Social Nicotine Dependence Research Articles

Psychological Nicotine Dependence Using Kano Test of Social Nicotine Dependence Scale in Tobacco Users Visiting Tobacco Cessation Center

Abstract Background: The study aimed to assess the psychological dependence of tobacco use among patients visiting the Tobacco Cessation Center. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling technique. The information was recorded on a structured pro forma through the interview which included demographic details, dependence status based on tobacco use history, behavior, and the Kano Test of Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) for psychological dependence. Results: The mean KTSND score was 14.3 ± 4.1. About 52.1% responded probably yes for tobacco use itself as a disease. 40.4% responded probably no for tobacco use as a part of culture. 56.1% responded probably yes for tobacco use as one of life’s pleasures. 44.6% responded probably no for respect in tobacco use lifestyle and 40.7% subjects also responded probably no for tobacco use sometimes enriching life. 41.8% responded probably yes for tobacco use have physical or mental effects and 69.6% also responded probably yes for tobacco use have effects to relieve stress. 47.9% responded probably yes for tobacco use enhancing the functions of tobacco users’ brains. 37.1% responded probably no for doctors exaggerating the ill effects of tobacco use. 54.3% responded probably yes for tobacco use by people in all places. Conclusion: It is important to understand the two different types of nicotine dependence and the scale used to assess them in the clinical practice of tobacco cessation. The social nicotine dependence in the study was moderate permissive level. Glorification, justification, and denial are important constructs in understanding psychological nicotine dependence using the KTSND scale.

Assessment of physiological and psychological dependence of tobacco use among patients visiting the tobacco cessation center in the tertiary institute of Shimla–Himachal Pradesh

ABSTRACT Background: The study aimed to assess the physiological and psychological dependence of tobacco use among patients visiting the Tobacco Cessation Center in the tertiary institution. Methods: A cross-sectional study design with simple random sampling was used. The information obtained from the subject was through interview recorded on a structured pro forma. The information included demographic details, dependence status based on smoking history and behavior, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) for physiological dependence, and the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) for psychological dependence. Tobacco use for both the smoked tobacco (ST) and smokeless tobacco (SLT) was recorded as the number of packs per day. Results: The mean pack year score was 122.6 ± 143.8. Similarly, the mean FTND score was 6.8 ± 2.4 and the mean KTSND score was 14.3 ± 4.1. The study subjects in various behavioral stages were precontemplation (26.1%), contemplation (21.1%), preparation (31.4%), action (20%), and maintenance (1.4%), respectively. Simple linear regression shows that the mean pack year, FTND, and KTSND scores were weakly explained for various stages of behavioral changes. Conclusion: Pack year is related to dose-response relationship which indicates both intensity and duration for developing tobacco-related diseases. The mean FTND score for physiological nicotine dependence for various variables clearly indicates price inelasticity for tobacco use. The mean KTSND score for psychological nicotine dependence for various variables clearly indicates some price elasticity for tobacco use and socio-behavioral factors related to the pattern of use. Price elasticity is important for the given scale that is used for the type of nicotine dependence considering ST is price inelastic and SLT as price elastic.

Nicotine Dependence among College Students Uninterested in Smoking Cessation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey

This study investigated nicotine dependence among Japanese university students who had reached the smoking age (20 years or older) by the time of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and examined factors that encourage early smoking cessation. Social dependence on nicotine was evaluated using the Kano Total Social Nicotine Dependence Level (KTSND), and physiological dependence was evaluated using the Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Index (FTND). Of the 356 college students who smoked (4.4% of the total), 182 (51.1%) stated that they were not interested in quitting. Furthermore, 124 (68.1%) of those with no interest in quitting smoking were aware that smoking is a high-risk factor for COVID-19, and 58 (31.9%) were unaware. The group not aware of this risk had significantly higher KTSND scores than the group aware of it. The examination of cigarette type that indicated the users of non-conventional cigarette products and dual-user groups scored significantly higher than the cigarette group on FTND items. Overall, the smokers scored above the normal range for social nicotine dependence, suggesting the need to reduce nicotine dependence to encourage college students who continue to smoke to quit smoking.

Situations of Passive Smoking by Urine Cotinine Levels and Recognition of Passive Smoking in High School Students -Effectiveness of Smoking Prevention Education Using a Video Made by High School Students

We investigated a situation of passive smoking and its damaging effects among high school students. Urine cotinine concentration was measured and quantified. Additionally, we evaluated the awareness of passive smoking and smoking regulations in high school students, and the educational effect on passive smoking using a questionnaire survey and educational videos produced by high school students. We conducted a self-reporting questionnaire survey with high school students before and after watching the video produced by the high school students. We gathered the scores of the Kano Social Nicotine Dependence Questionnaire (KTSND) and awareness of smoking restrictions. Consent was obtained through the questionnaire before watching the video and collecting urine samples. Urine cotinine concentrations from 54 samples were evaluated and indicated within the low value. The KTSND score significantly decreased for those who responded to both questionnaires, after watching the video. Furthermore, analysis of the KTSND questionnaire items showed a significant decrease in scores for lifestyle, stress, and smoking location. This suggests that the video produced in this study has a certain amount of educational effect on passive smoking and that the student-led educational method is effective. The survey using the KTSND revealed that there were some students who were not exposed to passive smoking, but instead had high smoking tolerance. Going forward, it will be necessary to promote education on passive smoking and smoking prevention by incorporating the video lecture and urine cotinine concentration was measured, as in this study, to encourage behavior that decreases passive smoking among high school students.

Smoking in the workplace: A study of female call center employees in South Korea.

Smoking among women is characteristically high among call center employees and is associated with various individual and work-related characteristics, which have been paid little attention so far. This study explored the differences in intrapersonal and interpersonal characteristics and environmental factors among Korean women working in call centers by smoking status, based on an ecological model. In this cross-sectional study, an anonymous online survey was conducted among a sample of female employees from three credit card-based call centers (N = 588). Differences in intrapersonal (social nicotine dependence, smoking attitudes, emotional labor), interpersonal (smoking among family or friends, social support), and environmental factors (smoking cessation education, and perceived and preferred smoking policy at work) were compared according to smoking status (smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers). Approximately 20% (n = 115) were smokers. Smokers were younger, mostly unmarried, had lower education, and had poorer perceived health status than ex- and never smokers. The mean scores for social nicotine dependence and smoking attitude were the highest among smokers, indicating their tendency to underestimate the negative effects of smoking. They also reported the highest level of emotional labor, with about half (50.4%) and almost all (95.7%) reporting smoking behaviors in their families and friends, respectively. Smokers took a lenient stance on the smoking ban policy. The results indicated the necessity to develop tailored smoking cessation programs to motivate female call center employees to quit smoking. As call centers may have a smoking-friendly environment, comprehensive smoking prevention programs considering multilevel factors are required to support smoking cessation.

Factors Associated with Prenatal Smoking Cessation Interventions among Public Health Nurses in Japan.

This study aimed to identify the factors associated with prenatal smoking cessation interventions based on the 5As model among public health nurses (PHNs) in Japan. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to February 2020 via a self-administered questionnaire. The study subjects were 1988 PHNs working in 431 health centers of municipalities and special wards across the country. Of the 1988 questionnaires mailed, 521 responses (26.2%) were included in the analysis. Of the 521 responses, most of the respondents were female (98.1%) and the mean age was 37.5 years. There were statistically significant differences on age, work regions, experience years working as a PHN and smoking cessation training after becoming a PHN in implementing the 5As. Self-efficacy, professional development competency, research utilization competency, age and experience years working as a PHN were positively associated with the 5As. Social nicotine dependence was negatively associated with the 5As. Furthermore, self-efficacy mediated the relationship between the 5As and professional development competency, research utilization competency, social nicotine dependence, age and experience years working as a PHN. In the future, smoking cessation intervention training should be widely implemented to improve self-efficacy and prenatal smoking cessation interventions among Japanese PHNs.

The relationship between smoking-related awareness including periodontal disease and heated tobacco products vs. the Kano test for social nicotine dependence for youth in 5th and 6th grade elementary school students

The relationship between smoking-related awareness including periodontal disease and heated tobacco products vs. the Kano test for social nicotine dependence for youth in 5th and 6th grade elementary school students

Smoking status and social nicotine dependence among members in the Japanese Society of Periodontology

Smoking status and social nicotine dependence among members in the Japanese Society of Periodontology

The effect of nicotine addiction education lecture on social nicotine dependence of university and nursing school students

The effect of nicotine addiction education lecture on social nicotine dependence of university and nursing school students

Intervention Effects on the Willingness to Stop Smoking and Social Nicotine Dependence Based on Single-Session Group Therapy with Frequent Use of Role Play Targeting Smokers with Mental Disorders

Objective: We devised a “Smoking-Cessation Motivation Program” as a community welfare service aimed at making short-term improvements in social nicotine dependence and enhancing the willingness to stop smoking among people with mental disorders. Method: The study conducted a controlled trial to empirically examine the effects of the program on the willingness to stop smoking and social nicotine dependence among 26 smokers with mental disorders in the intervention group, who were compared with a control group of 16 individuals. Results: Results demonstrated the program’s effectiveness in reducing social nicotine dependence, and a variance analysis with age as the covariate evidenced a mutual interaction between social nicotine dependence and the willingness to stop smoking, confidence to stop smoking, and resisting the temptation to smoke. Conclusion: Future studies should examine longer-term program results, the impact of program duration, and other factors that influence the program’s effectiveness.

The Current State of Support for Smoking Cessation Programs for Welfare Recipients provided by Social Services Workers, and Social Nicotine Dependence

The Current State of Support for Smoking Cessation Programs for Welfare Recipients provided by Social Services Workers, and Social Nicotine Dependence

Evaluation about social nicotine dependence of the residents of Nagasaki university hospital

Evaluation about social nicotine dependence of the residents of Nagasaki university hospital

Smoking habits and nicotine dependence of North Korean male defectors.

Background/Aims:The smoking rates and patterns in the North Korean population are not well known. More than 20,000 North Korean defectors have settled in South Korea; thus, we can estimate the current North Korean smoking situation using this group.Methods:All North Korean defectors spend their first 3 months in a South Korean facility learning to adapt to their new home. We retrospectively analyzed the results from a questionnaire conducted among North Korean male defectors in this facility from August 2012 to February 2014.Results:Of 272 men, 84.2% were current smokers, 12.5% were ex-smokers, and 3.3% were non-smokers. The mean age of this group was 35.9 ± 11.3 years, and smoking initiation occurred at a mean age of 18.2 ± 4.7 years. Among the subjects, 78.1% had a family member who smoked. Of the 221 current smokers, 67.4% responded that they intended to quit smoking. Fagerström test and Kano test for social nicotine dependence (KTSND) results for current smokers were 3.35 ± 2.26 and 13.76 ± 4.87, respectively. Question 9 on the KTSND (doctors exaggerate the ill effects of smoking) earned a significantly higher score relative to the other questions and a significantly higher score in current smokers compared with non-smokers.Conclusions:The smoking rate in North Korean male defectors was higher than that indicated previously. However, interest in smoking cessation was high and nicotine dependence was less severe than expected. Further investigation is needed to identify an efficient method for North Korean smokers to stop smoking.

Dental Implant Patients Grouped by the Brinkman Index: Their Attitude toward Smoking, Nicotine Dependence, and Knowledge of Peri-Implantitis

Purpose: This study investigated the attitude of patients, grouped by the Brinkman index, towards smoking by using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) and their knowledge of peri-implantitis. Methods: The participants were 3093 new patients who visited the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2013 for an oral implant. The methodology included a questionnaire about sex, age, smoking status, daily average number of cigarettes, years of smoking, knowledge of peri-implantitis, and the KTSND. The patients were grouped according to their smoking status by calculating their Brinkman index (over 200 or not): current smokers with the possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(+)CS), current smokers with no possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(-)CS), ex-smokers (ES), and non-smokers (NS). The Brinkman index is obtained by multiplying one’s daily average number of cigarettes by the number of years they have been smoking. Results: Data were collected from 2182 respondents (response rate = 71%). The KTSND scores of BI(+)CS (16.89 ± 4.26) were significantly higher than the scores of ES (11.99 ± 4.52) and NS (11.53 ± 5.01). In current smokers, there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. The patients replied “I don’t know” about peri-implantitis most often in all groups; however, there were no significant differences between the groups. Discussion: BI(+)CS were more dependent on nicotine in social situations than the other groups were. In Japan, a Brinkman index over 200 is required for a nicotine-dependence management fee to be instituted for health insurance treatment. This is a major concern for young smokers, who may be excluded from treatment because their years of smoking are substantially less. Results revealed that there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. Therefore, it was suggested that the Brinkman index did not sufficiently group the participants.

보건 간호계열 대학생의 사회적 니코틴 의존도 영향요인

Objectives : This study identified factors that influenced social nicotine dependence in university students using descriptive methods. Methods : Data were collected 429 university students from 2 universities in B metropolitan city. The analytical methods were the t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results : There were significant differences in social nicotine dependence according to gender (t=3.359, p=.001), smoking status (t=8.915, p=.000), religion (t=3.841, p=.022), economic status (t=3.632, p=.027) and grade (t=8.466, p=.000). Social nicotine dependence was weakly correlated with anxiety (r=.113, p

Comparison of Social Nicotine Dependence Using the KTSND-K Questionnaire between patients with lung cancer and non-cancer people

Objectives Smoking is one of the most important leading causes of lung cancer. Smoking habit is recognized as nicotine dependence, which consists of physical and psychosocial dependence. To evaluate social nicotine dependence, the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) working group developed a new questionnaire. We examined the social nicotine dependence among high school students, university students and patients with lung cancer. Method We applied Korean version of KTSND(KTSND-K) questionnaire to high school students, university students and patients with lung cancer. Complete data obtained from the 1333 responders were analyzed. Results Among the responders, current smokers, past-smokers, and never-smokers were 17.3%, 16.4%, and 66.3% respectively. According to smoking status, the total KTSND-K scores of current smokers were significantly higher than those of past-smokers, and of never-smokers (17.7±6.6 versus 13.7±5.7, and 10.9±5.15, P<0.001). The total KTSND-K scores of males were higher than those of females, suggesting that males have a propensity for depending nicotine socially much more than females (13.2±6.2 and 11.7±5.7 respectively, P<0.05). And the total KTSND scores of the patients with lung cancer, medical students, nursing students, and high school students were 11.2±3.8, 14.9±4.8, 14.6±5.8 and 15.6±5.9 respectively. The scores of patients with lung cancer were significantly lower than non-cancer people(P<0.01). Our study suggested that the KTSND-K questionnaire could be a useful method to evaluate psychosocial aspects of smoking in patients with lung cancer and non-cancer people.

A survey of attitude about smoking,associated with periodontal disease and dental implants intended for new patients hoping dental implants

Objectives The purpose of the current survey was to investigate the attitude of patients towards smoking and their knowledge of smoking as a risk factor for periodontal disease and dental implants. Methods The subjects were new 1,585 patients who visited the clinic of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from January to December 2012 for an oral implant. The methodology included a questionnairesurvey about smoking status for the recognition of smoking as a risk factor for periodontal disease and dental implants and the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence（KTSND）. Results The response number was 1,159 respondents（response rate, 73%）. Smoking was recognized as a risk factor for periodontal disease by 621 patients（59%）and as a risk factor for dental implants by 234 patients （23%）. The KTSND scores of the patients with knowledge of smoking as a risk factor for periodontal disease（621 patients, 59%）and for dental implants（234 patients, 23%）were significantly lower than those of the patients without knowledge of smoking as a risk factor for periodontal disease and for dental implants, respectively. Discussion The recognition of smoking as a risk factor for periodontal disease and dental implants had an influence on the smoking status and attitude. Conclusion In order to increase the recognition of smoking as a risk factor for periodontal disease and dental implants, the informed consent process and patient education must be improved.

The Effect of Spiritual Well-Being on Social Nicotine Dependence, Alcohol Consumption, Internet Overuse and Gambling among Medical Students

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the spiritual well-being on social nicotine dependence, alcohol consumption, use of internet and gambling among medical students (n=271). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 271 medical students using self-administered questionnaires including the spiritual well-being scale, KTSND score, the alcohol use disorder identification test, the internet addiction test, and the Canadian problem gambling index (Korean Version). Results: : There were significant negative relationships between spiritual well being and addictive behaviors such as social nicotine dependence (r=-0.160, P<0.05), alcohol consumption (r=-0.357, P<0.001), internet overuse (r=-0.156, P<0.01). High social nicotine dependence was related with high alcohol consumption (r= 0.317, P<0.01), as well as internet overuse with gambling (r=0.165, P<0.01). Spiritual well being on was significantly related to alcohol consumption (β=-0.244, P<0.01) and use of internet (β=-0.136, P<0.01). This suggests the higher spiritual well being score the student has, the lower possibility of alcohol or internet overuse he or she tends to have. On the other hand, the impact of spiritual well being on social nicotine dependence or gambling were not significant. Conclusions: The milestone of the current study is to provide the importance of better understanding of spiritual background of an individual, and to address the necessity of its holistic approach. Moreover, new spiritual counseling model and its healing program should be developed and validated before application. Korean J Health Promot 2015;15(4):209-216

Experience-oriented tobacco-use prevention lecture using a COPD-simulation mask for junior high school students

We recently developed a mask that simulates the experience of having one of the major diseases caused by tobacco smoking: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here we examined the effects of a tobacco-use prevention lecture accompanied by a pseudo-COPD experience created with this mask on adolescents’ attitude toward smoking. Junior high school students (12–13 years old, n=165) in Japan were the subjects. The students attended a 30-min tobacco-use prevention lecture with slides and movie clips and engaged in a light exercise session wearing the COPD-simulation mask for 15min. Before and after the lecture, the students’ attitudes toward smoking were evaluated by the Kano test for social nicotine dependence (KTSND). The total KTSND scores decreased significantly from 9.9±4.4 (mean±SD, n=149) to 7.5±5.3 (n=144). Ninety-eight students wore the COPD mask, and their modified Borg scale scores increased significantly from 0.7±1.0 to 3.2±2.1 after exercise (P<0.0001). To the questionnaire item “Do you think you understand the suffering of individuals with COPD?”, 24 and 51 students answered “definitely yes” and “yes”, whereas 16, 4 and 1 answered “Cannot say,” “no” and “definitely no”, respectively. The KTSND scores were significantly smaller in the former affirmative group compared to the latter negative group (P<0.05). Of the 98 students who wore the simulation mask, 83 reported being satisfied with this pseudo-COPD experience. The tobacco-use prevention lecture with the pseudo-COPD experience created by the simulation mask was effective and safe.

Establishment of a System for Smoking Cessation Instruction Practice Using Cognitive-behavioral Therapy and a Motivation Interview Method

We established a practical training program to nurture pharmacists who can give smoking cessation instructions. The program was provided to 85 interns (45 males and 40 females) in Teikyo University Hospital. The one-day practical training was provided to groups comprised of five members each. The training consisted of studies on the adverse effects of smoking, general outlines of the outpatient smoking cessation service, experiencing Smokerlyzer, studies about smoking-cessation drugs, studies about a smoking cessation therapy using cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing, and case studies applying role-playing. Before and after the practical training, we conducted a questionnaire survey consisting of The Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) and the assessment of the smoking status, changes in attitudes to smoking, and willingness and confidence to give smoking cessation instructions. The overall KTSND score significantly dropped from 14.1±4.8 before the training to 8.9±4.8 after the training. The confidence to give smoking cessation instructions significantly increased from 3.4±1.9 to 6.2±1.3. Regarding the correlation between the smoking status and willingness and confidence to give smoking cessation instructions, the willingness and confidence were lower among the group of interns who either smoked or had smoked previously, suggesting that smoking had an adverse effect. A total of 88.2% of the interns answered that their attitudes to smoking had "changed slightly" or "changed" as a result of the training, indicating changes in their attitudes to smoking. Given the above, we believe that our newly-established smoking cessation instruction training is a useful educational tool.