Social Reference Research Articles

Externalization Of Systematic Values of Wahyu Hidayatullah - In Constructing Miniature Islamic Civilization

The values of the Systematic of Revelation as the basic -/pattern according to what the Hidayatullah - understands, believes, and practices in carrying out the process of social creation of a miniature Islamic Civilization are the topic of this study. The purpose of this research is to examine the process of externalizing Systematic Wahyu ideals like the Hidayatullah -' - in carrying out social construction activities in a tiny Islamic civilisation. This research looks at the reality of the Hidayatullah - congregation's consciousness, which reveals things about reality and the interpretation of the Systematic of Revelation as a -/archetype that is employed as a social construction reference. The process of externalizing the values of Systematic Revelation is a conscious, structured, and systematic effort by Hidayatullah actors to create humans as abdullah (servants of Allah) and caliph (representatives) of Allah SWT on earth, based on revelation's guidance, in order to build Islamic civilization. The Islamic boarding School Campus is employed as a model of Islamic civilisation, with all cadres, members of the congregation, and their students demonstrating faith in all parts of everyday life. Internalized Hidayatullah players objected to the values that are consistently presented and then generate cadres capable of providing enormous advantages to society. This corresponds to Berger's notion that human selfhood cannot possibly remain silent within itself, in a closed sphere, before moving outside to express itself in the world around it. Externalization is essentially what human selfhood is accomplishing.

Post-Secondary Food Service Manager Perspectives on Fruit and Vegetable Nudging Strategies: Qualitative Study.

ABSTRACTBackgroundChanging the choice architecture in post-secondary food service contexts to “nudge” customers to choose more fruits and vegetables (FV) shows promise in intervention studies to date. If such approaches are to become more widely adopted, they must be feasible and acceptable to food service managers. Among possible early adopters, managers of food services in post-secondary education institutions may have unique insights on implementation of such approaches, as they have dual mandates to support student health and maintain profitability.ObjectiveThe goal of this exploratory study was to examine current knowledge, practice, facilitators, and barriers to uptake of nudge strategies promoting FV in a sample of post-secondary food service managers.MethodsA qualitative telephone interview study was undertaken with food service managers across Canada (n = 10 institutions), recruited from a national professional organization. One or more representatives from each institution completed the interview. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and underwent framework descriptive and interpretative content analysis in NVivo (QSR International). Münscher's Taxonomy of Choice Architecture and the Ottawa Model for Research Use guided development and analysis.ResultsManagers from 9 universities and 1 technical college participated. Local context, governance, and resources varied widely. Eight of 10 institutions used some form of FV nudging as part of their marketing and health promotion, most commonly to reduce the effort associated with choosing FV. Nudging strategies aimed at increasing the range and composition of FV offerings, providing a social reference (opinion leaders) for choosing FV, and changing consequences with loyalty cards were also common. Other nudging strategies were used infrequently. Cost, operational ease of implementation, and students’ privacy and choices were critical issues in adoption.ConclusionsThe results can inform development and testing of locally adapted nudge interventions. It is critical that managers be involved from the outset of any planned academic implementation study.

Factors Influencing Willingness to be Vaccinated with a COVID-19 Vaccine: Results of a CATI Population Survey

The study examines the willingness to be vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine using a random sample of the general population and its determinants (perceived risks of disease, perceived side effects and general attitudes towards vaccination, trust in institutions, socio-structural factors, influence of social reference groups). The study was based on a telephone, one-topic population survey (n=2,014) on willingness to be vaccinated (before the approval of a COVID-19 vaccine in Germany in November/December 2020). The willingness to be vaccinated was about 67% and increased with the proportion of peers and acquaintances who were willing to be vaccinated and had trust in the Robert Koch Institute; willingness was higher in members of a risk group, and in cases where there was an expectation of dangerous consequences of an infection. Experience with infection among the respondents or in peer-groups increased the willingness to be vaccinated. Men had a higher willingness to be vaccinated. The willingness to be vaccinated increased consistently with the level of formal education (with the exception of people with a technical college entrance qualification). Overestimating the likelihood of severe side effects of influenza vaccinations reduced the willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Findings of considerable overestimations of the frequency of serious vaccination side effects were striking. Implications for a target group-appropriate information campaign and risk communication are derived. Efforts to promote the willingness of the population to be vaccinated should focus in particular on disadvantaged population groups.

Keeping up with the reference group(s) The effects of geographic and economic reference groups

The behavioral theory of the firm highlights the importance of social reference groups. Yet, the selection of social reference groups and their impact on organizational change has received little attention and theoretical development. In this paper, we distinguish two different reference groups. The geographical reference group entails geographically proximate organizations. The economic reference group consists of organizations that are comparable in terms of size and resources. Both reference groups provide valuable, yet different information and –in combination- provide a holistic picture of the organization's performance. However, geographic and economic reference groups have distinct characteristics, norms and values making them more or less susceptible to organizational change. Therefore, we posit that performance feedbacks coming from either of the two reference group differ in their effect on organizational change. We test our hypotheses in the German cooperative banking group from 2014 to 2017. We find that organizations' responses to geographic and economic performance feedback differ significantly. The results show that the distinct characteristics of the social reference group plays a crucial role in organizations' response to performance below or above aspirations.

How Team-Level Performance Feedback Influences Peer-Evaluations: A Social Comparison Perspective

Teamwork promises important benefits, especially when it comes to complex problem solving. However, the lack of reliable performance measures at the individual team member level makes the management of team performance challenging. While information from peer monitoring during task completion is a valuable source of knowledge on individual contributions, such information tends to be biased. This paper analyzes how positive or negative feedback on overall team outcomes influences team members’ perceptions of their own and other team members’ relative contribution to overall team performance. Building on social comparison theory, we propose that individuals tend to use same gender peers as social reference points and positive versus negative team-level feedback has an impact on individuals’ (unconscious) strategies for enhancing self-esteem. Overall, we hypothesize that positive (negative) team-level performance feedback leads to a shift of relative contribution ratings towards lower (higher) evaluations of peers that share the evaluator’s gender. We test our hypotheses in an experiment with 247 student participants and find evidence to support our hypotheses.

Norm proximity and optimal social comparisons for energy conservation behavior

Bottom-up solutions targeting individual energy conservation behaviors can play an important role in mitigating climate change and other environmental problems. Information interventions using social comparisons have proven generally effective at improving conservation behaviors, yet are largely suboptimal and sometimes fail when not adequately designed for their specific context. Environmental managers and policy makers need guidance on behavioral intervention design to maximize effectiveness. This article reports the results of a randomized control trial field experiment that used social comparisons to influence individual electricity conservation behaviors in a unique experimental setting with homogeneous residential units and no economic incentive for subjects to conserve. Two treatment groups receiving information feedback with different social comparison reference points exhibited an average treatment effect of 6 % relative to a control group that did not receive feedback. Moreover, treated subjects whose baseline behavior was more proximate to their relevant comparison group norm exhibited stronger response to the treatment (greater than 10 %) than treated subjects whose baseline behavior was more distant from the relevant norm. These results demonstrate that individuals may be more responsive to social norms when provided with a relevant norm that is more proximate to their baseline behavior. Our findings have important practical implications for optimal design and implementation of behavioral interventions to improve environmental management and achieve energy policy goals.

CURRICULUM ACTS AND NETWORK EDUCATION IN THE COMMUNITY SERVICE AND STRENGTHENING OF BONDS

The sociocultural scenarios of the interactions of social actors are forged in the acts of curricula amid the experiences and experiences of the subjects causing ruptures that multi-referenize in the midst of pluralities. These performances show learning processes, presuppose transgressions of the elected formative knowledge and go beyond the walls of the school. This paper aims to present glances at the curricular scenes developed from two Social Assistance Reference Centers (CRAS) located in Aracaju-SE that serve children and adolescents from the Coexistence and Strengthening Service of Bonds (SCFV) using educational practices with digital mobile technologies. From a multi-referential perspective, it is perceived that the methodologies used in CRAS break with the logic of formal teaching, thus opening the possibility of charting a new path in the process of elucidating social phenomena in contemporaneity. Acesse o vídeo sobre o artigo, clique aqui!

Normative misperceptions of unhealthy snacking amongst 11- to 12-year-old secondary school students

Younger adolescents are at an age where they have increasing control of their diet, and where peers become an important social reference for acceptable and normative dietary behaviours. These normative perceptions are often inaccurate and can lead to the development of unhealthy eating practices; although, the role of normative misperceptions of peers' unhealthy snacking behaviours in younger adolescents' personal snacking behaviours is not clear. The current study was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a social norms-based healthy eating intervention sampling two secondary schools in deprived areas of England. Students aged 11–12 years (n = 252) completed self-report measures of their demographic characteristics and personal behaviours, attitudes, intentions, and normative perceptions (descriptive and injunctive norms), relating to unhealthy snacking. Results indicated students overestimated peers' daily unhealthy snacks consumption by approximately 3.2 portions, misperceived peers to have more positive attitudes towards unhealthy snacking and more negative attitudes towards reducing snacking. The greater these misperceptions of peers' behaviours and attitudes, the more likely students were to consume unhealthy snacks and have positive attitudes about unhealthy snacking. Girls had a stronger intention to reduce their snacking behaviours if they had more positive attitudes to reducing snacking behaviours and misperceived peers to also have a positive attitude. In summary, 11- to 12-year-olds misperceive the snacking behaviour and attitudes of their peers, and such normative misperceptions are associated with students’ own snacking behaviours and attitudes. Interventions which challenge these misperceptions may assist in reducing the social acceptability of unhealthy snacking and in reducing unhealthy snacking amongst young adolescents.

The effect of social reference points on self-other risk decision-making

The effect of social reference points on self-other risk decision-making

Cultural capital and destination image: Insights from the Opera House tourist

Purpose This paper aims to identify the factors that foster an interest in opera and Opera Houses as a specific form of cultural capital and how the Opera House tourist constructs images of destinations from the cognitive, affective and conative dimensions. Design/methodology/approach A social constructivist methodology was adopted, and data was captured through online qualitative questionnaires from 226 Opera House tourists using a simple random sampling approach. These enquired about the development of their interest in opera and Opera Houses and the influence this exerts on their destination image formation process. Findings This form of cultural capital is mainly developed by exposure to art forms through family, social and further reference groups. Opera Houses project cognitive images of cosmopolitanism, affective images of social belonging and conative images of further opportunities to experience culture and leisure fostering destination loyalty and place attachment. Research limitations Productions of both opera and ballet are staged at Opera Houses, opening avenues for further research on either the opera or ballet tourist markets specifically using case studies across the ample spectrum of Opera Houses around the world. Practical implications In addition to the visual appeal and quality of cultural produce, tourism practitioners can use an Opera House’s projected affective images of social cohesion and togetherness to attract the Opera House tourist market. Opera Houses enrich a destination’s visual and cultural landscapes, cementing the need to preserve and promote their contributions to the destination’s cultural identity. Social implications This study highlights the need for cultural policy and audience development strategies that cultivate this type of cultural capital resulting in demand for and supply of cultural products that in turn stimulate the development of this niche cultural tourism market segment. Originality/value To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first study that has approached the Opera House tourist from the destination image formation context.

Poverty and family resilience in Bel\xe9m-Par\xe1

Family resilience is a complex, multi-determined behavior caused by the inseparable action of risk and protection factors. The purpose of this paper is to associate aspects of family resilience with multiple dimensions of poverty through a quantitative, descriptive, correlative, exploratory study with a sample of 448 low-income families in thirteen Social Assistance Reference Centers in Belém, Pará. The instruments used in the study were the Family Resilience Profile Questionnaire, the Social and Demographic Inventory, and the Family Poverty Rate. The results state that the families are not living in extreme poverty; however, they still face adversities due to the poverty. A significant presence of women, where 90.6% of the participants were mothers living in a single-parent family, attests that women are still the part of the population most affected by poverty. Furthermore, the results showed that the higher the poverty level, the lower the family resilience, and aspects such as work, knowledge and human development, especially child development, are aspects that enhance family resources to face adversities.

Perception of injustice and embitterment in the context of social reference systems

Background: The “belief in a just world” psychology has shown that people across the world hold an inborn general view, that people should get what they deserve, and that malbehavior should be punished. But, what is seen as unjust is defined by social reference systems. Injustice is experienced as aggression, if not humiliation and answered by the desire to fight back, to restore justice. If the experience of injustice is paired with helplessness, a typical emotional response is embitterment which is associated with the wish for revenge, social impairment, and dysfunctional behaviors.
 Objective of the present study was to study the relation of conditions of living and social reference systems with perceptions of injustice, and rates of embitterment.
 Method: A convenience sample of 139 white and 93 black citizens from Cape Town in South Africa answered questions on their socio-economic status and changes in their lives in the past years. They also filled in the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure psychological distress, the Differential Life Burden scale (DLB) to assess burdens and the Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder scale (PTED Scale), to quantify feelings of injustice and embitterment.
 Results: Black South Africans saw more positive changes than Whites over the past years, but nevertheless showed disadvantages in regard to education, professional qualification, employment status, and monthly income, together with significantly higher scores on the DLB, GHQ-12, and PTED scale. When looking at single items, 66.6% of black as compared to 45.3% of white participants reported about experiences evoking severe feelings of injustice, 65.4% versus 40.3% about repetitive painful memories, 53.7% versus 36.9% about an associated deterioration of well-being, and 46.2% versus 21.6% about thoughts of revenge. After controlling for monthly income, only the PTED score showed significant differences.
 Conclusion: Results suggest that embitterment reactions are linked to social conditions, like economic but even more so psychological factors. The results suggest that embitterment is not only of importance in individuals but can also have a societal meaning. This must be acknowledged in political discussions.

First estimates of inequality benchmark incomes for a range of countries.

It is known that virtually all inequality measures imply the existence of a 'benchmark income', above which adding incremental income increases inequality, and below which it decreases inequality. Benchmark incomes can be interpreted as social reference levels that identify the richest individual for whom it would be just to subsidize their income. Despite the intuitive appeal of benchmark incomes, there have been hardly any empirical applications to date. This paper provides the first estimates of benchmark incomes for a range of contrasting countries and different inequality measures. All benchmark incomes lie far above official national poverty lines. The results suggest that economic growth together with falling inequality need not necessarily be poverty reducing.

Extreme exclusion and relative deprivation in subsistence marketplaces: A study in a refugee settlement in Nakivale, Uganda

AbstractWe study how refugees in a settlement face extreme marketplace exclusion through three phases of qualitative research. Overlaying the context of subsistence marketplaces, such exclusion is accentuated by refugee status, fleeing from unimaginable suffering. We interpret our findings in terms of relative deprivation, or the state of feeling deprived relative to some social reference, often used to understand how consumers feel deprived in terms of their relative financial status. We extend relative deprivation theory in research, introducing extreme marketplace deprivation. Whereas most relative deprivation research emphasizes social comparisons to other people, our study of the refugee settlement demonstrates the adverse effects of intrapersonal relative deprivation, that is, feeling deprived relative to one's past. We develop a theoretical framework to demarcate types of extreme marketplace deprivation, classifying these experiences in terms of consumption and livelihood along three facets (material, social, and psychological). We derive implications for consumer affairs.

Small Signals: Comprehending the Australian Microlithic as Public Signalling

Signalling is a critical capacity in modern human cultures but it has often been difficult to identify and understand on lithic artefacts from pre-literate contexts. Often archaeologists have minimized the signalling role of lithic tools by arguing for strong form-function relationships that constrained signalling or else imposed ethnographic information on the archaeological patterns with the assumption they assist in defining the signalling carried out in prehistory. In this paper I present a case study for which it can be shown that function does not correlate with form and that the technology fell out of use 1000–1500 years ago. This means that neither presumptions of continuity in social practice nor reference to tool use provide strong explanations for the size, shape standardization and regional differentiation of Australian microliths. Sender-receiver signalling theory is harnessed to motivate a new synthesis of these microliths, and I demonstrate that not only were these artefacts probably key objects used in public signalling but also that sender-receiver frameworks enable us to infer details about the operation of the signalling system.

Family resilience and parenting stress in poor families

Abstract This quantitative and cross-sectional study aimed to describe and associate the levels of resilience, parenting stress and multidimensional poverty of poor families living in the city of Belém (PA). The probabilistic sample consisted of 429 caregivers, interviewed in Social Assistance Reference Centers, where the application of instruments to access socio-demographic information, family resilience, parenting stress and poverty was carried out, in order to investigateprotection and risk processes for development. The sample consisted of women (97%) between 20 and 39 years (69%). This study showed associations between low resilience, high parenting stress and higher level of poverty. None of the families had high resilience scores. These results point to aspects regulating family dynamics as crucial in the healthy development of these families in relation to risk exposure.

Hate Crime Increases with Minoritized Group Rank

People are on the move in unprecedented numbers across the globe. How does migration affect local intergroup dynamics? In contrast to accounts that emphasize stereotypical features of groups as determinants of their treatment, we propose the social group reference dependence hypothesis: violence and negative attitudes toward each minoritized group will depend on the number and size of other minoritized groups in a community. Specifically, as groups increase in rank in their relative size (e.g., to largest minority within a community), discriminatory behavior and attitudes toward them should increase accordingly. We test this hypothesis across U.S. counties between 1990 and 2010. Consistent with this prediction we find that, as Black, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian, and Arab populations increase in rank relative to one another, they become more likely to be targeted with hate crimes and more negative attitudes. The rank effect holds above and beyond group size/proportion, growth rate, and a number of other alternative explanations. This framework makes novel predictions about how demographic shifts may affect coalitional structures in the coming years and helps explain previous findings in the literature. More broadly, our results complement the existing literature by indicating that attitudes and behaviors toward social categories are not fixed or driven only by features associated with those groups, such as stereotypes.

CRAS porta de entrada/porta fechada: o exercício profissional da(o) assistente social e a Covid-19

This article aims to present the professional practice of the social worker in a Social Assistance Reference Center (CRAS) during the pandemic period of COVID-19, explaining the challenges and possibilities of professional action in coping with public calamity established in the country. Regarding the methodology, the dialectical historical materialism method is used, the research is bibliographic and documentary and the research technique used was the experience report. The purpose of the reflections in this article is to contribute to the production of knowledge and resistance in the context of the professional practice of the social worker aligned with the professional ethical-political project and in defense of Public Policies.&nbsp

Los adultos mayores, el cuidado de los nietos y su calidad de vida

Grandparents are today a fundamental part of the functioning of the country. They were before, they probably always were as a family and social reference, but the years have reinforced their role and notably expanded their responsibilities (Liñán 2013). This research aims to describe the activities of caring for grandchildren and the quality of life of grandmothers. The research is descriptive, transversal, Sample; It was made up of 13 women aged 60 or over who care for at least one grandchild and who are part of the support group of the Sunflower Health Center, in Saltillo Coahuila. 4 instruments were used, 1st a sociodemographic data card where the following information was included: age, place of birth, marital status, schooling, illnesses suffered, number of children, number of grandchildren, ages of the grandchildren they care for and who you currently live with. The 2nd describes the care of grandchildren, the 3rd measures the quality of life and the 4th measures the perception of the health of the elderly. Results: 85.7% of older women do not currently have a job, only 7.1% of our sample currently have a job. All grannies take care of at least one grandchild.

Compared to whom? Social and historical reference points and performance appraisals by managers, students, and the general public

Experimental studies in public administration often focus on samples of non-practitioner groups. In these cases, it is unclear whether findings from non-practitioner groups are generalizable to public managers. Some literature suggests that bureaucrats are likely to hold biases similar to the rest of the population while other research argues that bureaucratic expertise and training allow practitioners to make decisions in more strategic or rational ways. This study works within the literature of performance information to test for differences in responses to the same experiment among college students, citizens, and public managers in the context of U.S. K-12 education. Some differences were detected across groups, though results reveal largely similar findings which have implications for when and how scholars might rely on non-practitioner samples to consider the attitudes and behaviors of bureaucrats or elected policymakers.