Social Recognition Research Articles

“Friendships fizzled out”: Trajectories and risk factors of youth loneliness following COVID-19

Abstract Background Social distancing and isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic left a mark on the social, emotional and cognitive development of youth. We aimed to identify the course of Dutch youth loneliness and its predictors since the Omicron lockdown in December 2021. Methods Data were obtained from a repeated cross-sectional panel study between March 2022 and September 2023, in which loneliness was assessed using the 6-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Youth (12-25 years) participating in at least three timepoints were included. A latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was performed to identify trajectories of loneliness. Themes identified in qualitative data (open-ended questions halfway 2022) were recoded into binary quantitative variables to be included in regression analyses. Two-step multivariable multinomial logistic regression was used to determine risk factors per trajectory class. Goodness of fit was assessed using the likelihood-ratio test. Results Identified trajectories were: 1) very lonely (n = 140), 2) moderate lonely (n = 373), 3) recovering (n = 511), and 4) not lonely (n = 384; reference). Compared to the other trajectories, youngsters following a moderate or very lonely trajectory had more often little to no trust in the future and more often experienced non-specific symptoms and stress due to various causes. Including perceptions showed that youth in these trajectories experienced a greater impact of the pandemic on their social relationships. The inclusion of perception also improved the model’s goodness of fit (p < 0.001). Conclusions Up to 18 months after the COVID-19 pandemic, youngsters that reported loneliness continue to endure its consequences on their social lives. Despite the apparent association between the Omicron lockdown and continuing loneliness, claims about causality should be made with caution. However, findings implicate the importance of political and social recognition of the pandemic’s ongoing impact on vulnerable youth. Key messages • Lonely youth experienced a greater impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their social lives. • Political and social recognition of the pandemic’s ongoing impact on vulnerable youth is wanted.

Collaborate decision network based on cross-modal attention for social media microblog recognition

Recently, social media has gradually become an important topic in public opinion analysis field. Among social media, Microblog is one of the most important platforms because it is short, convenient, mobile and instantaneous. Social media microblog recognition well reflects the attitudes from an enormous big colony to a specific incident, either positive or negative, which can be used for deriving competitive intelligence, marketing strategies, detecting depression and so on. However, the existing methods usually use only text or image from internet but not take advantages of their complementary information to finalize the recognition, it limits the performance and robustness of the algorithms. In this paper, we present a collaborate decision network (CDN) based on cross-modal attention to exploit the discriminative attributes of multi modalities by data- and knowledge joint driven strategy in depth, and further improve the recognition performance. In addition, we collect and construct a visual-text microblog recognition dataset with 2854 samples to support the subsequent research of related fields. Finally, experimental reuslts on the collected dataset show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed CDN.

Explanation of the Opportunity Identification Model Based on Gender Restrictions Affecting Women's Entrepreneurial Identity

Background: Stereotypical beliefs and gender biases play a limiting and discouraging role in the development of women's entrepreneurship, which can have a significant impact on women's willingness to become entrepreneurs. Methods: This research aims to identify and analyze the gender-based limitations affecting the entrepreneurial opportunities of female entrepreneurs using a mixed-methods approach. This research is applied in terms of its objective. In the qualitative phase, 14 experts were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data collection was conducted through library studies and semi-structured interviews. In this section, the data were analyzed in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding, which resulted in the identification of 51 indicators and 12 components. The research questionnaire was designed based on these indicators. In the quantitative section, the statistical population was all female entrepreneurs in the pharmaceutical companies under study, which totaled 425 people. Using Cochran's formula and a simple random sampling method, 170 people were selected as the sample size. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-made questionnaire, whose reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 and validity using expert opinion. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 and PLS3 Smart software. Results: Based on the research findings, 12 components of social, cultural, economic, educational, legal, behavioral, personality, individual, commercialization, knowledge enhancement, entrepreneurial awareness, and market recognition limitations were identified under the title of dimensions and components of gender-based limitations affecting women's entrepreneurial opportunities. The results also showed that social limitations (β=-0/578), cultural limitations (β=-0/429), economic limitations (β=-0/408), educational limitations (β=-0/346), legal limitations (β=-0/297), behavioral limitations (β=-0/215), personality limitations (β=-0/189), and individual limitations (β=-0/138) have a negative and significant impact on entrepreneurial opportunities

The Consumerism Culture of the Younger Generation in Fashion

Fashion is one of the most widely known phenomena of everyday life, inextricably linked with art, communication, and mass culture. The scope of fashion includes clothing, forms of everyday life, cars, aesthetic and artistic tastes, etc. In most cases, researchers understand fashion as clothing patterns that are most popular in a specific historical period. A person always searches for his belonging, tries to identify himself with a social group that is a reference for him. Habit, following a model and imitation are the basis of self-determination, which ensures the rituality of culture and the mechanisms of its development and reproduction. Fashion helps to preserve cultural tradition, is a symbol of social status, directs behavior and sets the boundaries of what is permitted and desired, and acts as a means of achieving social recognition. In modern world, fashion has received much attention from both ordinary people and scientists. Being an interdisciplinary object, fashion attracts the attention of researchers from different fields of knowledge. More precisely than others, the essence and concept of fashion are reflected by those who create it. Therefore, the article studies and analyzes the understanding of fashion by famous couturiers. In conclusion, the author, according to literature materials, and combining the approaches considered, explain main attributes of the consumption culture of young generation. Keywords: fashion, consumption culture, youth, fashion industry, social recognition

The Impact of ESG Standards and Investment : Global Trends and Practices

In recent years, ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) investment has significantly integrated into investment strategies worldwide. The concept of ESG investing is not merely a fleeting trend but rather an essential tool for investors looking towards sustainable and responsible investment practices. With the evolution and adoption of ESG investments in the global market, a thorough examination of ESG investment practices reveals valuable insights. Nowadays, in economic landscape, the emphasis on ESG factors in investment decisions continues to grow, underscoring the importance of responsible investing practices in fostering long-term value creation and societal impact. This study offers noteworthy recommendations regarding ESG investment standards, aiming to drive improved ESG performance within enterprises. By adhering to robust ESG criteria, organizations can access enhanced financial prospects, paving the way for them to garner increased social recognition. Besides, this paper also put forward countermeasures and suggestions for China's ESG to improve China's ESG information disclosure system and the awareness of ESG.

Reform and Practice of University Physics Experimental Teaching Based on OBE Concept

Aiming at the problems of unclear teaching objectives, obsolete content, and single method in the experimental teaching of university physics at our university, we have implemented a series of reform initiatives. It mainly includes clarifying the student-centered teaching objectives, optimizing the experimental content, innovating the teaching methods, improving the assessment and evaluation system, and improving the experimental conditions [1,2]. After the implementation of the reform, the learning effectiveness of students has been significantly improved, the teaching level of teachers has been significantly enhanced, the curriculum system has been optimized, the efficiency of teaching management has been enhanced, and social recognition has been strengthened. Practice shows that the teaching reform based on the outcome-based education concept effectively improves the quality of university physics experimental teaching and lays the foundation for cultivating innovative talents.

Luxury or Cultural Tourism Activities? The Role of Narcissistic Personality Traits and Travel-Related Motivations.

This study aimed to examine the role of travel-related motivations and preferences for activities (such as learning about local culture, relaxation and entertainment, status and social recognition, escape and curiosity, and experience) in the relationship between narcissistic personality traits and the preference for luxury tourism versus cultural tourism. A sample of 1342 Israeli community members was analyzed. The methodology utilized parallel mediation analyses to assess how different forms of narcissism (extraverted, antagonistic, neurotic, and communal) were associated with the desire for luxury tourism over cultural tourism, as mediated by various travel-related motivations. The results indicated that narcissistic personality traits were generally associated with a preference for luxury tourism, primarily through indirect associations via travel motivations such as relaxation and entertainment, status and social recognition, and experience. The conclusion highlights the implications for understanding how specific travel-related motivations influence tourism preferences among individuals with varying levels of narcissistic traits, suggesting that tourism management strategies could benefit from a nuanced approach to personality in marketing.

Isolated during adolescence: long-term impact on social behavior, pain sensitivity, and the oxytocin system in male and female rats

BackgroundAdolescent social isolation (ASI) has profound long-term effects on behavioral and neural development. Despite this, the specific long-term impact of ASI during different adolescent stages and across sexes remain underexplored.MethodsOur study addresses this gap by examining the effects of early- and late- adolescent social isolation on both male and female rats. Rats were either isolated (or group-housed) starting from PD 21 (early) or PD 42 (late) for three weeks and then rehoused into groups. In adulthood (PD 90), rats underwent a battery of tests: elevated plus-maze, open field, novel object recognition, social interaction and social recognition memory and hotplate tests. Finally, we analyzed oxytocin receptor binding in several regions in the brains of a second cohort of rats.ResultsBoth, male and female rats from the late adolescent social isolation (LASI) groups spent significantly less time interacting in the social interaction test. Additionally, we observed a general decrease in social recognition memory regardless of sex. Both male ASI groups demonstrated heightened thermal pain sensitivity, while the opposite was observed in early adolescent social isolation (EASI) female rats. In the brain, we observed changes in oxytocin receptor (OTR) binding in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) and central amygdala (CeA) with the largest changes in EASI and LASI female rats.ConclusionOur model demonstrates long-lasting alterations on behavior and oxytocin receptor binding levels following ASI providing insights into the long-term effects of ASI in a time- and sex-specific manner.

Research on the effectiveness and strategies of new media in promoting voluntary blood donation from a public health perspective in the post-pandemic era.

This study explores the effectiveness of new media in enhancing public enthusiasm for voluntary blood donation in the post-pandemic era and proposes effective publicity strategies to promote the sustainability and healthy development of blood donation activities. A questionnaire survey was widely used to collect public opinions and attitudes toward voluntary blood donation. The sample data underwent rigorous reliability and validity analysis to ensure authenticity and reliability. Statistical methods such as correlation analysis and regression analysis were employed to deeply investigate the underlying relationships between factors like new media publicity, emotional value, social recognition, convenience, information reliability, and willingness to donate blood voluntarily. Based on these analyses, a research model was constructed, and relevant hypotheses were verified through empirical methods. The study found that new media publicity may be associated with increasing the willingness of the public to voluntarily donate blood. Survey participants indicated that they were more likely to consider donating blood after exposure to new media publicity. Among these factors, the emotional value and content conveyed by the publicity appeared to be particularly important. Additionally, our research revealed that social recognition, the convenience of blood donation, and the reliability of promotional information seemed to have a direct impact on the public's willingness to donate blood. At the same time, these factors may indirectly promote actual blood donation behavior by enhancing the public's emotional resonance and acceptance of blood donation. This study suggests that new media may play multiple positive roles in promoting voluntary blood donation. Based on these findings, we propose a series of strategic recommendations, including further optimizing publicity content, striving to enhance the public's emotional resonance, improving the reliability of promotional information, and enhancing service convenience. These suggestions aim to potentially raise public awareness and willingness to participate in voluntary blood donation, providing a scientific basis and strong support for the promotion of voluntary blood donation in the post-epidemic era.

Research on Management Strategies for Generation Z Employees from the Perspective of Two-Factor Theory

As Generation Z becomes a significant force in the workforce, corporate management faces new challenges. Generation Z employees exhibit strong individuality, autonomy, and a high reliance on digital technology, while also possessing a global perspective and a diverse cultural background. They place greater emphasis on autonomy, career development opportunities, psychological satisfaction, and social recognition in their work. Therefore, when motivating Generation Z employees, companies must not only meet their basic needs for compensation and working conditions (hygiene factors) but also stimulate their intrinsic motivation and work enthusiasm through providing career development opportunities, innovative tasks, and recognition mechanisms. This paper, based on Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, explores strategies to effectively manage and motivate Generation Z employees by adjusting incentive mechanisms and optimizing team building to enhance corporate competitiveness and employee satisfaction.

Students’ and faculty continuous intention to use gamification in higher education: A structural analysis

Over the past decade, the integration of technology, particularly gamification, has initiated a substantial transformation within the field of education. However, educators frequently confront the challenge of identifying suitable competitive game-based learning platforms amidst the growing emphasis on cultivating creativity within the classroom and effectively integrating technology into pedagogical practices. The current study examines students and faculty continuous intention to use gamification in higher education. The data was collected through an online survey with a sample size of 763 Pakistani respondents from various universities around Pakistan. The structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and to investigate how continuous intention to use gamification is influenced by, extended TAM model with inclusion of variables such as task technology fit, social influence, social recognition and hedonic motivation. The results have shown that task technology has no significant influence on perceived usefulness (PU) where as it has a significant influence on perceived ease of use (PEOU). Social influence (SI) indicates no significant influence on perceived ease of use. Social recognition (SR) indicates positive influence on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and continuous intention. The dimensional analysis indicated that perceived ease of use has insignificant influence on perceived usefulness. Both PEOU and PU exhibit positive influence on attitude. Hedonic motivation (HM) and attitude were observed to have a positive influence on continuous intention (CI). Moreover, gamification is found to efficiently and effectively achieve meaningful goals by tapping intrinsic motivation of the users through engaging them in playful experiences.

Autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors induced by hyper-glutamatergic NMDA receptor signaling through hypo-serotonergic 5-HT1A receptor signaling in the prefrontal cortex in mice exposed to prenatal valproic acid.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive behaviors, social deficits, and cognitive impairments. Maternal use of valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of ASD in offspring. The prevailing pathophysiological hypothesis for ASD involves excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances and serotonergic dysfunction. Here, we investigated the association between glutamatergic-serotonergic neuronal interactions and ASD-like behaviors in mice exposed to prenatal VPA. Prenatal VPA exposure induced excessive repetitive self-grooming behavior and impaired social behavior and object recognition memory in young adult period. Prenatal VPA mice showed hyper-glutamatergic function (increase in basal extracellular glutamate levels and CaMKII phosphorylation) and hypo-serotonergic function (decrease in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and stimulation-induced serotonin [5-HT] release, but an increase in 5-HT transporter expression) in the prefrontal cortex. Treatment with a low-affinity NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine), a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine), and a 5-HT1A receptor agonist (tandospirone) attenuated both the increase in CaMKII phosphorylation and ASD-like behavior of prenatal VPA mice. Opto-genetic activation of the serotonergic neuronal system attenuated impairments in social behavior and object recognition memory in prenatal VPA mice. WAY-100635-a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist-antagonized the effect of fluoxetine on impaired social behavior and object recognition memory. These results suggest that E/I imbalance and ASD-like behavior are associated with hypo-serotonergic receptor signaling through 5-HT1A receptors in prenatal VPA mice.

Whose Egg, Whose Sperm, Whose Household Registration? Reproductive Decisionmaking Among LGBT Parents in China

This article examines how LGBT individuals and couples in China make reproductive decisions in a sociopolitical context characterized by homophobia and an absence of LGBT familial rights and legal recognition. The existing literature on LGBTQ+ childbearing and family formation, based primarily in Euro-American countries, tends to focus on the central role of same-sex marriage legalization and features marriage as the core intimate bond that bestows parental and other familial rights. This article argues that China’s household registration (hukou) system is an equally, if not more, salient regulatory system that determines daily life opportunities, access to state-subsidized schooling and health care, life-long social welfare, and placement in a hierarchy of urban versus rural citizenship. LGBT intending parents in China make reproductive decisions with a child’s hukou in mind, treating genetic contributions, gestational labor, and legal parental status as flexible resources to achieve desired hukou outcomes. The hukou system encourages reproductive strategies that make and unmake LGBT kinship, securing family bonds that otherwise lack legal and social recognition while potentially risking parental precarity. The article suggests new directions for LGBT rights advocacy by focusing on the governing systems and statuses that determine access to key citizenship resources and family rights.

Using Social Robotics to Identify Educational Behavior: A Survey

The advancement of social robots in recent years has opened a promising avenue for providing users with more accessible and personalized attention. These robots have been integrated into various aspects of human life, particularly in activities geared toward students, such as entertainment, education, and companionship, with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI). AI plays a crucial role in enhancing these experiences by enabling social and educational robots to interact and adapt intelligently to their environment. In social robotics, AI is used to develop systems capable of understanding human emotions and responding to them, thereby facilitating interaction and collaboration between humans and robots in social settings. This article aims to present a survey of the use of robots in education, highlighting the degree of integration of social robots in this field worldwide. It also explores the robotic technologies applied according to the students’ educational level. This study provides an overview of the technical literature in social robotics and behavior recognition systems applied to education at various educational levels, especially in recent years. Additionally, it reviews the range of social robots in the market involved in these activities. The objects of study, techniques, and tools used, as well as the resources and results, are described to offer a view of the current state of the reviewed areas and to contribute to future research.

“We Realized That Institutions Are Not Prepared”: Strategies and Challenges in the Filiation Processes of Lesbian-Parent Families in Chile

This study examines the experiences of lesbian-parent families in Chile regarding the civil registry and the registration of their children, highlighting how heteronormative structures persist despite significant legislative advancements. Through semi-structured interviews with lesbian mothers, it explored how the policies and practices occurring at the civil registry affect their rights and legal recognition. The qualitative data analysis revealed significant barriers in the filiation processes due to outdated forms and lack of training among officials, reflecting a disconnect between progressive legislation and its practical implementation. The findings indicate that while there is growing social recognition of family diversity, lesbian-parent families face institutional discrimination, limiting their full participation in society. These barriers not only perpetuate occupational injustices but also negatively affect the emotional and social well-being of these families. This study underscores the need for legislative and administrative reforms to ensure effective inclusion and recognition of lesbian-parent families, recommending policies that update administrative processes to reflect the realities of all families adequately. The research highlights the importance of continuous education and awareness for civil registry workers, ensuring that existing laws are applied fairly and equitably.

Crucial role of Snf7-3 in synaptic function and cognitive behavior revealed by conventional and conditional knockout mouse models

Snf7-3 is a crucial component of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway, playing a vital role in endolysosomal functions. To elucidate the role of Snf7-3 in vivo, we developed conventional-like and conditional Snf7-3 knockout (KO) mouse models using a “Knockout-first” strategy. Conventional-like Snf7-3 KO mice showed significantly reduced Snf7-3 mRNA expression, and older mice (25–40 weeks) exhibited impaired social recognition and increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Similarly, conditional KO mice aged 8–24 weeks, with Snf7-3 specifically deleted in forebrain excitatory neurons, displayed impaired object location memory and elevated mEPSC frequency. Consistently, Snf7-3 knockdown in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons led to increased densities of pre- and postsynaptic puncta, supporting the observed increase in mEPSC frequency. In addition, enhanced dendritic complexity was observed in the medial prefrontal cortex of these mice, indicating early synaptic disturbances. Our findings underscore the critical role of Snf7-3 in maintaining normal cognitive functions and social behaviors. The observed synaptic and behavioral deficits in both conventional-like and conditional KO mice highlight the importance of Snf7-3 in specific neuronal populations, suggesting that early synaptic changes could precede more pronounced cognitive impairments.

Child marriage and well-being in Central and Western Africa: A scoping review of costs and potential benefits for girls.

Child marriage is practiced widely in West and Central Africa with established links to several negative outcomes, particularly for girls. Although some reviews on predictors of the practice of child marriage exist, to date no review has focused on the costs and potential benefits to girls who have experienced child marriage. We conducted a scoping review of PubMed, African Index Medicus, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Global Health and in the grey literature for studies on child marriage and adjustment up to October 2023. Studies were included if they assessed marriages where the female was younger than 18 at the time of marriage, were conducted in Central and Western African countries, explored positive and/or negative indicators of well-being and mental health in the context of child marriage, were written in English, were published in a peer-reviewed journal, or was a published thesis or dissertation, grey literature, or technical report, were conducted between 2014 and 2023, and presented qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method data. Based on the inclusion criteria, we included nine qualitative and four quantitative studies. Using the lens of Self-Determination Theory, we found that overall child marriage compromised needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Further, child marriage was linked to negative mental health outcomes. However, for some girls, child marriage was associated with some benefits including social recognition and elevated status in society. Future research on adjustment within the context of child marriage should focus on all aspects of well-being as well as the processes associated with adjustment for girls.

Beyond Basics: The Dichotomy of Actual and Perceived Consumer Needs

Consumer behavior, particularly in distinguishing between actual and perceived needs, reveals complex dynamics that shape spending patterns. This study, titled “Beyond Basics: The Dichotomy of Actual and Perceived Consumer Needs,” examines how modern consumerism often blurs the lines between essential and discretionary expenditures. While actual needs—such as food, shelter, and clothing—are vital for survival, they often receive less financial attention compared to perceived needs, which are closely tied to social status, identity, and recognition. Using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as a theoretical framework, this research explores the psychological and social factors influencing this discrepancy. The study employs a quantitative approach, collecting data from a diverse sample of consumers across different socio-economic backgrounds. Through hypothesis testing, including t-tests and regression analysis, the research investigates the significant differences in spending on actual versus perceived needs and the impact of social status on these spending priorities. The findings indicate that consumers, on average, allocate significantly more financial resources to perceived needs, with social status serving as a stronger predictor of this behavior than income level. This trend is particularly evident among higher-income individuals, but it is pervasive across all income groups, reflecting the deep-rooted influence of societal norms and marketing strategies on consumer choices. The study concludes by discussing the implications for marketers, policymakers, and consumer education. It suggests that promoting financial literacy, developing sustainable marketing strategies, and encouraging a shift towards prioritizing actual needs could lead to more balanced and sustainable consumer habits. By addressing the psychological and social drivers of consumption, it may be possible to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive spending on perceived needs and foster healthier, more sustainable consumption patterns.

Discourse analysis of Chinese vocational universities based on multimodal framework of social semiotics

Due to the development of higher-education marketization, colleges and universities in China's provinces, cities, and regions are facing fierce competition and significant challenges, and vocational universities are no exception. In order to further enhance their visibility and social recognition, vocational universities have adopted various publicity strategies, especially utilizing social media platforms such as WeChat, Weibo, TikTok, and XiaoHongShu. Using the framework of visual grammar analysis, this paper investigates the identity construction in the discourse of vocational universities on social media by analyzing images posted on social media platforms by 33 vocational universities in China. The research findings show that vocational universities use visual content on social media to construct their identities as being skilled, service-oriented, regional, international, employment practice-oriented higher-education institutions that are equal to those in general higher education. This reflects the value of vocational education in today's Chinese society and the realistic difficulties and development challenges faced by higher-vocational colleges and universities.

Genetic networks suggest Asperger’s syndrome as a distinct subtype of autism spectrum disorders

BackgroundThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) issued new diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) which resulted in missing the diagnosis of some cases of Asperger’s syndrome (AS). This negatively affected the support received by those affected. In this study, we explored if AS could be biologically stratified from the broader spectrum through a gene co-expression network preservation analysis. MethodsWe analysed the GEO microarray data of 24 individuals with Asperger’s syndrome and 72 individuals with autism. Then, we used a weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) pipeline to construct gene co-expression networks. We explored whether these modules share the same co-expression patterns between autism and Asperger’s syndrome using network preservation analysis. ResultsOur results showed that all co-expression modules of autism are preserved into the Asperger’s syndrome. However, three modules of Asperger’s syndrome out of 30 modules were not preserved in autism.Gene enrichment analysis revealed that these modules were involved in chromatin remodelling, immune and neuroinflammatory response, synaptic and neuronal development. Brain enrichment analysis showed significant downregulation of neurodevelopment genes in different brain regions associated with impaired social recognition in Asperger’s syndrome. ConclusionsThe identified genetic and molecular profiles suggest that Asperger’s syndrome, despite sharing numerous similarities with autism, possesses a distinct genetic profile that makes it a distinct subtype of autism. This distinction could have significant implications for the management and treatment strategies tailored to individuals with Asperger’s syndrome.