Social Inheritance Research Articles

E.M. Forster's Female Musicality: Inconclusive Counter-romance in A Room with a View

Abstract: E.M. Forster's A Room with a View (1908) musically animates a "self-reflexive gender consciousness" to expose the limits of romantic female life. Employing music to confront the logics of the heterosexual marriage plot, the novel embodies a counter-romantic subtext about the desire for female independence. As such, Forster's music moves attention away from marriage and toward female hesitation about domestic identities in early twentieth-century society. Forster's own late-in-life considerations of A Room also signal that post-war disruptions provide backgazing clues to the novel's inconclusiveness over nuptial anxieties, further highlighting how ideals of heterosexual love and social inheritance obscure the aims of unrealized female selfhood.

Social inheritance of avoidances shapes the structure of animal social networks.

Social structure can have significant effects on selection, affecting both individual fitness traits and population-level processes. As such, research into its dynamics and evolution has spiked in the last decade, where theoretical and computational advances in social network analysis have increased our understanding of its ecological and inheritance underpinnings. Yet, the processes that shape the formation of structure within social networks are poorly understood and the role of social avoidances unknown. Social avoidances are an alternate of social affiliation in animal societies, which, although invisible, likely play a role in shaping animal social networks. Assuming social avoidances evolve under similar constraints as affiliative behavior, we extended a previous model of social inheritance of affiliations to investigate the impact of social inheritance of avoidances on social network structure. We modeled avoidances as relationships that individuals can copy from their mothers or from their mother's social environment and varied the degrees to which individuals inherit social affiliates and avoidances to test their combined influence on social network structure. We found that inheriting avoidances via maternal social environments made social networks less dense and more modular, thereby demonstrating how social avoidance can shape the evolution of animal social networks.

Parental breeding decisions and genetic quality predict social structure of independent offspring.

Across the animal kingdom, newly independent juveniles form social associations that influence later fitness, mate choice and gene flow, but little is known about the ontogeny of social environments, particularly in wild populations. Here we test whether associations among young animals form randomly or are influenced by environmental or genetic conditions established by parents. Parents' decisions determine natal birth sites, which could affect who independent young initially encounter; secondly, mate choice determines genetic condition (e.g. inbreeding) of young and the parental care they receive, which can affect sociability. However, genetic and environmental factors are confounded unless related offspring experience different natal environments. Therefore, we used a long-term genetic pedigree, breeding records and social network data from three cohorts of a songbird with high extra-pair paternity (hihi, Notiomystis cincta) to disentangle (1) how nest location and relatedness contribute to association structure once juveniles disperse away from birth sites, and (2) if juvenile and/or parental inbreeding predicts individual sociability. We detected positive spatial autocorrelation: hihi that fledged closer by were more likely to associate even after dispersing, irrespective of genetic relatedness. Juvenile inbreeding did not predict sociability, but those raised by more inbred fathers formed more, stronger, associations, which did not depend on whether that male was the genetic parent or not. These results suggest that the natal environment created by parents, rather than focal genetic condition, establishes the foundation for social associations. Overall, we highlight how social inheritance may play an important role in population dynamics and evolutionary potential in wild animals.

Demographic turnover can be a leading driver of hierarchy dynamics, and social inheritance modifies its effects.

Individuals and societies are linked through a feedback loop of mutual influence. Demographic turnover shapes group composition and structure by adding and removing individuals, and social inheritance shapes social structure through the transmission of social traits from parents to offspring. Here I examine how these drivers of social structure feedback to influence individual outcomes. I explore these society-to-individual effects in systems with social inheritance of hierarchy position, as occur in many primates and spotted hyenas. Applying Markov chain models to empirical and simulated data reveals how demography and social inheritance interact to strongly shape individual hierarchy positions. In hyena societies, demographic processes-not status seeking-account for the majority of hierarchy dynamics and cause an on-average lifetime decline in social hierarchy position. Simulated societies clarify how social inheritance alters demographic effects-demographic processes cause hierarchy position to regress to the mean, but the addition of social inheritance modifies this pattern. Notably, the combination of social inheritance and rank-related reproductive success causes individuals to decline in rank over their lifespans, as seen in the hyena data. Further analyses explore how 'queens' escape this pattern of decline, and how variation in social inheritance generates variability in reproductive inequality. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary ecology of inequality'.

Mother-to-daughter transmission of hygienic anti-parasite behaviour in mandrills.

Social animals are particularly exposed to infectious diseases. Pathogen-driven selection pressures have thus favoured the evolution of behavioural adaptations to decrease transmission risk such as the avoidance of contagious individuals. Yet, such strategies deprive individuals of valuable social interactions, generating a cost-benefit trade-off between pathogen avoidance and social opportunities. Recent studies revealed that hosts differ in these behavioural defences, but the determinants driving such inter-individual variation remain understudied. Using 6 years of behavioural and parasite data on a large natural population of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), we showed that, when parasite prevalence was high in the population, females avoided grooming their conspecifics' peri-anal region (PAR), where contagious gastro-intestinal parasites accumulate. Females varied, however, in their propensity to avoid this risky body region: across years, some females consistently avoided grooming it, while others did not. Interestingly, hygienic females (i.e. those avoiding the PAR) were less parasitized than non-hygienic females. Finally, age, dominance rank and grooming frequency did not influence a female's hygiene, but both mother-daughter and maternal half-sisters exhibited similar hygienic levels, whereas paternal half-sisters and non-kin dyads did not, suggesting a social transmission of this behaviour. Our study emphasizes that the social inheritance of hygiene may structure behavioural resistance to pathogens in host populations with potential consequences on the dynamics of infectious diseases.

Типологический анализ социокультурной направленности личности представителей разных возрастных групп

The introduction focuses on the role of sociocultural determination, mechanisms of cultural transmission and social inheritance in the development of human psyche and personality. The theoretical part considers psychological types of a personality’s sociocultural orientation that were theoretically deduced through the analysis of a subject’s attitude to traditions and innovations, in-group and out-group culture. The author describes ten types of a personality’s sociocultural orientation: harmoniously balanced, locally oriented, locally-traditional, locally innovative, alternatively oriented, alternatively traditional, alternatively innovative, globally-traditional, globally-innovative, globally-indifferent ones. The empirical part provides the results of the comparative research into the types of a personality’s sociocultural orientation among representatives of three age groups: 1) age range of 46–54 years, 2) age range of 27–36 years, 3) age range of 17–19 years. The author ascertains dominating types of a personality’s sociocultural orientation for each group under study. Harmoniously balanced and globally-innovative types of a personality’s sociocultural orientation prevail among the representatives of the older generation; globally-innovative and alternatively oriented (to the values of out-group culture) types are more common for the age range of 27–36 years. Globally-indifferent type of a personality’s sociocultural orientation is of greatest research interest in the youngest age group. The conclusion looks at the key trends, factors, risks and resources of a personality’s sociocultural development among various age groups.

Accessing healthcare services as a precarious worker in Ireland

The growth and the nature of precarious work has become an important subject of research on contemporary employment. Equally, there has been an increased interest among researchers in understanding the social consequences of precarious employment. There is an increasing awareness of the negative affect on health posed by precarious work. However, a relatively unexplored issue is the extent to which access to healthcare depends on the form of both precarious work and of healthcare provision in a specific nation state. This article explores the social implications of precarious work, with a focus on access to healthcare services in Ireland. 40 qualitative interviews were conducted with precarious workers living in Ireland that took place between July and October 2017.These were part of a broader study called the Social Implications of Precarious Work Project. A thematic analysis was conducted, which revealed the following: precarious employment often makes access to basic healthcare problematic, so that many are often unable to access essential medical treatment. On the one hand they are unable to access means-tested public services, but on the other hand cannot afford the cost of private treatment and private health insurance. This has negative consequences for workers’ health. Many precarious workers are pushed into relationships of dependency, creating new forms of social inheritance, since only some can access better healthcare by using family resources. For precarious workers who do not have this, inequality is further exacerbated.

Correction to: Social inheritance and the social mind: Introduction to the Synthese topical collection The Cultural Evolution of Human Social Cognition

Correction to: Social inheritance and the social mind: Introduction to the Synthese topical collection The Cultural Evolution of Human Social Cognition

Social inheritance and the social mind: Introduction to the Synthese topical collection The Cultural Evolution of Human Social Cognition

In this introduction to the Synthese SI: The Cultural Evolution of Human Social Cognition, we introduce some basic theoretical terms that will help readers to navigate the volume. Subsequently we describe the papers that make up the volume and draw attention to points of agreement and disagreement between the authors. We also identify a number of outstanding issues for the field of cultural evolution research. The papers in the volume can be divided into three sections: (1) The Cultural Evolution of Mindreading, (2) The Cultural Evolution of Ethics and Aesthetics, and (3) Methodological Challenges.

Social Memory in the Narratives of Siberians: the Truthfulness of History and the Truth of Memory

Historical memory is a part of social memory, it is politicized and does not allow alternatives in interpretations. Social memory is valueless, it is transmitted from older generations to descendants in the form of images and interpretations of events. If the state policy corresponds to the sociocodes of the community culture, then the images of social memory do not contradict the interpretations and content of historical documents. Historical events of a traumatic nature, as a rule, differentiate interpretations of past events, reflected by contradictions between official and unofficial narratives.The object of the study is social memory imprinted in unofficial narratives of Siberians that contradict official historical narratives. The subject of the study is the contradictions caused by different interpretations of historical events between subjects of official history and carriers of social memory. The novelty lies in the application of a hybrid methodological complex, with the help of which the analysis of contradictions in official and unofficial narratives of Siberians in different historical periods and in different socio-political situations (resettlement, dispossession, war years) was carried out. The peculiarities of the interpretation of empirical material are related to the specifics of understanding the contradictions between the truth of history and the truth of historical memory. At the junction of the types of truth, one can see the uniqueness of historical reality. The authors have revealed that social memory determines the differentiation of interpretations of historical events, includes a program of social inheritance of images of the past. The meanings of "historical truth" and the truth of memory are ambiguously intertwined in the collective consciousness of Siberians.

Research on the Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage Traditional Handicraft Education Inheritance and Socialization Inheritance

The work of "intangible cultural heritage" is innumerable, and its identification, protection and inheritance are the key points. Strengthening the protection of intangible cultural heritage and carrying out inheritance and innovation has always been the theme of intangible cultural heritage protection in many countries today. In a diverse and affluent material society, intangible cultural heritage plays an important role in cultural maintenance, emotional relief and aesthetic expansion. The current inheritance method is already "stylized", and it also presents two results of educational inheritance in colleges and universities, including vocational colleges and natural social inheritance. This paper analyzes the two inheritance methods, and proposes a development method that combines and divides the inheritance, and aims to achieve the purpose of inheriting the intangible cultural heritage handicraft skills.

Early‐life development of contrasting outbound and return migration routes in a long‐lived seabird

Although mechanisms of genetic and social inheritance have been implicated in determining the migratory routes of birds, it is unclear what their relative contributions are in species where outbound and return migration routes differ (‘loop migrants’). Here, we used biologging devices to follow Manx Shearwaters Puffinus puffinus, a long‐lived seabird with a trans‐Atlantic loop migration, from before their first migration until their 3rd calendar year. We found that Shearwaters undertake first migration without their parents, setting off almost immediately upon fledging and moving along a more direct trajectory than adults, before wintering in the same part of the South Atlantic as adult conspecifics and subsequently iteratively developing their return migration route over the next 3 years, each time returning – unlike adults – via a Western Atlantic route. We propose that the first outbound migration in Manx Shearwaters is broadly consistent with a genetically inherited vector, that both the outbound and the return migration trajectories are unlikely to be learnt from experienced conspecifics, and that return migration in Manx Shearwaters (and perhaps loop migrants more generally) may be informed by genetically inherited information and/or local environmental conditions.

THE ETHICS OF UTILIZING THE YOUTUBE PLATFORM IN THE PHENOMENON OF INFLUENCER'S LUXURY EXHIBITION (The Potential for Relative Deprivation by Digital Natives in Indonesia)

Advances in today's communication technology have allowed people to interact with each other with foreign cultures. So, in the process, it is not uncommon to find cases which are later found to be put into a category where ethics can be neglected at the regional level which is indirect [12]. The Youtube platform, which in the process, has in fact carried out the function of mass media, for example, by having a significant effect as the main supplier of information needs for the audience, will certainly really need creator content that can prioritize ethics. And, to take it further, users are also part of the industry. It becomes a problem when luxury exhibitions are made into content, because there is an element of social inheritance that the Youtube Platform has in terms of the function of mass communication. Where this condition can then be interpreted as the mass media also has a function as an educator by passing on ideas from figures or in other terms, namely transmitting culture. (Littlejohn, 2005) Is it true that luxury exhibitions are one of the topics of study that would be passed on to future generations? Considering that if you use the lens of relative deprivation—where relative deprivation is described as a situation that does not have a match between the realities of life experienced and the definition of a decent life, between expectations for a job and the life experienced [13]—then it becomes a new question. if the phenomenon of showing off luxury carried out by these influencers is then justified. Because vlogs on the youtube platform in the process are then considered to be one of the benchmarks in living life by digital natives who are filled by the younger generation. If the answer is that luxury exhibitions can increase the motivation of users or viewers to work harder, then know that not everyone has access to become rich and can play this luxury. The reason people at the top level work together to maintain the stratification system is that they benefit from the stratification system and the way in which rewards are distributed [23].

МЕТОДИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ФОРМУВАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ДОСВІДУ УЧНІВ СТАРШОГО ПІДЛІТКОВОГО ВІКУ В УМОВАХ ПОЗАКЛАСНОЇ ВИХОВНОЇ РОБОТИ

The article reveals the problem of scientific and methodical support of the process of forming social experience of pupils in secondary school. Experience is seen as a mechanism of historical, cultural and social inheritance, and social experience - as a source of regulation of public life, the establishment of qualitatively new relationships between people and groups. The characteristics of concepts «social experience of teenagers» and «forming of teenagers’ social experience» are given. The functions of social experience (cognitiveinformational, communicative, evaluative-representational, activitypractical, and creative) are singled out. Interaction is defined as the main determining factor of gaining social experience, because the participation in it determines the means of activity used by a person, personal reactions, symbolic meanings, etc. The most expedient for formation of teenagers’ social experience forms of organization of extracurricular educational work (collective, group and individual) and its types are identified and characterized. The main methods of extracurricular educational work on the formation of teenagers’ social experience (discussion, training, group problem solving, individual research tasks, training, assignment, ethical conversation, method of reflection) are revealed. The means of forming social experience of pupils are determined. 

The Evolutionary Relevance of Social Learning and Transmission in Non-Social Arthropods with a Focus on Oviposition-Related Behaviors.

Research on social learning has centered around vertebrates, but evidence is accumulating that small-brained, non-social arthropods also learn from others. Social learning can lead to social inheritance when socially acquired behaviors are transmitted to subsequent generations. Using oviposition site selection, a critical behavior for most arthropods, as an example, we first highlight the complementarities between social and classical genetic inheritance. We then discuss the relevance of studying social learning and transmission in non-social arthropods and document known cases in the literature, including examples of social learning from con- and hetero-specifics. We further highlight under which conditions social learning can be adaptive or not. We conclude that non-social arthropods and the study of oviposition behavior offer unparalleled opportunities to unravel the importance of social learning and inheritance for animal evolution.

Rank-dependent social inheritance determines social network structure in spotted hyenas.

The structure of animal social networks influences survival and reproductive success, as well as pathogen and information transmission. However, the general mechanisms determining social structure remain unclear. Using data from 73,767 social interactions among wild spotted hyenas collected over 27 years, we show that the process of social inheritance determines how offspring relationships are formed and maintained. Relationships between offspring and other hyenas bear resemblance to those of their mothers for as long as 6 years, and the degree of similarity increases with maternal social rank. Mother-offspring relationship strength affects social inheritance and is positively correlated with offspring longevity. These results support the hypothesis that social inheritance of relationships can structure animal social networks and be subject to adaptive tradeoffs.

Binsabin dan Tongngebban as Madurese Local Wisdom: An Anthropology of Islamic Law Analyses

There is a unique tradition in the Madurese community of East Java, namely Binsabin and Tongngebban. Both are the absolute requirements for a valid engagement. It means that the engagement is not totally legal without the two things. In the perspective of Islamic law, this is permitted, but from an anthropological perspective, found that there is a social inheritance that is imposed on social bonds, the rules of marriage law and ceremonies in the marriage process. In line with that, this paper wants to describe a local wisdom in a proportional framework, not only seeing society legally, but also society must be seen as a culture (anthropology). This paper is collected from data interviews with two different types of community groups. The results of the study show that first, from an anthropological perspective; the binsabin and tongngebban traditions express the fulfillment of individual psycho-biological needs and maintain the continuity of life of social groups. Anthropology also shows strong the Madurese community is in upholding this tradition from generation to generation even though times round and round. Second, in the perspective of Islamic law, this tradition seeks to build three things, first building a strong agreement between fellow Muslim families, second establishing friendship so as to create a strong emotional bond, third sharing the joy that shown by giving gifts or goods so as to increase the strength of brotherly bonds by religious way (engagement).

‘We Have Equal Opportunities – in Theory’: Lay Perceptions of Privilege, Meritocracy and Inequality in Denmark

This article reports on the findings from a qualitative, longitudinal study on lay perceptions of opportunity structures among young adults in Denmark. Previous research suggests that people often underestimate the extent of inequality and that rising inequality aggravates misperceptions. Our study deepens the understanding of the multi-layered processes that form meritocratic beliefs, and it identifies key factors at the macro-, meso- and micro-level. A macro-level factor that proved influential was a cultural script revolving around the Danish lay concept, social arv [social inheritance]. At the meso level, the factor of reference groups in socio-economic heterogeneous schools was instrumental for formations of inequality perceptions, but in dissimilar ways depending on micro-level subjective factors. Overall, the participants viewed the free educational system in Denmark as part of a welfare system that equalises opportunity structures in principle, while the majority simultaneously exhibited a nuanced awareness of social forces negating meritocracy in practice.

Drivers of alloparental provisioning of fledglings in a colonially breeding bird

Abstract Reproduction is costly. Despite this, evidence suggests that parents sometimes feed unrelated offspring. Several hypotheses could explain this puzzling phenomenon. Adults could feed unrelated offspring that are 1) of their close social associates to facilitate these juveniles’ integration into their social network (the social inheritance hypothesis), 2) potential extrapair offspring, 3) at a similar developmental stage as their own, 4) coercing feeding by begging, or 5) less-developed (to enhance their survival, which could benefit the adult or its offspring; the group augmentation hypothesis). Colonial breeders are ideal for investigating the relative importance of these hypotheses because offspring are often kept in crèches where adults can exhibit allofeeding. Using automated monitoring of replicated captive zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) colonies, we found that while parents selectively fed their own offspring, they also consistently fed unrelated offspring (32.48% of feeding events). Social relationships among adults prior to breeding did not predict allofeeding, nor was allofeeding directed toward potential genetic offspring. Instead, adults with more-developed offspring preferentially fed less-developed non-offspring over non-offspring at a similar developmental stage as their own offspring, and this tendency was not explained by differences in begging behavior. Our study suggests that allofeeding is consistent with group augmentation, potentially benefiting adults through colony maintenance or increased offspring survival.

Legal science: development problems in the context of modern value and ideological realities.

Introduction. The article investigates conceptual problems of legal science in modern values and ideological realities. The originality of the current stage of development of legal science in the context of global affirmation of liberal-democratic values of public life is manifested not only in the fact that the relevant political and legal phenomena are studied today taking into account the dominance of liberal values in democratic societies, that is, in the context of their relationship, interaction and interdependence with such values (for example, individual rights and freedoms, rule of law, free enterprise, private property, etc.). The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is to determine the conceptual problems of the development of legal science in the prevailing of modern value-ideological realities. Results. In our opinion, the main feature of the development of legal science in the context of the establishment of liberalism as a global ideology, which has unconditional supremacy over any other ideologies and their concepts, is that modern legal doctrine is increasingly detached from the deep philosophical, ideological, moral and religious ideas and principles aimed at ensuring the normal arrangement of relations in society. Thus, modern legal science gradually acquires the quality of a kind of «thing in itself», closed to the study of external forms of political and law phenomena regardless of their internal deep essence, complex nature, essential relationship and interdependence with other social phenomena that perform normative-and-organizing influence on society and citizens. As a result, modern legal science is gradually moving away from its main purpose - the search for true knowledge about the relevant state and legal phenomena, determining their objective nature, social purpose and objectives, and so on. Instead, legal knowledge today is either purposefully differentiated (fragmented) in different directions, which can provide mostly purely theoretical novelty, or serves as a justification for endless social and government reforms, the constant implementation of which, as practice shows, does not lead to any significant positive social changes or achieving high quality of law and order in the state. The liberal-democratic model of law, which is based on the idea that law itself is the most effective means of ensuring civilized relations between people, is usually actively substantiated by modern legal science. At the same time, such justification is usually carried out outside the context of the complex social nature of law, its objective relationship and interdependence with other equally important social regulators, its subjective perception by participants in public relations, in whose actions it is practically implemented. Of course, it should be agreed that the law is a mandatory and necessary attribute of the civilized life of any society, but its effectiveness depends, in particular, on the extent to which it and especially the mandatory, formally defined rules of law take into account relevant social laws. Conclusions. One of the main features of the current stage of development of legal science is a kind of entropy of doctrinal legal knowledge, which is expressed in the accumulation of uncertainty in the development of objects that are studied. At the same time, such uncertainty is associated with the loss of the necessary and at the same time essential relationship of legal science with the social laws of normal organization of public life and the transformation of science into a purely private matter, in which each researcher has the right to substantiate any ideas and concepts without taking into account the social experience of past generations. Legal science is only when it explores the relevant phenomena and processes, taking into account social laws or patterns of social life, that is, taking into account certain dependencies and reproducibilities. Legal science, like any other field of scientific knowledge, needs to record its best and most optimal results, which can be obtained only if in the process of doctrinal research the researcher takes into account objectively functioning social laws, including the law of social inheritance. These formally recorded results must be taken into account in the process of implementing public policy in the relevant field or sphere of life and reforming certain state and law institutions.