Social Expectations Research Articles

Самопрезентация пользователя в социальных сетях и проблема коллапса контекста

This article discusses the social problems of communication in social networks that provide a platform and tools for the formation of a virtual network identity. The features of the behavior of users of social networks and the tactics of their self-presentation when constructing a personal network profile are described. It is argued that in the process of social communication, people present different versions of themselves depending on their audience and adapting their own self-presentation to the perceived values and preferences of the interlocutors. The difficulties of online communication are described, where, unlike real interaction, the user does not have the opportunity to correlate his/ her behavior with the situational context and carry out differentiated self-presentation. The problems of blurring the boundaries of public and private in social networks and the loss of information privacy, which is a necessary condition for personal freedom and autonomy, are raised. It is argued that the disclosure of private information is an important component of maintaining social relations. It is noted that currently there is a transformation of cultural norms regulating the degree of openness-closeness and publicity-privacy. The concept of "context collapse" is introduced – a situation caused by the mixing of heterogeneous audiences with different social values, norms and expectations into one homogeneous group. The strategies are proposed to overcome the negative consequences of this situation: dividing the audience into several segments, self-censorship, forcing to avoid discussing controversial topics and adapting the user's language style, suggesting a reduction in language variability. The work was based on the methods of symbolic interactionism and I. Hoffman's theory of roles, which he used to build the dramatic theory of social interaction and self-presentation in social interaction.

HIV disclosure and intimate partner violence among HIV-infected men who have sex with men in marriage of convenience in China.

Marriage of convenience is a unique phenomenon in China where a gay man and a lesbian get married to fulfill social expectations while retaining their homosexual identities. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of HIV infection and intimate partner violence (IPV) following HIV disclosure. A sample of 232 HIV-infected MSM in the marriage of convenience was recruited online and completed questionnaires about experiences of IPV, HIV disclosure, and their sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics. Our results showed that over half (57.3%) of HIV-infected MSM had disclosed their HIV status to their lesbian spouses. Bisexual men, having children with their lesbian spouse, HIV diagnosis time >24 months, having a current fixed gay partner, having disclosed HIV to their current fixed gay partners, higher levels of social support, lower levels of self-stigma related to HIV infection, no depression, and no suicidal ideation were all independently associated with an increased likelihood of disclosing to lesbian spouses. Approximately 61.6% of participants experienced at least one type of IPV from either a gay partner, a lesbian spouse, or both in the past 12 months. HIV disclosure to lesbian spouses was associated with an increased risk of IPV. Our findings reveal the high prevalence of IPV among HIV-infected MSM in the marriage of convenience and its association with HIV disclosure, which warrants policy, clinical, and research efforts to design targeted and comprehensive interventions to improve HIV disclosure while preventing IPV among this population.

Construction and Application of a Prediction Model for Students’ Satisfaction in Chinese-Foreign Cooperatively-Run Educational Programmes Based on Machine Learning

The increasing popularity of educational programs by Chinese and foreign partners in China's universities presents challenges in administration due to differences in organization, social expectations, and academic requirements. This study presents a prediction model using Machine Learning techniques to assess student satisfaction levels. The Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) framework, enabled by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was used to collect data from 1,237 students. The approach was compared to other ML models like Random Forest, Linear Regression, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine and trained and validated using 5-fold cross-validation. The PCA+GBM model scored most effectively of significant metrics, with 93% accuracy, 92% precision, 91% recall, and 91.5% F1-score. Policymakers and educational administrators can use the outcomes as an incentive to enhance the strategy and standard of Higher Education (HE) that are run in collaboration between China and foreign countries.

Vortex of regret: How positive and negative coping strategies correlate with feelings of guilt

Bad coping behavior and guilt may reinforce each other as a negative feedback loop. Social contexts and expectations may also create cognitive dissonance in coping individuals and affect the effectiveness of coping styles. This study examines the associations between the feeling of guilt and specific coping styles belonging to both groups of positive and negative coping styles. We conducted Bayesian Multiple Regression analyses on secondary data from 3784 high school students in China. Positive coping is associated more with reduced feelings of guilt compared to negative coping. However, some positive coping styles were found to be positively associated with a sense of guilt, especially those involving confrontation against or conformity to social expectations. Most negative coping styles are positively associated with guilt, and substance use has the strongest influence among the examined negative coping styles. The findings suggest that the consideration of sociocultural contexts is very important in supporting those with guilt issues, especially adolescents in societies with dominant traditional East Asian values.

‘My life is not to be called a failure’: how family reputation in the origin affects return considerations among South Asian migrants in the Gulf

ABSTRACT Families are an important factor to consider when trying to understand if and when labor migrants decide to return to the origin. Research has mainly focused on how families provide incentives to return. During the COVID-19 pandemic, however, stories about return migration decisions among male South Asian migrants in the Gulf reveal that families can exert substantial pressure on migrants to stay abroad, even during times of crisis. Using in-depth interviews with migrants in the UAE, returnees and family members between 2020 and 2022, we find that social expectations of migrants to maintain or build family reputation through actions abroad, in the context of broader communities of origin, is a key factor in deterring migrants from returning. Migrants and their families in the origin often seek to continue signaling a successful migration project, particularly by telling stories of entrepreneurial success or of being embedded in the destination through strong and resourceful networks. Returning early from a migration project, even during the pandemic, can be interpreted as a failure and risks negatively impacting the family's reputation. We observe that those who return early, despite family pressure to stay, face significant social sanctions from family and community.

Sustaining Success in B2B Partnerships: Exploring Intention to Continue the Relationship

This study aimed to analyze the influence of service quality, relationship marketing, perceived value, and satisfaction on intention to continue relationships in the business-to-business context of lubricant companies in Indonesia. We utilized the theoretical perspectives of the Social Exchange Theory and Expectation–Confirmation Theory. The research sample comprised 135 distributors of lubricant companies in Indonesia selected through saturated sampling. Data collection employed a survey method, and data were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results indicate that service quality and relational marketing significantly affect perceived value while perceived value significantly influences satisfaction. However, the direct influence of perceived value on the intention to continue relationships was not significant. Conversely, satisfaction was found to have a significant positive influence on the intention to continue relationships. These findings underscore the importance of integrating sustainability principles into service quality, relationship marketing, and satisfaction strategies to foster long-term business relationships in the B2B context within the lubricant industry in Indonesia.

Negotiating vulnerability and attractiveness through dress.

The ageing female body is particularly exposed to the social gaze. While it should remain fit and durable as well as attractive and desirable, there is the danger of ridicule through supposedly too youthful or too outlandish performance. Women's clothing practices can conform to social expectations, can circumvent them, can actively protest against them, and possibly change social demands. In every part of the process, i.e., the experience of bodily changes, the experience of social expectations, consumer choices, the practices of clothing and reactions to clothing choices, the body and getting dressed becomes asite of new feelings of vulnerability. This article asks how these vulnerabilities are presented in the clothing practices of older women, are expressed in the materiality of clothes and in the practices of getting dressed. Data from astudy that followed asituational analysis methodology and used semi-structured interviews and photo elicitation, were re-examined through the lens of vulnerability. Different aspects to vulnerability are presented in this article. Interviewees had to come to terms with bodily changes and made arrangement to the way they dressed that in turn could collide with subjective and social expectations of normative femininity. In this process of acquiescing, new vulnerabilities were produced; however, interviewees developed clothing strategies that provided them with experiences of their own attractiveness. They also had to adapt to changing circumstances to present themselves as fashionable and attractive due to age. Practitioners can address feelings of vulnerabilities when talking about gendered clothing practices, for example through biographical work.

Problematizing Dominant Assumptions about Unpaid Support through Exploring Case Study Profiles of Older Home Care Clients

Despite efforts to acknowledge diversity among unpaid caregivers, Canadian research, advocacy, practice, and policy tend to be based in and to reproduce dominant social and institutional expectations and assumptions about who provides unpaid support and why, and what this support looks like. The objective of thtudinal, qualitative research study. In that study, qualitative case study interviews were conducted with twelve home care clients, their identified family or friend caregiver, home care aide, case coordinator, and agency supervisor (129 interviews in total). Case study profiles compiled over time generated deeper information about the availability and capacity of informal sources of support for these clients, which prompted abductive analysis in relation to dominant assumptions typically made about caregivers in research, policy, and practice. Specifically, only one case (participant) had a caregiver whose profile closely matched dominant conceptualizations. In the remaining eleven cases, we found situations wherein: (a) caregivers grappled with physical or mental health challenges limiting their participation in care (sometimes meaning the client is themselves a caregiver, or the caregiver is also receiving home care services); (b) caregivers facing burnout sought to delimit their participation in care; (c) caregivers’ participation was limited by older adults’ reluctance to accept their help; (d) caregivers were largely unavailable, unreliable, or peripheral; or (e) client’s unpaid support networks were diffuse without a clearly central or identifiable “caregiver.” Findings are used to nuance and problematize widely held assumptions about caregivers, particularly their availability and capacity. Discussion highlights the need for research, policy, and programs related to unpaid caregiving to better reflect the lived realities of this support for older adults and often overlooked sources of diversity in caregiver circumstances and roles.

Men are victims of violence: Social representations, machismo and gender stereotypes

Background: Violence, as a phenomenon, affects both men and women in Colombia. According to reports from The National Institute of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences, 51% of violence cases are concentrated in men without this translating into specific government actions or investigations focusing their attention on this group. Background usually focuses its attention on the man as the perpetrator, hiding his role as a victim and diminishing his value as a subject of study, which is why there is little research literature on this phenomenon. Objective: This research analyzes the social representations of men regarding their role as victims of violence and its implications in the perpetuation of gender and machismo stereotypes, as well as their main knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding violence against men. Method: Through a mixed methodological approach, interviews and polls were conducted in order to understand this construct. Results: It was found that men silent the fact that they are victims of violence in order to satisfy social expectations regarding the role that they must play in patriarchal structures. 82% of the participants feel pressured to exercise masculine roles, and a 79% have suffered sexual assault from another person. Conclusion: There is a formal understanding of machismo and the negative implications of its practice; however, its practices are admitted as valid and even as justifiable, so they are maintained and perpetuated with the associated stereotypes.

What information did the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interviews provide when used with Swedish-speaking patients in a psychiatric setting in Stockholm?

Cultural and contextual factors affect communication and how psychiatric symptoms are presented, therefore psychiatric assessments need to include awareness of the patients' culture and context. The Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) in DSM-5 is a person-centred tool developed to support the exploration of cultural and contextual factors in an individualized and non-stereotypic way. The aim of this qualitative study was to find out what information the DSM-5 CFI revealed when used with native Swedish-speaking patients as part of routine clinical psychiatric assessment at an outpatient clinic. An additional aim was to enhance understanding of what kind of information the questions about background and identity yielded. The CFI was added to the psychiatric assessment of 62 native Swedish-speaking patients at an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Stockholm. From the thematic analysis of the documented CFI answers, six central themes were found; Descriptions of distress and dysfunction, Managing problems and distress, Current life conditions affecting the person, Perceived failure in meeting social expectations, Making sense of the problem, and Experiences of, and wishes for, help. The CFI questions about identity yielded much information, mainly related to social position and feelings of social failure. For further refinement of the CFI, we see a need for re-framing the questions about cultural identity and its impact on health so that they are better understood. This is needed for majority population patients as direct questions about culture may be difficult to understand when cultural norms are implicit and often unexamined. For clinical implications, our findings suggest that for cultural majority patients the DSM-5 CFI can be a useful person-centred tool for exploring cultural and, in particular, social factors and patients' perception and understanding of distress.

Consumer Attitudes and Behavior towards Eco-Friendly Hotels in Yunnan Province

Based on the Theory of Reasoned Behavior (TPB) framework, this study deeply explores the attitudes and behaviors of eco-friendly hotel consumers in Yunnan Province. Using a mixed research design, including quantitative questionnaires and qualitative interviews, we analyze the impact of consumer attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control toward eco-friendly hotels, and the impact of these factors on actual choice behavior. Research results show that consumers generally have positive attitudes towards eco-friendly hotels, but actual choice behavior is affected by multiple factors, including environmental awareness, social expectations and perceived actual control. The TPB framework shows good applicability in explaining consumer attitudes and behaviors, but the influence of other factors still needs to be paid attention to. This research provides important market insights for the hotel industry in Yunnan Province and provides theoretical support for the development of eco-friendly hotels.

Admiration in adolescents’ judgments on situations involving hurting

This article aims to characterize judgments about situations that involve causing harm and investigate whether judgments of situations in which participants' idols differed from judgments made for episodes involving generic characters. The research used two questionnaires: the sociodemographic questionnaire and the questionnaire on the interference of admiration in judgments about causing harm, applied to 63 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years old. A coding system was developed based on the participants' responses, guided by the principles of Social Domain Theory, going through a rigorous process of dialogical reliability between researchers specialized in the subject. This coding system resulted in the following analysis categories: moral concern (justice, empathy, differences, and moral intervention), conventional concern (social expectation, legislation, religion, parental authority, and conventional intervention), concern with the situation (situational) and in others (it depends, and without justification). Additionally, a quantitative analysis was conducted using the method of dialogical reliability to map the presence of the five criteria of the moral domain: concern for others, adherence to the rule, generalization of the rule, independence from authority, and universalization of the rule, aiming to determine which elements hindered or facilitated the categorization of responses within the moral domain. The comparison between judgments involving generic characters and idols was conducted using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests to ascertain the presence of significant differences between the judgments. The results indicated that admiration did not interfere with judgments in three of the four situations (accidental harm, psychological harm, and benefit), suggesting that the majority of adolescents judged situations with justifications that did not consider concern for causing harm to others. Further research needs to be conducted to investigate why there are few moral responses in judgments about different situations involving harm.

Factors Influencing University Students’ Behavioral Intention and Use of eLearning in Kathmandu Valley

This study aims to investigate the factors influencing university students’ intention and behavior toward eLearning in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The research framework used in this study was the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT). The most common factors associated with UTAUT are social influence, facilitating conditions, habit, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, behavioral intention, and use behavior. Data were collected from 385 university students through a closed-ended questionnaire through social media platforms. The demographic information of respondents was summarized using SPSS version 25 software, while structural equation modeling was performed using SmartPls version 3 to identify the factors that influence behavioral intention and use behavior of eLearning. The data analyses revealed that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, and habit all significantly influence the behavioral intention of eLearning, with facilitating conditions being the most significant factor. Similarly, habit, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention also significantly influence the use behavior of eLearning, with facilitating conditions as the most significant factor. It suggests that students are more likely to utilize eLearning tools when they have access to various technical devices and receive sufficient support from educational institutions. Therefore, universities should prioritize accessibility, feedback mechanisms, and seamless integration of eLearning into curricula. Peer support, technical assistance, and promotion of the benefits of eLearning are also essential for fostering engagement. By focusing on these aspects, eLearning adoption can be optimized, leading to improved academic performance and learning outcomes among university students in Kathmandu Valley.

Narratives of mother-athletes in “Eco-Challenge”: the world’s toughest race

This study analyzes the narratives of mother-athletes participating in the "World's Toughest Race" competition, a reality show that documents a five-day adventure race (AR) held in 2019 in Fiji. AR is characterized as a continuous and long-lasting multi-sport competition. The analysis of the narratives leads us to reflect on the underlying social dynamics, particularly the impact of the patriarchal model on the mothers’ experience. The results indicate that many of them feel overwhelmed, isolated, devalued and deprived of time for training, facing feelings of guilt when they dedicate themselves to sporting activities.This article proposes a critical reflection on these issues, highlighting the necessity to reassess social expectations regarding mothers who engage in high-performance sports.

Systematic literature review on the nexus of food waste, food loss and cultural background

PurposeThe present paper aims to reveal how different cultures, as reflected by cultural norms, traditions, and social expectations, influence food waste behaviour in different regions of the world.Design/methodology/approachA systematic multifaceted literature review was employed as a main research tool.FindingsThe focal role of education and awareness campaigns in reducing household food waste and promoting responsible food consumption behaviours is revealed. The importance of guilt, behavioural control, negative attitudes towards leftovers, and social norms are among the most important factors predicting intentions to reduce food waste. Cultural beliefs significantly shape food attitudes and waste. Tailoring sustainable practices to traditions helps to ensure food security. Embracing cultural diversity can lead to the development of effective and sustainable food consumption patterns across different parts of the world.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper fully devoted to revealing how different cultural backgrounds shape food consumption habits and which marketing strategies aiming to nudge positive changes in responsible food consumption are preferred in different cultural contexts.

Gender and Division of Labor Associated with Dying, Burial, and Mourning in Early America

During the colonial period, and the years of the new republic, death most frequently occurred in the home. Members of communities engaged in a system of mutual aid by helping families at a time of loss. Women cared for the sick and dying and prepared the body for burial.4 Men built coffins, as an extension of the cabinet making trade. The local sexton dug the grave. On the day of the funeral, men transported the coffin to the burial site. Women participated in the funeral service by providing hospitality to mourners and taking part in the procession. Women and men participated in mourning rituals by donning attire and following mourning etiquette based on religion and social status. These gendered divisions of labor and social expectations represented the specified gender roles within colonial society. Although the rituals associated with death and dying particularly in functions outside the home were dominated by men, women still carved out their own place in these rituals based on gender roles of the time.

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) acquisitions: Deal structure and outcome

AbstractEnvironmental, social, and governance (ESG) expectations from stakeholders affect firm decisions. We investigate ESG acquisitions with a focus on how a pre‐deal ESG gap influences how acquirers' structure ESG deals strategically and their outcomes in terms of combined ESG performance post‐acquisition. Drawing on relative capabilities and signaling research, with an international sample of 340 ESG deals, we find that acquirers with a higher ESG score relative to the target (i.e., low‐ESG acquisitions) are more likely to target smaller firms, use cash as method of payment, and complete deals faster. We also show that low‐ESG deals lead to an average increase in the combined entity's ESG performance in the 3 years after the acquisition, thus indicating ESG corrective acquisitions as an opportunity for ESG capabilities transfer and improvement. However, effects are influenced by an acquirer's embeddedness in the European institutional context where ESG stakeholder expectations are more developed.

Threads of Tradition Social Expectations and Marriage in Emma by Jane Austen and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy

This study explores the theme of marriage and social expectations in two beloved novels: In case of two British novelists Jane Austen's Emma and Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D’Urbervilles. The paper is focused on revealing a multi-faceted character of the figure of gender roles, social values and traditions linking the lives of Emma Woodhouse and Tess Durbeyfield by means of a comparative analysis. These tensions between female characters' individual goals and social constraints are exposed by the study and the opinions of Elizabeth V. Spelman, Ann Bo-Hubert, Hazel Carby, Elaine Showalter, Susan Gubar and Sandra M. Gilbert are referred to. Austen dismantled the precedent social norms of the Regency period through the vital tool of satire and wit after this novel is through and through analysed out. The made decision to make the word association “Brain” instead of “love” is a pretty good way to show the society who sees marriage as only a calculated action, not the passionate connection. The multilayered substructures of a theme are formed due to the "crazy woman in the attic" metaphor constructed by Gilbert and Gubar which implies the true self of a woman in society is suppressed due to restricted roles. Unlike Stone's 'Greek Myths,' Hardy in Tess of the D’Urbervilles focusing on a gloomy story that work to demonstrate the harmful consequences of ignoring Victorian society rules. The article analyses the marriage and gender role issues that Hardy has shown in a vivid manner as Eagleton says. The main conflict of the play is about what man want and what society demands, that is: what is true happiness and what is right in social term. Social class differences get intensively scrutinized, as the plot shows how the social systems influence the lives of the characters and build their destinies which deepens the theme analysis further. The study shows that these classic novels have been excellent guides and examples that have helped readers figure out what they would like to do with their lives. Moreover, the readers have been able to see people confront the challenges they encounter from institutions or interpersonal dynamics as well as expectations to balance their culture and social obligations.

A Contribution to the Study of Violence Against Women in Politics

This chapter addresses various aspects of the emerging research area, exploring concepts, theories, and data related to the study of violence against women in politics. It occurs within the political sphere but specifically targets women. It is used to reinforce traditional social and political structures by targeting women leaders who challenge patriarchy and the prevailing social expectations and norms. In many societies, such practices are marginalized, naturalized, depoliticized, and remain invisible. When female politicians are attacked for their political views alone, this is not necessarily a case of violence against women in politics. Ambiguity emerges, however, due to the fact that the means for attacking female politicians often rely on gendered scripts, focusing on women’s bodies and their traditional social roles, primarily as mothers and wives, to deny or undercut women’s competence in the political sphere. Symbolic and semiotic violence in politics can be effective in sustaining women’s oppression because it is subtle, euphemized, and invisible. Even if women recognize these acts as exercises of power, they still do not name it violence, even in societies with greater levels of gender equality. The concept of semiotic violence refers to the use of language, images and symbols as a means to marginalize and disqualify women as political actors. Often normalized, these dynamics serve to maintain gender hierarchies, undermining democracy and eroding the possibilities for women’s political empowerment. In response to the question of how to solve the problem of violence against women in politics, researchers offer a solution in the form of a comprehensive approach to addressing this sort of violence.

Occupational involvement of older gay men

ABSTRACT Introduction Older people often face discrimination and stigma across different societies. Older gay men may confront a dual stigma, being targeted for their age and sexual orientation. Such stigmatization frequently and unjustly subjects this group to prevailing social expectations, affecting their occupational involvement. Objective: To investigate the occupational involvement of older gay men. Method: This exploratory, qualitative study involved eight participants aged between 61 and 69 years. Participants were recruited using the snowball sampling technique. Narratives were gathered using a semi-structured script, and the resulting data were assessed through thematic analysis. Findings: Analysis of the participants’ narratives revealed five dominant themes concerning the relationship between aging as a gay individual and involvement in occupation: self-care; mobility; support networks; the interplay of repression, resistance, and expression of sexuality; and life planning. Conclusion: The process of aging for gay men is intricately linked to their occupations, both in past and present contexts, as well as their aspirations for the future. Notably, these occupations and aspirations encompass practices related to maintaining a youthful appearance, urban accessibility, the forging of homosexual identities, nurturing emotional and social connections, confronting repression and violence, and reflecting on the historical and personal challenges presented by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.