Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the attitude of patients, grouped by the Brinkman index, towards smoking by using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) and their knowledge of peri-implantitis. Methods: The participants were 3093 new patients who visited the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2013 for an oral implant. The methodology included a questionnaire about sex, age, smoking status, daily average number of cigarettes, years of smoking, knowledge of peri-implantitis, and the KTSND. The patients were grouped according to their smoking status by calculating their Brinkman index (over 200 or not): current smokers with the possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(+)CS), current smokers with no possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(-)CS), ex-smokers (ES), and non-smokers (NS). The Brinkman index is obtained by multiplying one’s daily average number of cigarettes by the number of years they have been smoking. Results: Data were collected from 2182 respondents (response rate = 71%). The KTSND scores of BI(+)CS (16.89 ± 4.26) were significantly higher than the scores of ES (11.99 ± 4.52) and NS (11.53 ± 5.01). In current smokers, there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. The patients replied “I don’t know” about peri-implantitis most often in all groups; however, there were no significant differences between the groups. Discussion: BI(+)CS were more dependent on nicotine in social situations than the other groups were. In Japan, a Brinkman index over 200 is required for a nicotine-dependence management fee to be instituted for health insurance treatment. This is a major concern for young smokers, who may be excluded from treatment because their years of smoking are substantially less. Results revealed that there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. Therefore, it was suggested that the Brinkman index did not sufficiently group the participants.
Highlights
The Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry [1] reported that the smoking rate among males had decreased; the smoking rates in 1965 and 2104 were 82.3% and 30.3%, respectively
This treatment is permitted if four factors are satisfied: diagnosed with nicotine dependence by the Tobacco Dependence Screener (TDS) [7], a Brinkman index over 200 currently having the desire to quit smoking, and provided informed consent about smoking cessation with the standard procedures for smoking cessation treatment
The smoking cessation clinic is more common than it was in the past because the treatment is economical due to the new health insurance
Summary
The Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry [1] reported that the smoking rate among males had decreased; the smoking rates in 1965 and 2104 were 82.3% and 30.3%, respectively. A previous study [4] concerning new patients of a dental implant clinic reported that the smoking rate among male patients was 21.3% and lower than the average rate among males. This indicated that patients, who wanted to receive dental implants, had knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking. Smoking cessation medical clinics are increasing gradually and a nicotine-dependence management fee was implemented for health insurance treatment in Japan in 2006. The Central Social Insurance Medical Council [9] reported in 2009 that 3471 patients went to the smoking cessation clinic. This study investigated patients’ attitudes after grouping them by smoking status using the Brinkman index
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