Social Leisure Research Articles

미용사의 여가유능감과 직업만족도와의 관계

In response to rapid social changes, people’s interest in aesthetics has risen considerably. As a result, a cosmetologists’ role has become more important. Furthermore, more cosmetologists have engaged in leisure activities for self-management and self-development. This study attempted to investigate the relationships between leisure competence and job satisfaction. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed among cosmetologists in Seoul and Gangwon from October 2019 to March 2020. A total of 298 copies were used for the final analysis. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0, and the results found the following: According to factor analysis, leisure competence was divided into cognitive leisure competence and social leisure competence, while job satisfaction was classified into job satisfaction, actual job satisfaction, and mental job satisfaction. In addition, validity and reliability were confirmed for each factor. In correlation analysis, a positive correlation was found at a .001 significance level. According to regression analysis, social leisure competence had a positive effect on job satisfaction (p<.05), mental job satisfaction (p<.001), and actual job satisfaction (p<.001). In contrast, cognitive leisure competence revealed a positive influence only on actual job satisfaction (p<.001). Therefore, it is anticipated that cosmetologists could have satisfaction and pride as business owners and professionals if they could enhance the quality of life through active leisure activities.

Why Do Some Adolescents Manage Despite Parental Illness? Identifying Promotive Factors

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the association between social support, leisure time, school experience, and well-being among adolescents with an ill parent. Moreover, we explored the cumulative effect of promotive factors in relation to well-being. MethodsThe population included a subsample of 676 students reporting serious or chronic parental illness, selected from a nationwide Danish survey, the Well-being Despite Study. Well-being was measured by the five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index. Social support included support from parents, siblings, and friends. A positive school experience encompassed trust in teachers, classroom community, and overall judgment of the school. Leisure time included frequency of activities and having enough time for friends and oneself. We performed multilevel logistic regression analyses using SAS 9.4. ResultsSocial support, a positive school experience, and leisure time were positively associated with well-being. For instance, for boys and girls who felt they had enough time to themselves, the odds ratio of moderate to high well-being was 3.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8–7.7) and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.9–4.3) respectively, compared with boys and girls who did not. Cumulative analyses showed increasing odds of moderate to high well-being with increasing number of promotive factors, the odds ratio being 39.7 (CI 95%: 11.6–136.2) among adolescents with 10 promotive factors compared with adolescents with 0–5 promotive factors. ConclusionsSocial support, a positive school experience, and satisfying leisure time may be important promotive factors, and the results point toward a more ecological approach to improve well-being among adolescents with ill parents.

Developing, implementing, and validating a social toxicity assessment tool of cancer (STAT-C).

e24115 Background: The social impact of cancer on patients and their family is well known. Yet, unlike with physical and financial toxicities, no validated tools are available to measure this impact. This study aimed at developing, validating, and implementing a novel social toxicity assessment tool for patients with cancer diagnosis (STAT-C). Methods: Questions were generated through multiple steps including focus groups of patients, their families, and oncology care professionals. Content validity, internal consistency, face validity and factor analysis were conducted. The questionnaire (in Arabic language) was administered to 150 patients with cancer served at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi, Arabia. Results: STAT-C contains 14 items covering three domains: Social Relations domain (eight questions) related to relationship with parents, spouse, children, siblings, friends, members of congregation, and caregiver; Social Activities domain (two questions) measures participation in social events and leisure; and Economic Impact domain (four questions) related to standard of living, finances, and loss of job. The total possible score for each patient for the 14 items in the tool varied between -28 and +28 (Range = 56). Dividing the range by three levels of a socioeconomic toxicity yielded the length of each level, which effectively defined the categories as- Severe social toxicity (SST score: -28 to -9.3), mild social toxicity (MST: -9.2 to 9.5) and no social toxicity (NST: 9.6 to 28). Conclusions: Our study revealed that STAT-C is a valid and reliable tool in assessing the social toxicity of cancer in Arabic-speaking patients. Validating the tool in an English-speaking population is planned. The tool should enable oncology professionals to deliver better patient-centered care as a component of a holistic approach.

Social participation to support good mental health in neurodisability

Young people with neurodisability experience lower levels of mental wellbeing and are at increased risk of mental illness compared with their non-disabled peers. Social participation is recognized as a protective factor against mental illness and a potential pathway to support better mental wellbeing in neurodisability. This co-design study involved young people, parents and clinicians. First, possible interventions were identified through a rapid systematic evidence review. Any study designs were considered, which included people with a neurodisability aged 0-18 years, which evaluated a therapy intervention with social participation and mental health outcomes. Titles and abstracts were screened by two reviewers, from the included studies data were extracted and then presented using written summaries. Second, the summaries were discussed and prioritized in stakeholder groups with young people, parents and clinicians. Groups were audio recorded and framework analysis was used to identify and specify intervention elements and their delivery. The evidence review identified 13,870 records, from which 43 were included. These records were published 1994-2017 and reported studies with 4-249 participants aged 16 months-18 years with a range of neurodisabilities. Five intervention approaches (social skills training, arts, sports, technology and play) were identified from the review. Two themes emerged from the stakeholder groups: intervention in the real world, feeling judged and feeling safe. The groups prioritized an intervention in real-world social leisure contexts (i.e. existing clubs and groups) using nine key intervention elements (e.g. feedback and positive verbal reinforcement) delivered by club leaders trained by healthcare professionals using five intervention procedures (e.g. a manual and video training). This study has identified core elements of social participation interventions that may improve mental health outcomes in young people with neurodisability, which should now be tested.

Social Prescribing and Therapeutic Recreation: Making the Connection

An increasing number of people are experiencing social isolation and loneliness and this trend is becoming cause for concern around the world. Considering that isolation and loneliness give rise to a number of health problems, it is essential to find innovative ways to address this issue. One such approach is to enhance experiences of belonging within communities. Social prescribing (SP) is a method that can promote belonging by connecting people to the social support they need. The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential relationship that can exist between therapeutic recreation (TR) and SP. As we explain, TR can complement SP efforts by ensuring people have access to inclusive, social leisure and recreation opportunities. In this sense, TR professionals are well positioned to be key players in SP processes. We contend that TR practice is best positioned to work in tangent with SP to nurture socially connected communities when it focuses on building community capacity, facilitates welcoming and inclusive leisure and recreation experiences that foster regular social interaction, and adopts principles of community development as part of a social justice model of practice.

Sustainable Management of Social Enterprises Supporting Leisure Activities for the Elderly: “The Life Theater, Inc” of Busan

본 연구는 질적 사례연구로 현재 부산에서 유일하게 존재하는 시니어 전용영화관을 운영하는예비사회적기업인을 심층 면담하여 영화예술분야 특히, 시니어 전용영화관의 실제 기능과 영세한문화예술분야 예비사회적기업의 기업생존전략에 대한 경험을 심층적으로 분석한 연구이다. 이에심층 개별 면접 및 다양하게 수집된 자료에 대한 분석을 통해 4개의 범주와 6개의 하위범주, 17개의 개념으로 범주화 하였다. 분석을 통해 나타난 범주로는 시니어 전용극장의 가치와 어려움의공존, 지속경영을 위한 변화의 시도, 한계에 부딪힘, 지속경영에의 선택과 도움의 필요로 분석되었다. 연구 결과를 토대로 논의와 제언을 하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인의 여가활동에서 기존의 노인대상 사회복지 시설에서의 여가 활용이나 음악, 체육 활동에 치중한 여가활동을 넘어 좀 더 다양한 영역에서 노인들의 여가활동이 이루어 질 있도록 국가의 노인 여가활동의 다양성에 대한 인식변화가 필요하다. 둘째, 노인의 여가 활동에서 고전 영화를 기반으로 한 영화예술 분야에서의문화생활 기회가 증진될 수 있도록, 이와같은 사회서비스를 제공하는 기업들에 대한 정부나 지자체 차원의 관심과 지원이 필요하다. 셋째, 문화예술분야의 예비사회적기업이 보다 안정적으로기업운영을 유지할 수 있도록 좀 더 실질적인 제도마련과 현실적인 지원이 필요하다. 넷째, 예비사회적 기업에 대한 평가나 지원체계 등에 있어 행정편향주의를 타파할 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 예비사회적기업을 신청한 기업인들을 대상으로 단회성의 교육이나 컨설팅을 하는 것에서 좀 더나아가 각 기업을 담당하는 컨설턴트를 배정하여 배정된 컨설턴트가 한 기업이 사회적기업으로의전환이 이루어 질 때까지 책임 가이드 하는 제도를 만드는 것이 필요하다.

Occupations of Chilean adolescents: level of importance according to gender

An occupational view of public health takes care of the lifestyles of specific groups of people and how they influence their health and quality of life. Adolescents are positioning themselves as a group with their own needs from all areas of health, betting that the well-being of young people is an investment for the near future. Little is known about the nature of adolescents' occupational choices and how routines and lifestyles are installed. The challenges of this stage of life condition participation in occupations, to such a level that, from becoming involved in them, the interests and roles of adolescents are defined. The level of importance they attach to their activities would define their occupational routine based on the preferences of some activities over others. This research aims to define the differences in the level of importance that Chilean adolescents give to their occupations according to their gender. This study is quantitative in descriptive design. 109 Chilean adolescents who defined their daily occupations and the level of importance for each of them were evaluated. The Mann Whitney U test that compares two non-parametric samples was used. Regarding the results of this study, there are significant differences in the Play, especially in the play with friends, being the male adolescents those who give a higher level of importance to this type of play than their female peers. No significant differences were found by gender in Social Participation and Leisure activities, therefore, it could be said that adolescent men and women give the same level of importance to these occupations.

Gladiis ET Clypeis: Travel Motives Towards an Improvement Of Quality of Life When Visiting a Military Expo

The African Aerospace and Defence military expo is held biannually in South Africa and is classified as the biggest military expo (event) on the African continent. This study sought to determine the effects that travel motives and life domains have on visitors' quality of life. The study followed a convenience sampling technique, with fieldworkers administrating the measuring battery to visitors at the African Aerospace and Defence military expo. Data were gathered from 293 visitors regarding their travel motives, life domains, life domains overall, and quality of life. A structural equation modeling analysis indicated a positive linear relationship between the visitors' travel motives, life domains (social life, leisure life, and self-life), life domains overall, and quality of life; all of which attained good composite reliabilities. The findings indicate that travel motives have an influence on visitors' life domains, positive and negative, relevant to their perceived importance. Overall, a visit to this military expo had a positive effect on visitors' quality of life. Managerial recommendations include maximizing the uniqueness and novelty of the event, which cannot be done generically. Digital marketing should be aimed at certain lifestyle aspects that are most appealing to visitors, such as social, leisure, or military life. The approach would likely appeal to the higher order needs of potential visitors, which could contribute to their overall life satisfaction. This research contributes to the literature and methodology in tourism, positive psychology, and quality of life.

Half man, half prosthesis: the rehabilitation of people with hemicorporectomy – case series

Hemicorporectomy is a procedure where the lumbar spine and spinal cord, pelvic bones and contents, lower extremities and external genitalia are surgically removed. The rehabilitation process, in addition to being prolonged and costly, is challenging. This article reports the rehabilitation process for hemicorporectomy and shows the innovative solutions for mobility for this disability for two cases of paraplegic patients: case 1 due to traumatic spinal cord injury due to firearm injury and case 2 due to lumbosacral myelomeningocele. They presented chronic pressure ulcer which evolved to neoplastic transformation. (squamous cell carcinoma - Marjolin's ulcer). The cases were submitted to L4 hemicorporectomy and were rehabilitated to ensure the right to mobility independence for activities of daily living; social inclusion; prevention of comorbidities and pluralization of disabilities. The rehabilitation involved the elaboration of a new prosthesis for the hemibody and improvement of functional capacity, within a gain of 6 - 11 points in the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). The principal changes happened in social interaction, locomotion and transfers to a bed/chair and toilet. Despite the body transformation, patients show gains in quality of life mainly for the social domain of World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument-brief version (WHOQOL-bref). In general, there is an increase in the scores of this instrument from 1.78% -19.25%. The evolution of social inclusion through the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) reveals that patients are able to resume social, working, academic-professional life and recreation and leisure activities, reducing the number of severe and complete qualifiers from 90.91 to 60% when using the products appropriate assistive devices. Hemicorporectomy can be a therapeutic option for those in need, as it provides functionality without the need for caregivers and resumes educational, professional, economic and social aspects with gains in quality of life.

ОСНОВНЫЕ КРИМИНОГЕННЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА АКТИВНОСТЬ ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ СРЕДИ НЕСОВЕРШЕННОЛЕТНИХ ГРАЖДАН

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of juvenile delinquency being significant for our society today. The paper presents state juvenile delinquency statistics over the past few years, which remain at a high level and give rise to severe consequences for society. Juvenile delinquency activity testifies to the imperfection of many social aspects of the state policy. The author examines the main criminogenic factors prompting minors to commit criminal acts. The research methodology is presented by analytical methods, methods of analysis, description and interpretation. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the main criminogenic factors of juvenile delinquency are: a weak system of crime prevention measures, a lack of an educational function in the educational system, as well as conditions and way of life in a teenager’s family. Poor organization of social activities and leisure for adolescents, a lack of an individual approach and psychological support hiding petty hooliganism from the public are likely to lead to an increase of juvenile delinquency activity in the future. Analysis of these factors is a topical issue. In many aspects, the correct identification of the reasons of unlawful behavior of minors precisely contributes to the formation of effective countermeasures.

Psychosocial Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Living in Portugal and Brazil—A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Not many studies have been reported from Portugal or Brazil to date, regarding the psychosocial impacts of COVID-19 on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people, especially from a qualitative perspective. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of 65 self-identified LGB individuals from Portugal and Brazil participated in this study. Thirty-two participants were from Portugal and 33 from Brazil. The average age was 34.48 years (standard deviation = 11.66), ranging from 19 to 67. We used an online interview approach in an asynchronous format. All study respondents completed a structured inquiry consisting of a short section of sociodemographic questions and a single open-ended question: “As a lesbian, gay, bisexual (or other) self-identified person, please elaborate on how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted your life.” Results: The thematic analysis of participants’ responses revealed 9 recurring themes, encompassing 18 subcategories to occur: mental health (depression, anxiety, fear, anger, and loneliness), isolation (social distancing and leisure impediments), relationships (family and friends), work-related problems, education-related problems, financial problems, changes (behavioral changes and opportunity to grow), coping (seeking support, accessing information and physical activities), and LGBTQI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex) topics (health barriers, going back into the closet, pride celebration events, and online dating). Conclusions: Our results provide voice to LGB Portuguese and Brazilian people during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrating specific challenges exacerbated by stigma and sexual discrimination amplified by preexistent social inequalities.

Sexual Risk Behaviors, Perceived Future Life Chances, and Leisure Activities Among Black Youth in One Urban City

ObjectiveBlack youth continue to experience persistent sexual health disparities that can adversely impact their lives. There is a dearth of research examining adolescent sexual health and the role of perceived life chances and leisure activities.MethodsThis study uses data from Wave 3 of the Birmingham Youth Violence Study (BYVS) to explore these variables among urban Black youth (N = 404).ResultsKey findings support the role of certain leisure activities and improved life chances with regard to sexual risk behaviors. Greater time in social leisure activities was associated with earlier sexual initiation and more sexual partners whereas academic and media leisure activities were linked to delayed sexual initiation.ConclusionThis study underscores the importance of leisure activities in prevention and intervention approaches for urban youth.

Is Engagement in Intellectual and Social Leisure Activities Protective Against Dementia Risk? Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Background:Studies have suggested that mentally stimulating activities and socially engaged lifestyles may reduce dementia risk; however, it is unclear which activities are more beneficial.Objective:We investigated intellectual and social leisure activities in relation to dementia incidence and explored the modifying role of sex and marital status in these associations.Methods:The sample was comprised of 8,030 participants aged 50+ from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, who joined at wave 1 (2002-2003), or waves 3 (2006-2007), or 4 (2008-2009). The end of the study period was wave 8 (2016-2017). Subdistribution hazard models investigated the role of leisure activities grouped into intellectual and social domains in relation to dementia while accounting for the risk of death. Subsequent analyses were conducted with individual leisure activities.Results:During the study period of up to 15 years, 412 participants developed dementia, and 2,192 died. We found that increased engagement in the intellectual activities’ domain was associated with a decreased dementia incidence (SHR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76–0.96, p = 0.007), independent of the risk of death in married individuals, but not in those who were single, divorced, or widowed. Individual analyses for each leisure activity showed independent associations for reading newspapers in females (SHR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49–0.84, p = 0.001), mobile phone usage in males (SHR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45–0.84, p = 0.002), and having hobbies for married individuals (SHR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51–0.95, p = 0.02).Conclusion:We found that intellectual leisure activities contribute to lower dementia risk in a representative population of English adults, suggesting intervention opportunities.

Changing Household and Housing Statuses in Shrinking Cities of Non-Seoul Metropolitan Area

This research is a longitudinal study that describes household and housing characteristics and examines changing households’ assessment on their residential environment by three distinctive groups of shrinking cities located in seven provinces of the non-Seoul Metropolitan Area-Gwandong-Hoseo area, Honam area, and Yongnam area, Using the 4th and 13th Korea Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS), this study employed both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings show that many households in the nine-year period became older, more feminized, and smaller in size while a vast majority of them were home-owners. Although the housing outcomes among three areas were unvaried, the housing status in Honam area was largely improved, Obviously, a growing number of households used social services and most of them heavily depended on in-cash support and Medicaid. It’s noteworthy to witness increased satisfactions with job, housing and leisure out of seven domains of residential environment assessment in the studied period. While households in Honam area were satisfied with all seven components, those in Yongnam area were dissatisfied with health and income statuses. Further, the statistical analysis indicates that the assessment of overall residential environment was positively associated with all seven factors, of which social network and leisure became of significance.

Work and social functioning in frontline healthcare workers during the covid-19 pandemic in Italy: role of acute post-traumatic stress, depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Evidence highlights healthcare workers (HCWs) facing outbreaks, particularly the ongoing covid-19 pandemic, are at increased risk of negative mental health outcomes, particularly post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), anxiety and depression. Data from previous outbreaks highlighted the risk for a negative impact on HCWs' social and occupational functioning, but scant data have investigated this issue in the framework of the covid-19 pandemic. A number of effective interventions have been proposed to support mental health and well-being of HCWs in emerging infectious outbreaks, but it is important to acknowledge the differential impact of mental disorders on different dimensions of functioning. The study explored the associations between work and social functioning and PTSS, depression and anxiety in a sample of 265 frontline HCWs employed at a major university hospital in Italy (Pisa), facing the first period of the covid-19 pandemic. Individuals were assessed by means of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) for PTSS, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depressive symptoms, the General Anxiety Disorder-7 Item (GAD-7) for anxiety symptoms and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) to assess work and social functioning. Higher levels of functioning impairment were found among individuals with moderate to severe acute PTSS, depressive and anxiety symptoms with respect to those without. Acute PTSS and depressive symptoms were predictive factors of impairment in each domain of functioning analyzed. Anxiety symptoms were associated with impairment in both work and home management activities. Frontline activity was associated with impairment in both private and social leisure activities. Long-term perspective studies are warranted to better investigate the psychopathological burden on HCWs' work and social functioning and to promote adequate intervention strategies.

Community Occupational Therapy for people with dementia and family carers (COTiD-UK) versus treatment as usual (Valuing Active Life in Dementia [VALID]) study: A single-blind, randomised controlled trial.

We aimed to estimate the clinical effectiveness of Community Occupational Therapy for people with dementia and family carers-UK version (Community Occupational Therapy in Dementia-UK version [COTiD-UK]) relative to treatment as usual (TAU). We hypothesised that COTiD-UK would improve the ability of people with dementia to perform activities of daily living (ADL), and family carers' sense of competence, compared with TAU. The study design was a multicentre, 2-arm, parallel-group, assessor-masked, individually randomised controlled trial (RCT) with internal pilot. It was conducted in 15 sites across England from September 2014 to January 2018. People with a diagnosis of mild to moderate dementia living in their own home were recruited in pairs with a family carer who provided domestic or personal support for at least 4 hours per week. Pairs were randomised to either receive COTiD-UK, which comprised 10 hours of occupational therapy delivered over 10 weeks in the person with dementia's home or TAU, which comprised the usual local service provision that may or may not include standard occupational therapy. The primary outcome was the Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADLS) score at 26 weeks. Secondary outcomes for the person with dementia included the following: the BADLS scores at 52 and 78 weeks, cognition, quality of life, and mood; and for the family carer: sense of competence and mood; plus the number of social contacts and leisure activities for both partners. Participants were analysed by treatment allocated. A total of 468 pairs were recruited: people with dementia ranged from 55 to 97 years with a mean age of 78.6 and family carers ranged from 29 to 94 with a mean of 69.1 years. Of the people with dementia, 74.8% were married and 19.2% lived alone. Of the family carers, 72.6% were spouses, and 22.2% were adult children. On randomisation, 249 pairs were assigned to COTiD-UK (62% people with dementia and 23% carers were male) and 219 to TAU (52% people with dementia and 32% carers were male). At the 26 weeks follow-up, data were available for 364 pairs (77.8%). The BADLS score at 26 weeks did not differ significantly between groups (adjusted mean difference estimate 0.35, 95% CI -0.81 to 1.51; p = 0.55). Secondary outcomes did not differ between the groups. In total, 91% of the activity-based goals set by the pairs taking part in the COTiD-UK intervention were fully or partially achieved by the final COTiD-UK session. Study limitations include the following: Intervention fidelity was moderate but varied across and within sites, and the reliance on primarily proxy data focused on measuring the level of functional or cognitive impairment which may not truly reflect the actual performance and views of the person living with dementia. Providing community occupational therapy as delivered in this study did not improve ADL performance, cognition, quality of life, or mood in people with dementia nor sense of competence or mood in family carers. Future research should consider measuring person-centred outcomes that are more meaningful and closely aligned to participants' priorities, such as goal achievement or the quantity and quality of activity engagement and participation. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN10748953.

The utility of walking assistive devices among people with mobility disabled

This study compared the utility of walking aids, and activities of daily life depending on the ability of people with mobility disabilities to use walking aids. Data were extracted from the Korea Welfare Panel Study in 2014. Data of 435,947 individuals were analyzed using chi-square and t-tests. The findings from this study showed that disabled persons who cannot use walking aids independently were more likely to have a severe disability level and a lower level of daily activities than the independent group. The level of social participation and leisure activities were also significantly lower in the dependent than the independent group. Therefore, walking aids should be tailored for individuals depending on their level of independence for using walking aids.

Ageing and Longevity: Achievements and Problems

The paper presents a review of advancements and problems of geroscience, a fledgling interdisciplinary area in biomedical research on ageing and the life expectancy of a man. The author provides historical, religious, literary, mythological, scientific, and socio-psychological foundations and the premise of conventional and present-day assumptions about the human long and healthy life. A dramatic increase in longevity and socio-economic activity of a man leads to the growth of the total number and the proportion of the elderly in the demographic structure in developed countries. All this encourages the need for essential changes in the health and social welfare system, in employment and leisure, in increased funding for research aimed at solving various medical, improving the human lifespan, the standard of living, and the quality of life of the elderly people. In the XXIst century, besides combating numerous disorders of old age, the fight against ageing itself comes to the fore.

A Longitudinal Social Network Perspective on Adolescents' Exposure to Violent Video Games and Aggression.

Adolescents play video games as a social leisure activity, yet it is unclear whether peer influences play a role in spreading violent video game exposure (VVE) and aggression. It has been suggested that adolescents' aggression increases because of their friend's exposure to violent video games. This study tests this suggestion by using longitudinal social network analyses to investigate selection and socialization of aggression owing to VVE. A total of 796 adolescents from 34 different classrooms were followed from grade 7 to grade 8 (Mage = 12.60 years, 51 percent male adolescents). Exposure to violent video games, physical aggression, and within-classroom friendships were assessed at both time points. Data were analyzed by means of stochastic actor-based modeling in RSiena to estimate the effects of VVE and aggressive behavior on changes in friendships (selection), and the effects of friendships on changes in participants' VVE and aggressive behavior (socialization). Results showed homotypic selection effects, that is, adolescents became friends with peers who were similar in aggression and similar in violent video game exposure. Furthermore, there was a homotypic socialization effect, as friends became more similar in aggression over time. Friends did not become more similar in VVE over time. Violent games played by friends did not increase adolescents' own aggressive behavior. This suggests that concerns about peer influences on violent video games are unwarranted. Future studies on socialization processes of VVE should focus on influences from closest friends and investigate behavior during actual play.

The Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dengan Aktivitas Leisure

Background: The temporary suspension of Posyandu Elderly activities has resulted in a decline in the role and function of health cadres in monitoring the health of the elderly. This is also accompanied by a decrease in the health condition of the elderly because they cannot carry out social leisure activities, which are generally carried out in the Elderly Posyandu activity forum. The purpose of this community service activity is so that cadres can optimize their role and function in monitoring the health of the elderly during a pandemic. The health of the elderly is maintained through the leisure activity program provided. Meanwhile, the elderly who are affected by Covid-19can still be guaranteed their basic needs through the distribution of existing assistance. Methods: For cadres are given counseling and training on the role of health cadres during a pandemic. Elderly people are given leisure activity programs carried out both individually and in small groups, facilitating leisure activities, counseling on preventing the spread of Covid-19, and distributing basic needs assistance for elderly people affected by Covid-19. Results: Kader has demonstrated its performance in monitoring the health of the elderly and helping facilitate elderly leisure activities. Elderly people can do leisure activities during the pandemic so they don't feel lonely anymore, feel happy because they can meet other elderly people of their age, don't feel overly afraid, and can participate in social activities to support the basic needs of elderly people affected by Covid-19. The awareness of the elderly in applying the new health norms has also increased. Conclusion: Of community empowerment with leisure activities during the pandemic can be realized thanks to cross-sectoral cooperation. This activity requires a follow-up in the form of evaluation and monitoring of existing programs.