Social Media Disorder Scale Research Articles

Investigating Psychometric Properties of Social Media Addiction Measures Among Adolescents

Assessment has a long history in counseling, with scholars noting multiple benefits to using assessment instruments in determining client strengths and needs as well as establishing relevant treatment goals. However, when counselors use unreliable or invalid instruments, they gather results that are ill equipped to inform clinical decision‐making. Consequently, we evaluated and compared the psychometric properties of three scales of social media addiction—the Social Media Disorder Scale (van den Eijnden et al., 2016), the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (Andreassen et al., 2012, 2016), and the Social Media Addiction Scale (Al‐Menayes, 2015)—to inform clinical use. Adolescents (N = 440) between the ages of 13 and 19 completed the scales. Results indicated that each scale provides a reliable and valid measurement of problematic social media use or addiction among adolescents. We provide recommendations for choosing a social media assessment and for future research.

The Social Media Disorder and Ostracism in Adolescents: (OSTRACA- SM Study).

Social media disorder (SMD) is defined as a behavioral addiction and has been associated with depression, loneliness, narcissism, low self-esteem, poor sleep quality, and low academic performance. Ostracism is a term defined as being ignored or excluded by others. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the predictors of ostracism in adolescents and test the effect of SMD on ostracism. This study was performed as a survey study. Adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age were administered a structured questionnaire to assess socio demographic properties, SMD, and ostracism. The SMD Scale and Ostracism Experience Scale for Adolescents (OES-A) were used. Between January and June 2018, 864 university students ≤18 years of age were invited to the study and 684 (79.1%) of them participated. We found a positive correlation between OES-A and SMD scores (r=0.52, p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, male gender, absence of a hobby, not being successful in the university, and high SMD scores were associated with high OES-A scores. This is the first data obtained proving an association between SMD and ostracism. The impact of SMD and ostracism on psychosocial issues should be further evaluated.

Social media disorder among Indian undergraduate medical students and its association with depression: An institution-based mixed-method study

Background: Social media disorder (SMD) is the current entity in this decade that leads to different screen-related health problems. Despite of tremendous academic pressure, how social media affects the future doctors, is yet unknown. Aims: The aim is to determine the prevalence of SMD among the undergraduate medical students of a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal and to determine its predictors. Settings and Design: A cross sectional analytical mixed-method study was conducted at a tertiary care center of Bankura. Methodology: During April–June 2019, 216 undergraduate medical students were selected through two-stage sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire, 9-item SMD scale, and Beck's Depression Inventory Scale. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) initially through bivariate analysis using Chi-square test and later logistic regression was used to determine the actual predictor(s). Results: The prevalence of SMD was found to be 11.6%. All of the students were found to be social media users and among them the prevalence of screen-related sleep disturbance, headache, eye problem, musculoskeletal problems, and overweight or obesity was 35.6%, 36.1%, 28.7%, 31.5%, and 50.9%, respectively. However, no significant relationship was obtained between SMD and above health problems. Through logistic regression model, it was found that the students with depression were 6.7 times more prone to develop SMD. Conclusions: Depression being a risk-factor for SMD needs to be addressed as priority by providing appropriate counseling and/or professional consultation.

Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ve İyilik Hali: Romantik İlişkilerde Mükemmeliyetçiliğin Aracılık Rolü

Bu çalışmanın amacı romantik ilişkilerde mükemmeliyetçiliğin sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile iyilik hali arasındaki aracılık rolünü incelemektir. Çalışmanın katılımcılarını yaşları 18 ile 31 arasında değişen (Ort = 20.80, SS = 2.18), 195’i kadın ve 155’erkek üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılar İyilik Hali Ölçeği, Sosyal Medya Bozukluğu Ölçeği ve Romantik İlişkilerde Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeğini doldurmuşlardır. Bu çalışmada öne sürülen hipotez modelini test etmek için Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) ve bootstrapping tekniği kullanılmıştır. YEM ve bootstrapping sonuçları; (a) sosyal medya bağımlılığının romantik ilişkilerde mükemmeliyetçiliği pozitif yordadığını; (b) sosyal medya bağımlılığının iyilik halini negatif yordadığını; (c) romantik ilişkilerde mükemmeliyetçiliğin iyilik halini negatif yordadığını; (d) sosyal medya bağımlığı ile iyilik hali arasında romantik ilişkilerde mükemmeliyetçiliğin aracılık ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığı iyilik halini hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı bir şekilde yordamakta ve romantik ilişkilerde mükemmeliyetçilik de bu iki değişken arasında aracılık rolü yapmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular ilgili alan yazın ışığında tartışılmış ve sınırlıklar sunulmuştur.

Evaluation of Social Media Use Disorder in Medical Faculty Students

Abstract Background Recently, social media usage disorder has become a behavioral addiction with the internet which has entered our daily life rapidly. One of the important factors considered to be associated with social media use disorder is thought to be loneliness. The aim of the study was to evaluate the social media use disorder in medical school students. Methods This study is a cross-sectional study conducted on the students who were studying in Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine between January 2 and February 28, 2019. The study group consisted of 422 internet user students. The level of social media usage was assessed by Social Media Disorder Scale (SMD-scale). The level of loneliness was evaluated with the short-form of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8). Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman correlation analysis were used. Results Of the participants 226 (53.6%) was male. The age of the study group ranged from 17 to 29 years and the mean (SD) was 19.78 (1.33) years. The scores obtained from SMD-scale ranged from 0 to 63, with a mean of 12.18±10.35 (median = 9.0). All students had at least one social media account. In the study, no difference was found between the scores obtained from gender, age group, father’s education status, family income status and family type. While the scores of the students whose mothers have a university education level are lower; those who spent more than 2 hours a day on social media had a higher score. There was a weak positive correlation between the scores obtained from SMD-scale and ULS-8 (p &amp;lt; 0.001, r = 0.215). There was a weak negative correlation between the scores obtained from the SMD-scale and the academic grade point average (p = 0.012, r = -0.123). Conclusions It is concluded that the correct use of social media can be increased by informing about this issue. Increasing platforms such as student clubs in which individuals could socialize in real life may be useful in reducing this disorder. Key messages Public health studies could help prevent social media use disorder transform into more serious health problem in future. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of social media use disorders on mental and physical health.

Histrionic Personality, Narcissistic Personality, and Problematic Social Media Use: Testing of a New Hypothetical Model

In the present study, a hypothetical model examining the relationships between histrionic personality belief, need for social approval, desire for being liked, social media disorder, and narcissistic personality belief was proposed and tested. The effect of histrionic personality belief on the need for social approval and desire for being liked was tested first. Then the effect of the need for social approval and desire for being liked on social media addiction were tested. Finally, the effect of social media addiction on narcissistic personality belief was tested. The present study comprised 305 adolescents (165 girls and 140 boys) and they were administered the Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form, Need for Social Approval Scale, Desire for Being Liked Scale, and Social Media Disorder Scale. Before the proposed hypothetical model was tested, each latent variable was tested with measurement models to determine if it could be used in structural models. Findings demonstrated that histrionic personality belief positively affected the need for social approval and desire for being liked. The need for social approval and desire for being liked positively affected social media addiction. Finally, social media addiction positively affected narcissistic personality belief.

Effects of Religious Orientations on the Prevalence of Social Media Disorder Among Muslim University Students in Pakistan.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of religious orientations on the prevalence of social media disorder among Muslim university students in Pakistan. A total of 686 students (59.0% females), enrolled in the three public-sector universities, participated in the study. The new indices of religious orientation revised and a short version of social media disorder scale were adapted to collect the required information. Both scales demonstrated high reliability coefficients. Results demonstrate significant differences in the religious orientations of disordered and non-disordered social media users. Findings support that the higher extrinsic and quest religious orientations enhance likelihood of being disordered social media users. The enhanced intrinsic religious orientation, however, decreases the chances of being disordered social media users. The implications of research findings in related academic and non-academic settings are discussed at the end of this paper.

Cross-cultural validation of the Social Media Disorder scale.

BackgroundWith the popularity of social networking sites, there is an urgency to devise instruments to evaluate social media addiction in different cultural context. This paper evaluates the psychometric properties and validation of the Social Media Disorder (SMD) scale in People's Republic of China.MethodsA total of 903 Chinese university students were recruited to participate in this cross-sectional study. The internal consistency, criterion validity and construct validity of the SMD scale were examined.ResultsThe results suggested that the 9-item SMD scale had good psychometric properties. Its internal consistency was good, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.753. The results showed weak and moderate correlations with other validation constructs, such as self-efficacy and other disorder symptoms suggested in the original scale. The Chinese version of SMD demonstrated a good model fit for a two-factor structure in confirmatory factor analysis, with χ2 (44.085)/26=1.700, SRMR=0.059, CFI=0.995, TLI=0.993 and RMSEA=0.028.ConclusionThe SMD scale is suitable for researchers and practitioners to measure problematic usage of social media in a different context, especially on the Chinese population.

The Development of the Turkish Social Media Craving Scale (SMCS): a Validation Study

Over the past decade, the use of social media applications have increased worldwide. In parallel with this, abuse of social media has also increased. In recent years, many disorders related to social media use have been conceptualized. One of the common consequences of these disorders is the intense desire (i.e., craving) to use social media. The aim of the present study was to develop the Social Media Craving Scale (SMCS) by adapting the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS). The study comprised 423 university students (242 females and 181 males) across five different samples. The psychometric instruments used included the Social Media Craving Scale, Social Media Disorder Scale, Brief Self-Control Scale, and Personal Information Form. In the present study, structural validity and reliability of the SMCS were investigated. The structural validity of SMCS was investigated with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and criterion validity. The reliability of SMCS was evaluated using Cronbach α internal consistency reliability coefficient, corrected item total correlation coefficients, and test-retest method. As a result of EFA, the SMCS was found to be unidimensional scale. This unidimensional structure explained approximately half of the total variance. The unidimensional structure of SMCS was tested in two different samples with CFA. As a result of CFA, SMCS models were found to have acceptable fit values. The criterion validity of the SMCS was evaluated by assessing social media disorder, self-discipline, impulsiveness, daily social media use duration, social media usage history, frequency of checking social media accounts during the day, number of social media accounts, and number of daily shares. Analysis demonstrated that the SMCS was associated with all these variables in the expected direction. According to the reliability analysis (Cronbach’s α internal consistency coefficients, corrected item total correlation coefficients, and test-retest method), the SMCS was found to be a reliable scale. When validity and reliability analyses of the SMCS are considered as a whole, it is concluded that the SMCS is a valid and reliable scale in assessing social media craving.

Social media use and personality disorders

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between personality disorders and social media use. Methods: Five hundred and ten university students participated in the study. Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short form was used to assess DSM-based personality disorder symptoms and Social Media Disorder Scale was used to determine addictive use of social media. In addition, daily usage of social media, frequency of taking and sharing selfies were examined using a questionnaire created by the authors. Results: Participants with high levels of Social Media Disorder demonstrated higher levels of avoidant, dependent, antisocial, histrionic, paranoid and borderline personality features compared to those with low levels of social media disorder. Results of multivariate analyses showed that addictive use of social media, daily duration of social media use and frequency of selfie sharing were positively predicted by histrionic personality features and female gender. Furthermore, selfie taking was predicted only by narcissistic personality features. Conclusion: This study indicates that histrionic personality features may be risk factors for addictive use of social media.

Turkish Adaptation of Social Media Disorder Scale in Adolescents

The aim of this study is to determine the reliability and validity of the Turkish form of Social Media Disorder Scale (SMDS) in adolescents which is developed using the diagnostic criteria of DSM-V Internet Gaming Disorder. Validity and reliability analysis of SMDS was conducted through four different sample of 553 adolescents who use social media every day for the past 1 year, and have at least one social media account. The construct validity of SMDS was examined with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). After EFA, it was seen that the items of SMDS grouped under 1 factor which eigenvalue is above 1. This one factored structure explains about half of the total variance. One factored structure obtained from EFA was tested with CFA in two different samples. After CFA, it was shown that one factored SMDS model has good cohesion values in each two samples. Concurrent validity of the SMDS have been examined period of the use of social media, social media account number, self-discipline, impulsivity, positive affect, negative affect and social connectedness. At the result of the analysis, it was found that SMDS is positive correlated with duration of the use of social media, social media account number, negative emotions and impulsivity; negative correlated with self-discipline, social connectedness, and positive emotions. The reliability of SMDS was examined with test-retest method and Cronbach's α internal consistency reliability coefficient in three different samples. Analysis showed that Cronbach's α internal consistency reliability coefficients and test-retest reliability coefficient were found to be adequate. SMDS item analysis was carried out in three different samples. It was found that corrected item-total correlation coefficients of the SMDS items are in the range of accepted values in the literature t-test results for 27% sub-super group item comparisons are significant for all items in each three samples. According to the results of EFA, CFA, criterion-related validity, reliability analysis, and item analysis of SMDS, the Turkish form of SMDS is a valid and reliable instrument.

Technological Addictions and Social Connectedness: Predictor Effect of Internet Addiction, Social Media Addiction, Digital Game Addiction and Smartphone Addiction on Social Connectedness

Objective: This study examined the predictor effects of four technological addictions, including Internet addiction, social media addiction, digital game addiction and smartphone addiction on social connectedness. Method: The study was conducted on 201 adolescents (101 girls, 100 boys) who have been using Internet, playing digital games, and using social media for at least one year, and have at least one social media account and a smartphone. The Young’s Internet Addiction Test-Short Form, Social Media Disorder Scale, Digital Game Addiction Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, Social Connectedness Scale, and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. Parametric statistical methods were used to analyze the data, taking into consideration the single and multivariable normality, linearity, and multicolinearity. Results: The analysis showed that Internet addiction, social media addiction, digital game addiction and smartphone addiction significantly predicted 25% of social connectedness. In addition, it has been determined that the strongest effect on social connectedness is from Internet addiction followed by social media addiction, digital game addiction, and smartphone addiction respectively. Conclusion: Four technological addictions including Internet addiction, social media addiction, digital game addiction and smartphone addiction significantly affect social connectedness.