Types Of Social Networks Research Articles

СИСТЕМА SMM - МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ В УПРАВЛІННІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article examines the current state of work of enterprises in the service sector. Forecasts for social media users are presented. Thus, according to Statista, it is predicted that in 2023 the increase of consumers will be 22% compared to 2017. That is, social networks are an indispensable part of most people's lives and many companies successfully use it to interact with their consumers. The article defines the main types of social networks and provides their characteristics and differences. In addition to the types and characteristics, a classification of social networks is provided and the main directions of use of each of the groups are presented. The conceptual apparatus "Marketing in Social Networks" is presented. Identified advantages and disadvantages of using SMM are fast feedback, adjustable. After launching a product to the "masses", you can get feedback about it within seconds. Such quick contact with the client allows you to immediately respond to comments about the product. At the moment, the audience of social networks is considered the most voluminous and segmented, which allows you to quickly find your "viewer" and work with a specific target audience. Social networks are a unique platform for both Internet users and various companies that get a unique opportunity to find their audience. Every day, consumers look for information of interest to them in social networks and exchange opinions about various goods and services, as well as their wishes. All these actions undoubtedly affect the reputation of the basic entities, which is why it is important for companies to be in this environment, monitor feedback and interact with consumers. That is, SMM is an effective marketing tool for promoting business and attracting a loyal target audience.

A framework for exploring digital entrepreneurship development from a social interaction perspective

There is almost universal agreement within extant studies that digital technologies such as social media and digital platforms have accelerated and expanded social networks on an unprecedented scale, generating a transformative impact entrepreneurial processes and outcomes. However, there have been limited studies conducted to investigate this significant phenomenon. We aim to address this gap by providing a framework to extend research knowledge in this area. We specifically focus on the online and offline social contexts that are impacting on digital entrepreneurship (DE) development. We investigate the role of these often blended network relations in DE, placing human relations and social interaction at the centre of the study, and shifting away from previous purely technological approaches. While many existing studies in related fields focus on either social networks or social capital, we study the association between them, in the context of DE. As a contribution to extending existing theory, we propose a new research framework to underpin future study, based on established concepts within the literature and our own research evidence. This framework provides a model of the relational linkages between types of social networks and social capital to enable researchers to explore how they impact on the actions and outcomes of DE. Our purpose is to encourage, inform and guide future empirical research, to focus on and develop an understanding of the crucial role of social network interaction in DE development.

Mapping Protective Performance of Social Network Types on Health and Quality of Life in Older People in European Regions.

Objectives: To identify social network profiles using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), to study the relationships of these profiles with health markers, mental health, quality of life, and cognitive functioning, and to compare profiles across European regions. Methods: 27,272 participants from the Wave 8 of the SHARE project, aged 65 or older (M = 74.95, SD = 7.17) from Europe. Statistical analyses included LPAs followed by MANOVAs to compare the profiles and the health markers. Results: Five profiles were identified: family, friends, spouse, diverse, and others. A no network group was also added. The prevalence of the specific profiles differed across European regions. Individuals with no network and those categorized into the others profile presented the worst health outcomes. Discussion: The "friends" network is more protective toward cognitive functioning and physical health and the "spouse" and "family" ones are more protective toward mental health. The variability according to European regions is discussed.

Falling in the same predicament again? A network embeddedness perspective of organizational failure recidivism in special treatment firms

PurposeStudies on organizational failure learning have focused on whether and how organizations learn from failures but have paid limited attention on the persistence of failure learning. This study centers on failure recidivism and answers why organizations would fall into repeated failures after learning from them.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of Chinese publicly listed firms that once recovered from special treatment status, the authors use event history technique and Cox proportional hazards regression model.FindingsThe authors find that reviviscent firms with higher interlock centrality are less likely to decline again, and underperforming partners can strengthen the role of interlock tie in failure recidivism. By contrast, politically connected reviviscent firms are more likely to decline again, and this effect attenuates for firms located in more market-oriented regions.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors’ contribution comes from the close integration of literature on failure learning and network embeddedness perspective to examine how social networks affect the learning process of failure recidivism.Practical implicationsThe study provides important practical implications for organizations, especially those that once experienced failures or are experiencing failures.Originality/valueCombining organizational learning theory and network embeddedness perspective, the study provides novel insights into answering how firms embedded in different types of social networks affect failure learning persistence differently.

Cyberbullying of Vietnamese High Schoolers during Social Distancing due to COVID-19

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the problems encountered by Vietnamese schoolchildren during the period of strict restrictions in the form of social distancing to combat the 4th wave of COVID-19 in Vietnam. This is the first systematic study in Vietnam that uses reliable research tools to assess cyberbullying among adolescents during COVID-19 social distancing. Materials and Methods. The study draws on a survey of 787 (grades 6–12) Vietnamese teenagers randomly selected from provinces and cities in the north of Vietnam. An expert survey of students was conducted using the Google Form service. The reliability of the results of the study was verified using the alpha coefficient (ANOVA test) and factor analysis EFA. Results. The final statistical data obtained showed a significant influence of factors: gender, course of study (age), place of residence, purpose, time of use and type of social network on cyberbullying of Vietnamese teenagers and young men. The negative strategy of combating cyberbullying and the experience of cyberbullying (as a subject or victim), which are factors strongly influencing cyberbullying in Vietnamese adolescents and young men, has been identified. During social distancing, Vietnamese teenagers and young men developed a tendency to abuse social networks for entertainment and communication purposes. During social distancing, the manifestations of bullying through social networks in Vietnamese teenagers showed an increase at an alarming rate, focusing mainly on 2 groups of behavior, including “mental violence and invasion of privacy” and “online fraud and sexual harassment”. A closed causal cycle of cyberbullying has been identified, in which the mediating factor contributing to this cycle is the way a teenager reacts negatively to cyberbullying during social distancing due to COVID-19. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study are an important basis for the creation of prevention and psychological intervention programs to help Vietnamese adolescents and young men during social distancing due to COVID-19 in order to prevent cyberbullying, contributing to mental health.

Can social networks improve job search behaviours among low-income youth in resource-limited settings? Evidence from South Africa

ABSTRACT Previous studies have established the importance of social networks in determining youth employment outcomes. The quality and quantity of social entities in social networks and effectively using them, have a positive influence on employment outcomes. However, limited evidence exists on the composition and role of social networks on youth employment in resource-limited countries. Our study addresses current evidence gaps by investigating the association of social networks and job search behaviours in a sample of South African youth who are neither in employment, education, or training (NEET). Our results indicate that the association of social networks with job search behaviours depends on the type of social network and job search behaviours. Having more people in youth’s social network was associated with a higher likelihood of attending a job interview but no association with job applications’ submission. Additional family members were positively associated with job interviews, as well. Age, gender, relationship status, geographic residence, formal postsecondary education, training experience, caregiver status, and mobile phone ownership were also associated with job search behaviours. Overall, our findings indicate that social networks, particularly family members, are more predictive of job interviews than job applications.

Amelioration and deterioration: Social network typologies and mental health among female domestic workers in China.

Previous quantitative studies on the effects of social network types on mental health have obtained inconsistent or conflicting results, due to problems such as sample selection bias or crude measurement of variables. In this study, we avoided these problems by using appropriate statistical methodology to examine the effect of various forms of social network on the mental health of a sample of 987 Chinese female domestic workers. Thus, we measured social network types in terms of both network attributes (friend networks and family networks) and interaction channels (face-to-face, telephone, and WeChat/QQ channels, where the latter are two popular online messaging platforms in China), and used the coarsened exact matching method to obtain a balanced sample. The results showed that social network typologies had positive and negative effects on the mental health of this sample of domestic workers, as evidenced by (1) In terms of network attributes, family networks were associated with improved mental health and friend networks were associated with worsened mental health; (2) In terms of interaction channels, the significant amelioration in mental health from family networks came from face-to-face interactions, the significant deterioration in mental health from friends networks came from telephone interactions, and in terms of other interaction channels, family networks and friends networks had no significant effect on mental health. Robustness tests indicated that these conclusions are reliable. We discuss the possible mechanisms of which different types of social networks influence mental health.

Career adaptability and mediated social network process linking achievement goal orientation to behavior

AbstractThis study verified the mediating effect of career adaptability and the mediating effect of social network type between achievement goal orientation and occupational engagement for college students (N = 353) in Korea. The findings showed the mediating effect of career adaptability between achievement goal and occupational engagement. The moderating effect of the social network was confirmed only in learning goal orientation and avoidance goal orientation among the subfactors of achievement goal orientation. Based on the results of the study, intervention implications for college students’ career education and counseling were discussed.

A multilayer network model for studying the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented in response to COVID-19

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are essential for the effective prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the scenarios for disease transmission are complicated and varied, and it remains unclear how real-world networks respond to the changes in NPIs. Here, we propose a multi-layer network combining structurally fixed social contact networks with a time-varying mobility network, select the COVID-19 outbreak in two metropolitans in China as case studies, and assess the effectiveness of NPIs. Human mobility, both in relatively fixed places and in urban commuting, is considered. Enclosed places are simulated by three different types of social contact networks, while urban commuting is represented by a time-varying commute network. We provide a composite framework that captures the heterogeneity and time variation of the real world and enables us to simulate large populations with low computational costs. We give out a thorough evaluation of the effectiveness of NPIs (i.e., work from home, school closure, close-off management, public transit limitation, quarantine, and mask use) under certain vaccine coverage varying with implementation timing and intensity. Our results highlight the strong correlation between the NPI pattern and the epidemic mitigation effect and suggest important operational strategies for epidemic control.

Social Support Networks of Individuals with Depressive Disorders: A Cross-sectional Survey in Former Psychiatric Inpatients in Germany

Depressive disorders are related to social withdrawal and a loss of social contacts. Moreover, a lack of social integration and social support are risk factors for relapse and rehospitalization. Despite the crucial role of social networks for mental health and social support, knowledge about the structure of social networks or how they promote social support in terms of coping with depressive disorders is scarce. The present study aims to analyze social support in people with depressive disorders using ego-centered social network analysis for formal description. Ninety-seven former psychiatric inpatients participated in the study. Network size and density, a small number of conflicts in the relationships of ego to alters, and the multiplexity of social support dimensions were associated with perceived social support—measured via Social Support Questionnaire (F-Soz-U-K-14). Considering relational ratios which correlated with perceived social support, five types of social support networks were differentiated by means of cluster analysis: (1) no social support, (2) professionally supported birth family, (3) the more the merrier, (4) concentrated support, (5) overchallenged nuclear family. More than each relational characteristic on its own, their co-occurring patterns as network types provide the very structures of social support. This underpins the crucial role of structural approaches and networking skills in social work practice. German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS): DRKS00011561. Trial registration date: 10. March 2017.

“You’re friends until everybody runs out of dope”: A framework for understanding tie meaning, purpose, and value in social networks

BackgroundSocial networks play a crucial role in mediating the risk environments of individuals, especially minoritized groups such as people who use opioids or who inject drugs (PWUD). However, conventional understandings of social networks may not fully account for how social networks manifest in contemporary and often fluid socio-relational contexts Furthermore, little is known about PWUD’s networks from an empirical perspective that considers these contextual dynamics and associated risk environments. MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with PWUD in New York City, New York and rural southern Illinois, two opioid-related overdose hotspots, to contextualize the nature, scale, and potential outcomes/implications of PWUD’s social relationships. ResultsA total of 46 individuals were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 38 years old, and most were men (56.5%). Most participants were White (84.5%) or Black (8.7%). Respondents described three primary social network types: family members, friends who were PWUD, and romantic/sexual partners. In general, both urban and rural PWUD described their family relationships as limited and tenuous, this largely attributable to them feeling stigmatized and outcast due to their drug use. Respondents described their friend networks as small, typically consisting of other PWUD, and indicated that they had limited trust for these individuals, contributing to social closure. Respondents further framed relationships with romantic/sexual partners, also typically PWUD, as often tumultuous, fragmented, and ambiguous in terms of partners’ drug use and sexual behaviors. In contrast, syringe services programs were viewed as highly useful in making PWUD feel socially affirmed. ConclusionsUrban and rural PWUD described their social networks in similar ways, highlighting limited or fluid connectivity/depth in familial, friend, and romantic/sexual relationships. Equity and relationship-building paradigms that focus on cultural humility and restorative justice may be impactful in cultivating, mending, and sustaining healthy PWUD networks. Collectively, these dynamics call attention to a need to orient social network research towards contextualization and measurement of tie meaning, purpose, and value, metrics that we conceptualize and discuss here.

Bridging information and communication technology and older adults by social network: An action research in Sichuan, China

AbstractThe extant literature demonstrates that the age‐related digital divide prevents older adults from enhancing their quality of life. To bridge this gap and promote active aging, this study explores the interplay between social networks and older adults' use of information and communication technology (ICT). Using an action‐oriented field research approach, we offered technical help (29 help sessions) to older adult participants recruited from western China. Then, we conducted content analysis to examine the obtained video, audio, and text data. Our results show that, first, different types of social networks significantly influence older adults' ICT use in terms of digital skills, engagement, and attitudes; however, these effects vary from person to person. In particular, our results highlight the crucial role of a stable and long‐term supportive social network in learning and mastering ICT for older residents. Second, technical help facilitates the building and reinforcing of such a social network for the participants. Our study has strong implications in that policymakers can foster the digital inclusion of older people through supportive social networks.

Research on the propagation and governance of public opinion information under the joint action of internal and external factors

PurposeUnder the new media environment, while enjoying the convenience brought by the propagation of public opinion information (referred to as public opinion), learning the evolution process of public opinion and strengthening the governance of the spreading of public opinion are of great significance to promoting economic development and maintaining social stability as well as effectively resisting the negative impact of its propagation.Design/methodology/approachThinking about the results of empirical research and bibliometric analysis, this paper focused on introducing key factors such as information content, social strengthening effects, etc., from both internal and external levels, dynamically designed public opinion spreading rules and netizens' state transition probability. Subsequently, simulation experiments were conducted to discuss the spreading law of public opinion in two types of online social networks and to identify the key factors which influencing its evolution process. Based on the experimental results, the governance strategies for the propagation of negative public opinion were proposed finally.FindingsThe results show that compared with other factors, the propagation of public opinion depends more on the attributes of the information content itself. For the propagation of negative public opinion, on the one hand, the regulators should adopt flexible guidance strategy to establish a public opinion supervision mechanism and autonomous system with universal participation. On the other hand, they still need to adopt rigid governance strategy, focusing on the governance timing and netizens with higher network status to forestall the wide-diffusion of public opinion.Practical implicationsThe research conclusions put forward the enlightenment for the governance of public opinion in management practice, and also provided decision-making reference for the regulators to reasonably respond to the propagation of public opinion.Originality/valueOur research proposed a research framework for the discussion of public opinion propagation process and had important practical guiding significance for the governance of public opinion propagation.

Social Capital, Crop Specialization and Rural Industry Development—Taking the Grape Industry in Ningling County of China as an Example

Village-level social capital is an important factor to promote rural revitalization, but it is often ignored by existing researches. Based on the field investigation on 357 grape industry villages in Ningling County of Henan Province, decomposed village social capital into three dimensions (social network, social norm and social trust), this paper aims to discuss how village social capital influences rural industry development by promoting crop specialization. Results showed that the social network affects the transmission of grape planting information and technology. The richer the social network, the faster the diffusion of grape planting and the faster the realization of crop specialization. However, different types of social network play different roles. Social norms affect whether villages participate in grape production decisions. Proper risk awareness and efficient and reliable social organization services can help village farmers participate in grape planting and improve the level of crop specialization. Social trust affects the scale and duration of grape planting in a village; that is, the higher the level of social trusts, the higher the degree of crop specialization. In short, social capital can effectively promote the rapid cultivation of superior crops, enhance the specialization level of agricultural production and drive the coordinated development of upstream and downstream industries, thereby promoting the development of rural industries. This study emphasizes that, in the process of rural revitalization, developing countries should consider the social environments of different regions, fully mobilize the power of local social capital and develop reasonable and feasible technology popularization, adoption and implementation programs.

Dimensions of social networks: A taxonomy and operationalization

What are the basic types of social network ties captured by name generators? While there have been several classifications proposed, and a large proliferation of name generators capturing various tie content has emerged, there is no clear way to map a given name generator to a particular tie type. Building on previous research, this paper proposes a framework for doing so in a principled way based on two studies. Study 1 is a dimension reduction of 24 common name generators. We find two dimensions (Valence and Social Distance), three positive tie types (Admiration, Closeness, Socialize), and three negative tie types (Active Conflict, Passive Conflict, Contempt) and use Youden's J statistic as a metric to identify the name generator that best maximizes sensitivity and specificity for detecting our tie types. We find that the most common name generators used by researchers fall within just one tie type (Closeness). Study 2 models these six tie types as predictors and outcomes of important sociological variables and finds that each tie type is associated with distinct patterns of emotions, social support, social status, and social roles. Our taxonomy makes a contribution to network theory as well as study design. In particular, it advances our understanding of the nature of signed ties. We find that negative ties are both bipolar and orthogonal, and distinguish between two types of ambivalence. Moreover, the findings contribute to the further refinement and elaboration of a comprehensive taxonomy of network ties.

Older People’s Neighborhood Perceptions Are Related to Social and Emotional Loneliness and Mediated by Social Network Type

Background and ObjectivesLoneliness among older people is a public health issue; however, there is very weak support for the efficacy of individually focused interventions. A public health model, which includes the environmental influence on the formation of social networks and protection from loneliness, and theoretical approaches differentiating between social and emotional loneliness, suggest the importance of neighborhoods in preventing loneliness. This approach was used to test the influence of neighborhood factors on loneliness and the mediating role of social networks.Research Design and MethodsA questionnaire survey of 917 people aged 60–100 years was conducted in one region of Aotearoa/New Zealand to assess loneliness, social network types, social participation, marital status, gender, health, and four aspects of neighborhood perceptions.ResultsSocial and emotional loneliness scores were regressed on predicted demographic and social variables, followed by perceptions of Housing Satisfaction, Neighborhood Accessibility, Neighborhood Security, and Neighborhood Social Cohesion. Neighborhood variables added significant explanation of variance in both social and emotional loneliness. Mediation tests using PROCESS showed that the effects of all neighborhood variables were mediated by Private-Restricted or Locally Integrated Network types on Social Loneliness only.Discussion and ImplicationsThese findings highlight the importance of neighborhood factors in relation to feelings of loneliness and the recognition of social network types as mediators of these relationships for social loneliness. The aspects of neighborhoods that prevent loneliness provide directions for planners and prevention programs. Interventions to prevent social loneliness can usefully and practicably focus on the housing and neighborhood environment.

Close to others - closer to happiness?: An empirical investigation of the social determinants of subjective wellbeing

Extensive research on the determinants of people‘s subjective wellbeing has shed light on factors that influence quality of life and that traditional welfare measures tend to neglect. Particularly important among these appear to be the relational, interpersonal aspects of human existence, and both intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of participating in different types of social networks and associative activities. This field of analysis, however, is not devoid of challenges. These include: the wide variety of social proxies adopted in the literature, which has often led to mixed results; and the almost exclusive use of cross-sectional data, which makes it impossible to control for individual unobserved characteristics that could significantly affect both wellbeing levels, and the quality of one’s social and relational context. In this study, we address both of these issues by examining the association between subjective wellbeing, and a rich set of 17 social capital indicators reflecting the following dimensions: personal relationships, social network support, civic engagement, and trust and cooperative norms. Moreover, we use longitudinal data, and control for time-constant sources of heterogeneity among respondents, such as personality traits and predispositions. Our results suggest a consistent relationship between wellbeing and all four dimensions of social capital examined. Furthermore, we find evidence of important gender differences in the way social and relational factors affect overall life satisfaction.

Conflict, displacement, and economic revival: The case of the internally displaced minority entrepreneurs in Pakistan

AbstractThis article examines enterprise activities developed by internally displaced religious minorities (IDRM) and the role that social capital plays in supporting such activities. In particular, the article examines how social capital is linked to microenterprise development and the economic survival/revival of internally displaced religious minorities in Pakistan and why the link between entrepreneurship and social capital is critical for contexts with absent or poorly designed enterprise development policies. A three‐staged, sequential research design was adopted, which comprised the analysis of secondary data on IDRM, a face‐to‐face survey of entrepreneurs and interviews in two selected study sites. The evidence shows how the role of social capital in supporting entrepreneurial activities is determined by socioeconomic inequalities as well as the characteristics of the formal enterprise support infrastructure, that is, where formal institutions are weak, social capital is the main source of entrepreneurial support, with different types of social capital networks delivering different outcomes.

It Takes a Village: The Importance of Social Support after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, a Qualitative Study

Social support is essential to the recovery of patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We undertook a qualitative study to explore the specific sources and benefits of social support as experienced by HSCT recipients, as well as their unmet social support needs. We conducted semistructured interviews with 25 HSCT recipients recruited from the Dana Farber Cancer Institute's HSCT database. The interviews explored the sources of support that patients receive, the type of assistance social support networks provide to patients, and unmet needs of social support. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using Dedoose software. The median age of participants was 63 years (range, 22 to 73 years), and 13 (52%) were female, 20 (80%) were white, and 9 (36%) had been diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia. Participants reported receiving a majority of support from immediate family and close friends, with the primary benefits of social support including help with essential daily tasks and household chores, and receipt of emotional support. Participants reported occasional support from other patients but highlighted a desire for increased connection with patients who have undergone the same treatment. Participants also communicated a desire for more guidance on how to optimize the support they do receive and the need for more educational resources for caregivers and supporters to enhance understanding of the HSCT process and lessen patient burden. Participants reported relying on support from their family, friends, and other social connections for essential aspects of their recovery and daily living following HSCT. Although there are many benefits from these relationships, patients emphasized the need for more guidance and resources to facilitate post-transplantation aid and support.

Internet Use, Social Networks, and Loneliness Among the Older Population in China.

While the rate of Internet use among the older population in China is rapidly increasing, the outcomes associated with Internet use remain largely unexplored. Currently, there are contradictory findings indicating that Internet use is sometimes positively and sometimes negatively associated with older adults’ subjective well-being. Therefore, we examined the associations between different types of Internet use, social networks, and loneliness among Chinese older adults using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Ageing Society Survey (N = 1863). Internet use was classified as interpersonal communication and information acquisition, and social networks were divided into family and friendship ties. The results showed that both interpersonal communication and information acquisition were associated with lower loneliness. Interpersonal communication can increase social networks, and family ties have a mediating effect on the association between Internet use for interpersonal communication and loneliness. Although information acquisition can directly decrease loneliness in older adults, it can also damage existing social networks and further increase loneliness. Family ties act as a suppressor in the association between Internet use for information acquisition and loneliness. Our study further discusses important implications for improving the subjective well-being of older adults in the digital era, based on the empirical findings.