Social Media Outlets Research Articles

Social Media Posts Pertaining to Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) Surgery: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Patient and Surgeon Perceptions.

Cross-sectional study. To analyze publicly available content on a major social media outlet related to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery based on perspective, location, timing, content, tone, and patient satisfaction. Social media offers a powerful platform for sharing the patient experience with the public through an unfiltered perspective. Social media content may influence future perceptions around surgical care and postings around ACDF have not been previously reported. A query of content from a major social media outlet was performed for the study period January 1, 2018, to January 1, 2020, and returned 6500 publicly available posts. Content was identified by the hashtags "#acdf" or "#acdfsurgery." Content was ranked by number of "likes." Of the 1500 most popular posts, 1136 related to ACDF surgery and were included. Post content was characterized and classified. Patients created 85% of ACDF-related content and spine surgeons created 11.8%. Most posts portrayed the patient experience in the postoperative period and depicted patients performing activities of daily living, participating in sports, or completing work activities (54.4%). The connotation of posts was deemed to be positive in 79.2% of cases. In regard to their care or state of health as it related to ACDF surgery, 59.8% of patients expressed satisfaction, whereas 14.1% expressed dissatisfaction. Female patients were >4 times as likely to express dissatisfaction (odds ratio=4.16, P =<0.0001), with their clinical course compared with their male counterparts. Patients were the source of most posts on a major social media outlet that pertained to ACDF surgery with a majority reporting positive tone and satisfaction. These mechanisms of communication offer surgeons unique insights into patient experience and may provide an opportunity for surgeons to assess patient feedback, influence patient perceptions, and enhance delivery of cervical spine care.

PSII-A-1 A Preliminary Study Examining Supplement and Medication Use in Rodeo Horses

Abstract Dietary supplements and prescription medications are widely used in the horse community. Many equine governing organizations have guidelines and regulations related to supplement and medication use in performance horses. Prior surveys have focused on supplement and medication use in the horse show industry, while little data has been published regarding their use in horses competing in rodeos. Therefore, the purpose of this survey was to understand owner-reported supplement and medication use in rodeo horses. The Qualtrics-designed survey consisted of 36 questions pertaining to owner and horse demographics, as well as supplement and medication types administered to individual horses. Survey links were distributed via email and social media outlets. Responses were collected for owner’s self-selected main competition horse. Descriptive and correlation analyses were performed with SAS. There were 189 complete responses from competitors in 24 different states with the largest frequency of responses from the midwestern United States (84.5%). The majority of horses fell between the age groups of 11-15 (38.1%) and 6-10 (34.4%). The predominant event was barrel racing (82.5%). The majority (56.1%) of owners reported using both dietary supplements and medications while 26.9% used dietary supplements exclusively and 6.9% used injectable/inhaled/topical medications exclusively. Horse age tended to be negatively correlated with number of supplements used being greater for horses of a younger age (r2=-0.12; p=0.10). For dietary supplements and oral medications, products related to digestive health were used most frequently (73.25%) followed by products for joint support (63.7%) and respiratory health (38.85%). For injectable/inhaled/topical medications, products related to joint and bone health were most frequently used (66.93%) followed by respiratory health (45.16%) and quieting agents (17.74%). The supplements/medications provided addressed an average of 4.6 health categories per horse. This survey provided insightful information on the use of dietary supplements and medications currently used in rodeo horses in the USA.

The Use of Social-Media and IT Application Tools for Teaching in Ghanaian Universities: Case of University of Cape Coast, Ghana

The use of social media and IT application tools as an alternative pedagogical approach in higher educational institutions of learning cannot be compromised. Considering their incalculable advantages especially, in these times of the COVID-19 pandemic where closure of schools characterised some of the mitigating factors which wedged pedagogy. Nonetheless, quite a few institutions have taken advantage of these technologically inclined resources to facilitate teaching and learning. Therefore, this study explores the perceived usage of social media outlets and IT application tools in the University of Cape Coast (UCC) as a means of pedagogy by the Academic Staff. The study employed a cross-sectional survey as result of which 102 Academic Staff were sampled. The findings disclosed that the use of social media (i.e., Twitter), online collaborative tool (i.e., Google Hangouts) as a means of pedagogy is conspicuously absent among the teaching staff. Whiles some IT application tools (i.e., Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive) were hardly used in the classroom context, although the participants revealed possessing the skills in the use of such social media outlets and the IT application tools at their individual level. However, the use of Presentation tools (i.e., Microsoft PowerPoint), Spreadsheets (i.e., Microsoft Excel) and Word Processing (i.e., Microsoft Word) were mostly used to facilitate teaching and learning. The study recommends the adoption and enforcement of these resources by the management of the university. Taking into cognizance, the numerical strength of the yearly enrollment of students into the University vis a viz its limited infrastructure.

Social Media Use in Hearing Loss, Tinnitus, and Vestibular Disorders: A Systematic Review.

People are increasingly using social media outlets for gathering health-related information. There has also been considerable interest from researchers and clinicians in understanding how social media is used by the general public, patients, and health professionals to gather health-related information. Interest in the use of social media for audiovestibular disorders has also received attention, although published evidence synthesis of this use is lacking. The objective of this review article was to synthesize existing research studies related to social media use concerning hearing loss, tinnitus, and vestibular disorders. Comprehensive searches were performed in multiple databases between October and November 2020 and again in June 2021 and March 2022, with additional reports identified from article citations and unpublished literature. This review article was presented using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A total of 1,512 articles were identified. Of these, 16 publications met the inclusion criteria. Overall, social media offered people the platform to learn about hearing loss, tinnitus, and vestibular disorders via advice and support seeking, personal experience sharing, general information sharing, and relationship building. Research studies were more common on information and user activities seen on Facebook Pages, Twitter, and YouTube videos. Misinformation was identified across all social media platforms for each of these conditions. Online discussions about audiovestibular disorders are evident, although inconsistencies in study procedures make it difficult to compare these discussion groups. Misinformation is a concern needing to be addressed during clinical consultations as well as via other public health means. Uniform guidelines are needed for research regarding the use of social media so that outcomes are comparable. Moreover, clinical studies examining how exposure to and engagement with social media information may impact outcomes (e.g., help seeking, rehabilitation uptake, rehabilitation use, and satisfaction) require exploration. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.20667672.

ESCP President's report.

ESCP President's report.

Intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccination among people in Gaza Strip

Aims: This project assessed intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccine and its potential influencing factors among adults living in the Gaza Strip. Method: Data were collected from February through July 2021 when the vaccine distribution just started. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted using social media outlets. The respondents include a convenience sample of 325 individuals who are 18 years and older in the Gaza Strip. Bivariate statistics and logistic regressions were used to investigate the factors related to intention to receive vaccine. Results: Bivariate statistics found that the intention to get the vaccine is significantly higher for males (as compared to females), less educated, and married. Those with chronic disease are more likely to receive COVID-19-vaccine. However, when the other variables were controlled, only gender, profession, and perceived barriers significantly predicted the intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion: This project highlighted variables that are associated with intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccine. These finding may be used to develop interventions to foster the acceptance of the vaccine among the people of Gaza Strip.

Gender Bias in YouTube Videos Describing Common Urology Conditions

ObjectiveTo study implicit and explicit gender biases in YouTube videos describing common urologic conditions based on language patterns, speaker gender, and speaker profession. MethodsUsing a Boolean search, the top 30 videos for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), overactive bladder (OAB), erectile dysfunction (ED), and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) were retrieved. Using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (LIWC) software, video transcripts were analyzed for 16 word categories and compared by speaker gender and urology topic to assess for bias. ResultsOAB and POP had the least view counts and subscribers; kidney stone and ED videos had the most. Student education channels were more likely to feature male than female speakers (19 male vs. 6 female, P=0.01). A significant difference was noted between speaker gender in BPH (25 male vs. 4 female, P<0.001), OAB (4 male vs. 22 female, P<0.001), and POP (6 male vs. 23 female, P<0.001) videos. When examining linguistic patterns with the LIWC program, female speakers were more likely to mention personal concerns and use tentative words when speaking alone compared to males. ConclusionsGender bias exists in YouTube videos concerning common urologic conditions. We must be mindful of how information is distributed in order to minimize the perpetuation of gender stereotypes that are common in medicine. Awareness of these patterns and biases should encourage Urologists to proactively consider how they present themselves and how they reference the conditions they present in social media outlets.

Seasonality and geography of diabetes mellitus in United States of America dogs.

The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in humans is associated with high altitude, few sunshine hours, cold climate, and winter. The goals of this study were to investigate seasonal and geographic patterns of DM diagnosis in United States of America (USA) dogs with juvenile and mature onset DM. Data were collected by means of an online survey widely distributed in the USA through breed clubs, academic veterinary institutions, private veterinary referral practices, social media outlets, and the American Kennel Club. Juvenile DM (JDM) and mature onset DM were defined as DM with an age of onset <365 days and DM with an age of onset ≥365 days, respectively. Meteorological seasons were defined as: winter from December through February, spring from March through May, summer from June through August, and fall from September through November. Four geographic regions were also defined as the West, North, South, and Central regions of the USA. Nonoverlapping 95% confidence intervals (CI) for season, geographic region, and breed specific proportions of dogs with JDM were considered statistically significantly different. The study included 933 dogs with mature onset DM and 27 dogs with JDM. Dogs were diagnosed with DM significantly more in the winter and northern USA compared to all other seasons and all other geographic regions, respectively. The prevalence of JDM among dogs with DM was 2.8%. The proportion of dogs with JDM among pure breeds was not significantly different than the proportion of JDM in mixed breed dogs. It is concluded that winter and cold climate could be shared environmental factors influencing DM expression in dogs and humans. Additionally, pure breed dogs do not appear to be at increased risk for JDM compared to mixed breed dogs, indicating that factors other than genetics could influence spontaneous JDM development in dogs.

The impact of social media on risk perceptions during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundSocial media is considered a critical source for seeking health information, especially during outbreaks. During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, social media played an important role in disseminating information. However, it has been a source of misinformation in many communities throughout the pandemic. Whether this disseminated information has a positive or negative impact, individuals' risk perceptions of disease are influenced. It is important to explore factors that build public behaviors and their adaptation of risk reduction measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the role of social media and its impact on the risk perceptions of the COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study, and participants were recruited using different social media outlets between August to October 2020. The survey was delivered through Qualtrics platform targeting Saudi Arabian residents over the age of 18 years old. The questionnaire was delivered in English and Arabic. A convenience sampling was used to recruit participants to the study. The survey link was posted on several social media platforms.ResultsA total of 2,680 respondents completed the online survey. The results showed that male gender, individuals earning 4,000–12,000 SAR, and employed had positive and significant relationships with risk perception compared to their counterparts (β: 0.044, p-value: 0.035 and β: 0.051, p-value: 0.041, β: 0.108 p-value: < 0.001, β: 0.119 p-value: < 0.001), respectively. In second block, individuals exposed to social media had higher risk perception (β: 0.096, p-value < 0.001). In third block, self-efficacy was significantly but negatively associated with risk perception, indicating individuals who were self-efficient were less likely to perceive risk for the COVID-19 (β: −0.096, p-value < 0.001). There was no interactive effect of social media and self-efficacy on risk perception.ConclusionThe current study results show that social media exposure to the COVID-19 information has a positive impact in shaping an individuals' risk perception. The study also suggests that there is a need for public officials and policymakers to develop effective communication strategies through risk communication campaigns targeted at women, individuals with lower socioeconomic status, and those who are single as they showed a negative relationship with risk perception.

The effects of wearing a mask on an exercise regimen.

Masks have long been utilized to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens and diseases in the healthcare setting. Recently, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, mask use has been expanded to all public areas to help slow the spread of this virus. One such location where masks can be seen is gyms. While exercising, the needs of the body are altered due to the increased stress being placed upon it. Normal physiology is thus adjusted to meet these new demands and to maintain optimal functioning. Therefore, it is possible that adding a mask covering the mouth and nose while exercising could further exacerbate this physiologic alteration, causing potential concerns. The goal of this study is to identify the impact of mask use on normal perceived physiology (breathing, heart rate, temperature, exertion, stamina, and quality of workout) within the exercising population. To obtain data focused on the research question, a self-reporting, online, anonymous Qualtrics survey was administered in local gyms and social media outlets. A total of 280 total participants were recruited between the ages of 18 and 65 who have ever exercised while wearing a mask. All results were analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. A Cronbach's alpha was also calculated to check internal validity. The significance level utilized was p≤0.05. Completion of a Kruskal-Wallis test revealed statistical significance regarding the perception of masks in general and the participants' rating of the perceived physiological parameters (breathing: p<0.001; heart rate: p<0.001; temperature: p<0.001; exertion: p<0.001; stamina: p<0.001; and quality of workout: p<0.001), the duration of time the mask was utilized during the workout, and the participants' rating of the perceived physiological parameters (breathing: p=0.001; heart rate: p=0.020; temperature: p<0.001; exertion: p<0.001; stamina: p=0.001; quality of workout: p<0.001; and perception of mask: p<0.001), and the change in the number of days that the participants exercised per week during the pandemic as well as some of the participants' ratings of the perceived physiological parameters (breathing: p=0.042; exertion: p=0.015; stamina: p=0.027; and quality of workout: p=0.016). Any alterations to normal physiology perception while exercising with a mask appear to be psychological and adaptive in nature. Masks alone did not contribute to the perception of their physiologic changes.

Self-Reported Clinical Practice of Small Animal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Compliance With RECOVER Guidelines Among Veterinarians in Eight Western European Regions.

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to assess whether small animal veterinarians across Western Europe are compliant with the 2012 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines by the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER).MethodsA previously published online questionnaire from Switzerland was adapted and translated into 7 languages, corresponding to national languages in Austria, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The survey was distributed via respective national veterinary organizations and social media outlets. A subset of questions was analyzed to evaluate respondent demographics, RECOVER guideline awareness, and to allocate composite compliance scores for CPR preparedness, basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ALS). Percentages of group total (95% confidence interval) were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the effects of region of practice, gender, age, specialty training, and guideline awareness on compliance. Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were generated and significance set at P < 0.05.ResultsNine-hundred and thirty respondents were included in analysis. Awareness of and compliance with RECOVER guidelines varied widely across regions. Compliance with all assessed RECOVER guideline recommendations was highest in Germany/Austria [14% (7- 27%)] and lowest in France and Portugal [0% (0–3%)]. CPR preparedness compliance was higher in participants aware of RECOVER guidelines [OR 10.1 (5.2-19.5)], those practicing in Germany/Austria [OR 4.1 (1.9–8.8)] or UK/Ireland [OR 2.2 (1.3–3.7)], and lower in those practicing in Portugal [OR 0.2 (0.1–0.9)]. Specialty training [OR 1.8 (1.1–2.9)], guideline awareness [OR 5.2 (3.2–8.6)], and practice in Germany/Austria [OR 3.1 (1.5–6.5)], UK/Ireland [OR 2.6 (1.7–4.1)], or the Netherlands [OR 5.3 (2.0–14.2)] were associated with increased BLS compliance. ALS compliance was higher in participants with guideline awareness [OR 7.0 (2.9–17.0)], specialty training [OR 6.8 (3.8–12.1)], those practicing in Germany/Austria [OR 3.5 (1.3–9.6)], UK/Ireland [OR 4.0 (1.9–8.3)], or Spain [OR 3.2 (1.2–8.3)] and in younger survey participants [OR 0.9 (0.9–1.0)].ConclusionsAwareness and compliance with RECOVER guidelines varied widely among countries surveyed, however overall compliance scores in all countries were considered low. Further research may highlight factors surrounding poor guideline awareness and compliance so targeted efforts can be made to improve veterinary CPR in Europe.

Türkiye'deki Seçim Anketlerinin Toplam Anket Hatası Perspektifinden Bir İncelemesi

Election polls are not only essential to measure electorates' political attitudes, preferences, and behavior but may also influence their formation. In this study, we evaluate election polls in Turkey, which have been increasingly popular and criticized by political actors in the last years, from a survey methodology perspective and investigate whether they follow internationally recognized standards. To this end, we collected a comprehensive dataset covering all election polls on eight elections between 2011 and 2019 published at traditional or social media outlets. Our assessment of a total of 295 election polls from the perspective of the "total survey error" paradigm and CNN's transparency guidelines shows that, most election polls in Turkey do not follow scientific standards, especially in terms of representation, and are thus unsuccessful at predicting election outcomes. In the conclusion, we discuss how survey data from public opinion and election polls, and cross-national surveys can be employed in political science research.

TikTok for Radiology Education: Is Now the Right Time?

TikTok is the fastest growing social media app in the world and is designed to be social and promote discovery. We have used various social media sites (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest) for radiology education for several years, and created a TikTok account in March 2020 (@CTisus) to determine its suitability for expanding our audience for radiology education. Since we create video content for our website and other social media outlets, we have posted those videos to TikTok, opting not to create anything specifically for TikTok. For the hashtag #radiology (which currently has 388.2 million views), we viewed the first 100 videos shown per TikTok's algorithm. About half the videos (n=46) were about radiology work life, including remarks by patients or basic information about becoming a radiology technologist. Twenty-four videos were radiology-related jokes. Seven videos showed radiology equipment, mainly how MRI scanners interact with metal. Ultimately, only eight were professional English-language videos pertaining to radiology education. Though the appeal of TikTok is clear based on popularity, potentially offensive, inappropriate, or irrelevant videos can appear. TikTok for radiology, then, should come with a disclaimer. But TikTok should not be summarily dismissed as a silly dancing app. Educators can reach a substantial audience, especially those in the earliest stages of their medical education. Though it is currently not the most suitable app for medical professionals, TikTok warrants consideration for use in radiology education as long as it is used with caution.

A qualitative study exploring family caregivers' support needs in the context of medical assistance in dying.

Family members are often involved in the provision of care to a relative at some point in their life. Their role becomes inherently complex when their care recipient is interested in seeking medical assistance in dying (MAID). As assisted death for "grievous and irremediable conditions" was legalized in Canada in 2016, the perspectives of family caregivers have received little attention. To best support caregivers to individuals seeking assisted dying, healthcare practitioners must first understand the perspectives of family caregivers in this context. The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences and support needs of family caregivers who are or who have provided care to individuals who are seeking or have sought MAID. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design. Family caregivers supporting individuals living with grievous and irremediable conditions were recruited through social media outlets and support organizations. Data were collected through semi-structured telephone interviews and online surveys. Data were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. The study included 11 participants, comprising spouses, parents, and adult children. The research identified three prevalent themes: the caregiver experience including roles and responsibilities and the impact of their role; the MAID experience including the process and their thoughts and feelings about MAID; and caregiver insight into supports and services viewed as valuable or needed for the MAID process. Study findings may assist in the provision and development of best practice resources and guidelines to support healthcare professionals involved in the delivery of MAID. Specifically, caregivers need to be supported in the context of their caregiving responsibilities to minimize the impact on their own lives and optimize their MAID experience.

‘Normality’, Fear and the Media

The use of ‘normal’ birth has become a part of contentious debate in recent months within midwifery, particularly across social media outlets. This article will look at defining ‘normality’ and whether we should be using ‘normal’ as a term at all within midwifery practice, with respect to the recent reports on maternity and perinatal services. There will be analysis of the impacts this terminology has on women’s perceptions and social constructs of birth, and a delve into how the media is impacting fear and the physiological birth crisis.

P2P Lending platforms in Malaysia: the awareness among Malaysian adults

Background - Since 2016, the Securities Commission (SC) in Malaysia has given licenses to only eleven P2P lending platforms. Such lending platforms are expected to disrupt the lending services of traditional lenders in the coming years. However, being still in their infant stages, it is essential to know the extent to which such platforms are made known to potential investors out there. This study aims to examine the awareness level of the eleven P2P lending platforms among Malaysian adults. The study also explores if past investment experience and financial knowledge would influence such awareness from Malaysian adults. Methods - A sample of 335 Malaysian individuals was used for this study. An online questionnaire was designed with three main parts: demographic, financial literacy, and P2P lending awareness. Using IBM SPSS Statistics 26, frequency, descriptive, normality, Pearson coefficients and multiple regression analyses were carried out. Results - Although seven out of ten respondents have good knowledge in three areas of finance: compounding rate, inflation and diversification, only 14.33% had a good and excellent awareness level of P2P lending. Thus, one would expect lesser awareness about P2P lending among Malaysian adults whose financial literacy is poor or zero. Test results from multiple regression analysis suggest that past lending experiences positively affect the awareness of P2P lending in Malaysia, but not the financial literacy. Conclusions - the awareness about P2P lending among Malaysian adults is too low, despite their high level of education and financial literacy. No investing experience and not knowing any existing P2P lending in the country may be the reason for this low awareness. Therefore, for P2P lending to thrive in Malaysia, the eleven P2P lending platforms need to be promoted aggressively in various social media outlets.

Word of Mouth and Online Reviews Are More Influential Than Social Media for Patients When Selecting a Sports Medicine Physician

PurposeTo (1) identify the percentage of patients seen in an orthopaedic sports medicine practice who use social media and (2) identify the role that social media has in physician selection as compared with other factors.MethodsAfter institutional review board approval was received, new patients aged 18 years or older who attended a single orthopaedic sports medicine office from February 2020 to May 2021 were identified for inclusion. Sociodemographic information was recorded, and each patient was asked to fill out a questionnaire that assessed social media usage and online resources used to choose and formulate opinions regarding the patient’s provider.ResultsTwo hundred patients met the inclusion criteria and completed the questionnaire. Of these, 96.5% reported social media use. The most common online method of searching for and identifying a physician was Google (50.5%). Social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram, or LinkedIn were only used 15.5% of the time to search for and select a physician. Older patients were more likely to use recommendations from friends and family in their consideration when selecting a physician.ConclusionsDespite almost all participants stating that they use social media, only 15.5% of patients reported that they used social media to search for and potentially select their physician. Our study suggests that although social media can be a helpful tool for patient education, other factors such as physician education and physician reputation through word-of-mouth referrals, online reviews, and online ratings seem to play a larger role in the patient’s selection of his or her physician.Clinical RelevanceThis information may be of value to orthopaedic surgeons looking for ways to build their patient base, online reputation, or other aspects of their practice on the Internet.

Misinformation and Disinformation: The Potential Disadvantages of Social Media in Infectious Disease and How to Combat Them.

Although the use of social media to spread misinformation and disinformation is not a new concept, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has further highlighted the dangers that misinformation can pose to public health. More than two-thirds of Americans receive their news from at least 1 social media outlet, most of which do not undergo the same review process as academic journals and some professional news organizations. Unfortunately, this can lead to inaccurate health information being conveyed as truth. The purpose of this article is to inform the infectious diseases community of the history and dangers of health misinformation and disinformation in social media, present tools for identifying and responding to misinformation, and propose other ethical considerations for social media.

미디어 환경 변화와 혐오 확산: 혐오에 대응하기 위한 연결 윤리 구축에 대한 소고

This article seeks to reveal that the existing legacy media and social media outlets are playing a role in disseminating hate speech, and to explore solutions to this issue. Currently, the media are indiscretely reproducing online community postings and employing them to get more views. The legacy media reduce blatant discriminations to merely controversial issues and the social media continues to circulate hate speech by way of algorithm arrangements. Likewise, users are contributing to the spread of hate discourse through the uses of memes, and through their participation in cyber bulling. There are more instances where negative emotions are shared on social media scenes, and users themselves are creating meme-like forms that allow for the easier sharing of hate and discrimination. Throughout this type of processes, the anti-feminism sentiment emerges through the online space to make feminism a system of thought that must be rejected in Korean society. The media reportings convey hate sentiments produced sub-culturally in the online communities in their rawest forms, and thereby play a role in circulating antifeminist discourse in the public discourse sphere. The legacy media’s adherence to communal journalism, the social media’s voluntary restraint on overcommercialization, and the improvement of media literacy of users are suggested as solutions.

P2P Lending platforms in Malaysia: the awareness among Malaysian adults

Background - Since 2016, the Securities Commission (SC) in Malaysia has given licenses to only eleven P2P lending platforms. Such lending platforms are expected to disrupt the lending services of traditional lenders in the coming years. However, being still in their infant stages, it is essential to know the extent to which such platforms are made known to potential investors out there. This study aims to examine the awareness level of the eleven P2P lending platforms among Malaysian adults. The study also explores if past investment experience and financial knowledge would influence such awareness from Malaysian adults. Methods - A sample of 335 Malaysian individuals was used for this study. An online questionnaire was designed with three main parts: demographic, financial literacy, and P2P lending awareness. Using IBM SPSS Statistics 26, frequency, descriptive, normality, Pearson coefficients and multiple regression analyses were carried out. Results - Although seven out of ten respondents have good knowledge in three areas of finance: compounding rate, inflation and diversification, only 14.33% had a good and excellent awareness level of P2P lending. Thus, one would expect lesser awareness about P2P lending among Malaysian adults whose financial literacy is poor or zero. Test results from multiple regression analysis suggest that past lending experiences positively affect the awareness of P2P lending in Malaysia, but not the financial literacy. Conclusions - the awareness about P2P lending among Malaysian adults is too low, despite their high level of education and financial literacy. No investing experience and not knowing any existing P2P lending in the country may be the reason for this low awareness. Therefore, for P2P lending to thrive in Malaysia, the eleven P2P lending platforms need to be promoted aggressively in various social media outlets.