the speed of changes, the lack of localization, will contribute to the ethical institutionalization of the innovations results as a more flexible form of regulation.

РУБРИКА «УКРАЇНІКА В ПОЛЬСЬКІЙ ПРЕСІ» У ГАЗЕТІ «НАШЕ СЛОВО» (Варшава, 1990–1993 рр.) ЯК ПЛАТФОРМА УКРАЇНСЬКО-ПОЛЬСЬКОГО МЕДІАДІАЛОГУ

The article analyzes the content of the «Ukrainika v polskii presi» column, which functioned in the Warsaw newspaper «Nashe Slovo» (published from 1956 to the present day). The author focuses on the materials published in 1990–1993. Interest in the specified period is because at that time Ukraine and Poland were transitioning to a democratic model of social relations, which stimulated the liberation of the media space of both countries from the control of the totalitarian Soviet system. At this period Ukraine and Poland were entering a new stage of communication, discussing complex topics and problems and trying to find ways to solve difficult situations. The research on this experience is valuable because it allows the current generation not to repeat the mistakes of the past and to resist provocations and manipulations. Based on the conducted analysis, it was found out that the column’s materials are focused on covering various aspects of Ukrainian-Polish relations. The main problem areas of these publications were determined: 1) objective coverage of the events of the second half of the 1940s in the history of both nations; 2) the rights of Ukrainians as representatives of the national minority in Poland; 3) cooperation between Ukrainians and Poles in the political, scientific, cultural spheres and the role of the media; 4) Polish mass media about the restoration of state independence of Ukraine and Ukrainian-Russian relations. It is emphasized that the main task of the column was not only to inform recipients of the interest of Polish media in Ukrainians and Ukraine but also to report multipolar views of Polish journalists, publicists, and socio-political and cultural figures to readers. The degree of study of the problem is clarified, and it is found out that in the proposed context the content of the newspaper «Nashe Slovo» has not considered before. The conclusions are drawn, and the perspectives are determined. In particular, it is noted that a comprehensive scientific study of the newspaper «Nashe Slovo» has not yet been conducted. This opens a wide field for research activities on the study of the history of this publication, its functions, structure and content, place and role in preserving the national identity of Ukrainians in Poland as a source of information about various social, cultural, political, etc. processes. Keywords: the newspaper «Nashe Slovo», the column «Ukrainika v polskii presi», the press, media dialogue, Ukrainian-Polish relations, role of printed media.

Corrigendum to “Dance Like Someone is Watching: A Social Relations Model Study of Music-Induced Movement”

Corrigendum to “Dance Like Someone is Watching: A Social Relations Model Study of Music-Induced Movement”

Mate evaluation theory.

There are two unresolved puzzles in the literature examining how people evaluate mates (i.e., prospective or current romantic/sexual partners). First, compatibility is theoretically crucial, but attempts to explain why certain perceivers are compatible with certain targets have revealed small effects. Second, features of partners (e.g., personality, consensually rated attributes) affect perceivers' evaluations strongly in initial-attraction contexts but weakly in established relationships. Mate Evaluation Theory (MET) addresses these puzzles, beginning with the Social Relations Model postulate that all evaluative constructs (e.g., attraction, relationship satisfaction) consist of target, perceiver, and relationship variance. MET then explains how people draw evaluations from mates' attributes using four information sources: (a) shared evolved mechanisms and cultural scripts (common lens, which produces target variance); (b) individual differences that affect how a perceiver views all targets (perceiver lens, which produces perceiver variance); (c) individual differences that affect how a perceiver views some targets, depending on the targets' features (feature lens, which produces some relationship variance); and (d) narratives about and idiosyncratic reactions to one particular target (target-specific lens, which produces most relationship variance). These two distinct sources of relationship variance (i.e., feature vs. target-specific) address Puzzle #1: Previous attempts to explain compatibility used feature lens information, but relationship variance likely derives primarily from the (understudied) target-specific lens. MET also addresses Puzzle #2 by suggesting that repeated interaction causes the target-specific lens to expand, which reduces perceivers' use of the common lens. We conclude with new predictions and implications at the intersection of the human-mating and person-perception literatures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The importance of both individual differences and dyadic processes in children’s emotion expression

Although children display strong individual differences in emotion expression, they also engage in emotional synchrony or reciprocity with interaction partners. To understand this paradox between trait-like and dyadic influences, the goal of the current study was to investigate children’s emotion expression using a Social Relations Model (SRM) approach. Playgroups consisting typically of four same-sex unfamiliar nine-year-old children (N = 202) interacted in a round-robin format (6 dyads per group). Each dyad completed two 5-minute tasks, a challenging frustration task and a cooperative planning task. Observers coded children’s emotions during the tasks (happy, sad, angry, anxious, neutral) on a second-by-second basis. SRM analyses provided substantial evidence of both the trait-like nature of children’s emotion expression (through significant effects for actor variance, multivariate actor-actor correlations, and multivariate intrapersonal correlations) and the dyadic nature of their emotion expression (through significant effects for partner variance, relationship variance, dyadic reciprocity correlations, and multivariate interpersonal correlations).

THE LONGITUDINAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL NETWORK STRUCTURE AND SELF-ESTEEM

Abstract Based on the convoy model of social relations, the current study used Latent Growth Curve Modeling to examine the associations between overall network, closest, close and weak social tie trajectories across the lifespan and self-esteem later in life. Participants (N = 553) aged 13 to 77 in Wave 1 (1992) were surveyed again in 2005 (Wave 2) and 2015 (Wave 3). The overall network size increased significantly across the lifespan (β = 0.56, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001). The closet tie size trajectories were not significantly associated with self-esteem 23 years later. The growth of the close tie size was not significantly associated with self-esteem later. Weak-tie size growth was also significantly associated with higher self-esteem later (β = 0.14, SE = 0.00, p < 0.05). The findings highlight social network’s effects on self-esteem across the lifespan, as well as the critical role weak social ties play in development.

Linked lives and convoys of social relations.

We consider linked lives through the Convoy Model of Social Relations to illustrate their complexity, consequences, and development across contexts. To illustrate how the Convoy Model lens provides a unique opportunity to examine the multidimensional and dynamic character of linked lives across time and space, we analyze twenty-three years of longitudinal data from the Social Relations Study (SRS). The SRS is a regionally representative Detroit-area sample (N=1,498) with three waves (1992; 2005; 2015) of data from community dwelling people age 13 to 93. We present three illustrative examples of linked lives: 1) the influence of earlier life social network characteristics (size and closeness) on later life health outcomes; 2) the influence of social position (race and education) on relationship quality with spouse/partner and child over time; and 3) the influence of transitioning from working to retirement on network structure (size and geographic proximity). Findings illustrate linked lives through multiple instances of social relationships and as influenced by various contexts. Further, the consequences of linked lives for mental health are consistent across the life course while influence on physical health is variable. The Convoy Model presents key concepts to situate the ways in which linked lives form and function at various levels and across multiple contexts to have far reaching effects on life outcomes.

SRM_R: A Web-Based Shiny App for Social Relations Analyses

Many topics in organizational research involve examining the interpersonal perceptions and behaviors of group members. The resulting data can be analyzed using the social relations model (SRM). This model enables researchers to address several important questions regarding relational phenomena. In the model, variance can be partitioned into group, actor, partner, and relationship; reciprocity can be assessed in terms of individuals and dyads; and predictors at each of these levels can be analyzed. However, analyzing data using the currently available SRM software can be challenging and can deter organizational researchers from using the model. In this article, we provide a “go-to” introduction to SRM analyses and propose SRM_R ( https://davidakenny.shinyapps.io/SRM_R/ ), an accessible and user-friendly, web-based application for SRM analyses. The basic steps of conducting SRM analyses in the app are illustrated with a sample dataset of 47 teams, 228 members, and 884 dyadic observations, using the participants’ ratings of the advice-seeking behavior of their fellow employees.

Parenting Stress and Attachment Insecurity in Young Adulthood: A Social Relations Model.

We used the Social Relations Model to inspect the individual- and dyad-specific components of attachment among young adults and their parents, and examined relations between these components and parenting stress. Young adulthood is a transitional period in which the whole family is concerned with "launching" the young adult and exploring new ways to interact with and attach to one another. However, research on young adulthood attachment has primarily focused on young adults' attachment style rather than reciprocal attachments among family members. When the young adults were age 23, mothers, fathers, and young adults from 156 families reported their mutual attachment security. At ages 18 and 23, parents of the adolescent/young adult reported their parenting stress in interparental and parent-child relationship domains. Attachment in the families of young adults can be separated into three components: 1) actor effects (each family member's internal working model of attachment), 2) partner effects (characteristics of each family member as an attachment figure), and 3) relationship effects (dyad-specific attachment between family members). Increase of parenting stress in a family subsystem (dyad of family members) predicted attachment insecurity within the subsystem. Additionally, compensatory effects across family subsystems were observed. Attachment in the family during young adulthood is explained by family members' own characteristics as well as dyad-specific interactions and is predicted by parenting stress in family subsystems.

Initial impressions of compatibility and mate value predict later dating and romantic interest

Romantic first impressions seem to linger, but why? Few studies have investigated how romantic desire during initial interactions predicts later relational outcomes (e.g., later romantic interest, contact attempts) using a design that can tease apart different possible mechanisms (e.g., mate value, selectivity, compatibility). Across three speed-dating studies (n = 559) with longitudinal follow-ups (including college and community samples, and a sample of men who date men), we investigated whether different components of initial romantic impressions predicted later romantic outcomes and relationship initiation. Using the social relations model, we partitioned initial desire at speed dating (determined from 6,600+ total dates) into partner effects (a date's consensual desirability, e.g., mate value), actor effects (a participant's general desirousness, e.g., selectivity), and relationship effects (a participant's unique liking for a date over and beyond partner and actor effects, e.g., compatibility) to predict later evaluations (romantic interest, physical attraction, and desire to know better) and behaviors (direct messaging and going on dates). Meta-analyses across the three studies showed that, across 6,100+ follow-up reports, partner and relationship effects were especially strong predictors of relationship initiation variables. Consistent with evolutionary models of human pair bonding, these findings suggest that both consensually desirable traits and unique impressions of compatibility have lingering effects on relationship development, even from the moment that two potential partners meet.

In Praise of Happy Endings: Precarity, Sustainability, and the Novel

AbstractOpen-endedness is one of the most pervasive and enduring values in literary studies. Critics of all stripes have condemned teleology on both aesthetic and political grounds. This essay makes the paradoxical case that in an era of mass precarity, this insistence on openness has reached its limit. It is now blocking the kinds of political action that will be necessary to slowing the pace of climate change and building material conditions for collective flourishing. This is a moment for novel critics, then, to rethink our relationship to endings. The nineteenth-century realist novel is particularly interesting in this respect, since it took the question of ongoing material survival especially seriously and used endings to mark a shift from narratable, unstable plotted action to stable routines that extend predictably into the future. In these plots of precarity, happy endings function not as closure or completion but as thresholds to sustainability. This essay ends with two twentieth-century fictions—Bessie Head's 1974 A Question of Power and Leslie Feinberg's 1993 Stone Butch Blues—that conclude by combining the pleasures of material predictability and plenty with workable models of social relations that could help to guide political action in the climate crisis.

Estimating and investigating multiple constructs multiple indicators social relations models with and without roles within the traditional structural equation modeling framework: A tutorial.

The present contribution provides a tutorial for the estimation of the social relations model (SRM) by means of structural equation modeling (SEM). In the overarching SEM-framework, the SRM without roles (with interchangeable dyads) is derived as a more restrictive form of the SRM with roles (with noninterchangeable dyads). Starting with the simplest type of the SRM for one latent construct assessed by one manifest round-robin indicator, we show how the model can be extended to multiple constructs each measured by multiple indicators. We illustrate a multiple constructs multiple indicators SEM SRM both with and without roles with simulated data and explain the parameter interpretations. We present how testing the substantial model assumptions can be disentangled from testing the interchangeability of dyads. Additionally, we point out modeling strategies that adhere to cases in which only some members of a group can be differentiated with regards to their roles (i.e., only some group members are noninterchangeable). In the online supplemental materials, we provide concrete examples of specific modeling problems and their implementation into statistical software (Mplus, lavaan, and OpenMx). Advantages, caveats, possible extensions, and limitations in comparison with alternative modeling options are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for Estimating and Investigating Multiple Constructs Multiple Indicators Social Relations Models With and Without Roles Within the Traditional Structural Equation Modeling Framework: A Tutorial

Supplemental Material for Estimating and Investigating Multiple Constructs Multiple Indicators Social Relations Models With and Without Roles Within the Traditional Structural Equation Modeling Framework: A Tutorial

Social isolation and health among family caregivers of older adults: Less community participation may indicate poor self-reported health.

Social isolation is associated with adverse health outcomes in the general older adult population, but little is known about indicators of social isolation in family caregiver populations. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of social isolation in the 2015 National Survey of Caregiving. Using the Convoy Model of social relations, a life-course social support framework, we also examined associations between social isolation and caregiver self-reported health. Using multiple ordinal logistic regression models, we examined social isolation - operationalised with a five-item summative measure and, alternatively, with each social isolation item - as a predictor of self-reported general health status. On the dichotomised summative measure, 24.74% (n=2,175) were more isolated. Younger caregivers were more isolated (M=56.77 years, SE=0.76) compared with those who were not (M=60.86 years, SE=0.41). Self-reported general health was as follows: 4.93% poor; 15.67% fair; 25.62% good; 34.81% very good and 18.97% excellent. Less social isolation was associated with higher odds of better self-reported health (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.19; CI=1.05-1.35). Of the individual social isolation indicators, only a lack of community participation was associated with higher odds of worse self-reported health (AOR =1.57; CI=1.25-1.97). Social isolation and particularly community participation were associated with caregiver health status. It may be necessary for healthcare providers to consider these factors in caregiver health assessments. Future research is recommended to understand the consequences of various social isolation indicators in diverse samples including younger caregivers.

Is it me, is it you or is it both of US? Applying the social relations model to disentangle the components of the therapeutic bond

Objective The study investigated the contribution of therapists and patients to the therapeutic bond and their associations (at the within and between levels) to treatment outcome. On this aim, the social relations model (SRM, aimed to analyze dyadic interpersonal data) was implemented. Method A novel design for individual psychotherapy studies was adopted, a many-with-many asymmetrical block dyadic design, in which several patients interact with several therapists. Hierarchical linear models were computed to study through variance partitioning the different components of the SRM and their association to treatment outcome. Results All SRM components (with significant effects at therapist- and patient- within and between levels) resulted in significant contributions to the bond. However, only components at the within- and between-therapist, and within-patient levels resulted in significant associations with outcome. Conclusion Given the dyadic nature of the bond, our results support not only studying and offering clinical training on interpersonal therapeutic skills but also on constant monitoring and feedback of the relationship at the more idiosyncratic level.

Working it out: Will the improved management of leaky bodies in the workplace create a dialogue between medical sociology and disability studies?

This article focuses on the workplace as a significant site of convergence between the disciplines of medical sociology and disability studies. As disability remains on the margins of sociological exploration and theorising relating to health and work, disabled workers remain on the margins of the workforce, subject to disproportionate rates of unemployment, under employment and workplace mistreatment. The article focuses on the experiences of people with 'leaky bodies', focussing specifically on employees who experience troubling menstruation and/or have gynaecological health conditions. It brings together data from three studies conducted between 2017 and 2020; interviews with disabled academics (n=75), university staff with gynaecological health conditions (n=23), and key stakeholders in universities (n=36) (including university executives, line managers and human resources staff). These studies had separate, but linked foci, on the inaccessibility of workplaces, managing gynaecological health conditions at work and supporting disabled people at work respectively. Drawing on the Social Relational Model of disability and theories of embodiment, we explore the experiences and management of workers with leaky bodies in UK University workplaces. Data illustrates how workplace practices undermine embodied experiences of workers with 'leaky' bodies by maintaining workplaces which ignore their material reality. We highlight that addressing embodied needs alongside acknowledging disabled people as an oppressed political category represents a theoretical meeting point for disability studies and medical sociology.