Social Incentives Research Articles

Региональные особенности обеспеченности медицинским персоналом в России

The article analyzes the regional features of the provision of medical personnel in Russia in the context of various subjects and federal districts. P u r p o s e of the study is to analyze the features of staffing of medical organizations in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in modern conditions and the main directions of policy to improve the staffing situation at the regional level. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . According to the official statistics, an analysis of the staffing of medical and paramedical personnel was carried out in the context of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; in the course of the study, methods were used such as: analytical, statistical, study and generalization of experience. R e s u l t s . The analysis showed that the provision of doctors and the provision of emergency medical services for different regions of the Russian Federation is different. The lowest values of the indicator of the provision of doctors in 2019 were recorded in the Ural FD, the Southern FD and the North Caucasian FD, while in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation the most pronounced tendency towards a decrease in the level of provision nursing staff was noted in Moscow, Tyumen region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Republic of Kalmykia, Udmurt Republic, as well as in Yaroslavl, Murmansk, Novgorod and Kirov regions, which emphasizes the need to take appropriate management measures, both at the local and federal levels. F i n d i n g s . The existing imbalance in the country between the provision of the population with doctors and nurses in various regions (the difference between low and high rates is more than 2.3 times), as well as between the provision of medical workers in the city and rural areas is the main problem of staffing the system. To overcome this situation, further implementation of new measures of social support and moral incentives for medical personnel in Russia is required.

Joint tax-subsidy for a manufacturing-recycling system under further extended producer responsibility

The dual constraints of resource scarcity and environmental pollution have affected sustainable socio-economic development. However, the widely used Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system has paid little attention to resource conservation. Therefore, this paper proposes a different extended producer responsibility system (FEPR) to fill this gap. It includes two types of games, i.e., a Stackelberg game that a government games with manufacturers and a recycler, and a Cournot game between manufacturers in a product market. Through game analysis and data example analysis, draw the following critical management insights: an optimal joint tax-subsidy policy can maximize social welfare and incentive eco-innovations; market competition between manufacturers can simultaneously improve market efficiency and ecological efficiency in a well-run FEPR system; resource use tax should raise in both vertical and horizontal technology overflow, environmental cost, recycling difficulty, and the number of manufacturers while the optimal subsidy rate is only positively affected by the environmental cost of waste. The research results show that our FEPR system can save resources, reduce waste pollution, and improve social welfare simultaneously. According to different implementation backgrounds, the government should adjust the joint tax subsidy mechanism for the system to achieve optimal results.

A Review of Mining Regulations and Environmental Sustainability of Artisanal Gold Mining Sector

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining imparts on economic development more significantly in developing countries, but it is also responsible for serious environmental deterioration and human health concerns. Despite, the robust environmental legislations focused at mitigating the pernicious environmental and human health effects, little attention has been given to integration of environmental sustainability concepts into these regulations. This paper aims at addressing this gap by utilizing a systematic literature review methodology to analyze regulatory gaps and identify areas for improvement for integration of sustainable development. This study employed a systematic review designed to identify published scholarly studies on artisanal gold mining regulations for their effectiveness on environmental sustainability in the ASGM sector. A total of 159 papers were retrieved from the selected databases, 41 passed the inclusion criteria after a conscientious data analysis forming the evidence synthesis. After a rigorous data analysis, we find that the existing literature on ASGM regulations, largely do not systematically integrate critical issues of environmental sustainability. We found that, the regulations have concentrated on effects of chemicals such as mercury and cyanide mining technologies to minimize pollution and environmental assessments, while at the same time failing to address regulatory components of social issues, lack environmental incentives for the poor miners to improve production, lack of alternative technologies, lack of social securities, economic incentives and relevant trainings and awareness creation on health and safety which will continue to motivate unsustainable operations. It is thus strongly proposed that environmental sustainability concepts should be systematically and simultaneously integrated into ASGM regulations and policies in order to promote community livelihoods while protecting the environment from its rudimentary activities. The existing literature on ASGM regulations is unsystematic and inconsistent with most of it failing to fully address environmental sustainability challenges

Including a pen and/or cover letter, containing social incentive text, had no effect on questionnaire response rate: a factorial randomised controlled Study within a Trial [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations

Background: Postal questionnaires are frequently used in randomised controlled trials to collect outcome data on participants; however, poor response can introduce bias, affect generalisability and validity, and reduce statistical power. The objective of this study was to assess whether a pen and/or social incentive text cover letter sent with a postal follow-up questionnaire increased response rates in a trial. Method: A two-by-two factorial randomised controlled trial was embedded within the OTIS host trial. Participants due their 12-month (final) follow-up questionnaire were randomised to be sent: a pen; a social incentive text cover letter; both; or neither. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants in each group who returned the questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were: time to return, completeness of the questionnaire, necessity of a reminder letter, and the cost effectiveness. Results: The overall 12-month questionnaire response rate was 721 out of 755 (95.5%). Neither the pen nor social incentive cover letter had a statistically significant effect on response rate: pen 95.2% vs. no pen 95.8%, adjusted OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.80; p=0.77); social incentive cover letter 95.2% vs. no social incentive cover letter 95.8%, adjusted OR 0.84 (95% CI 0.42 to 1.69, p=0.63). No statistically significant differences were observed between either of the intervention groups on time to response, need for a reminder or completeness. Therefore, neither intervention was cost-effective. Conclusions: We found no evidence of a difference in response rates associated with the inclusion of a pen and/or social incentive cover letter with the final follow-up postal questionnaire of the host trial. However, when these results are combined with previous SWATs, the meta-analysis evidence remains that including a pen increases response rates. The social incentive cover letter warrants further investigation to determine effectiveness. Trial registration: ISRCTN22202133 (21st June 2020).

Does the nudge effect persist? Evidence from a field experiment using social comparison message in China

AbstractWe designed and carried out a field experiment in which we imposed social comparison incentives and technical recommendations on student dormitories through electricity consumption reports and energy‐saving suggestions materials, respectively. Our findings are as follows: (1) Regression results on all users show that the effect of social norms is not statistically significant. (2) A social comparison message has a heterogeneous effect on consumers' energy use. Low‐ and high‐energy users reduced their electricity consumption by 26% and 14%, respectively, in the first week after the treatment. (3) The effect of social norms is time sensitive.

DUKUNGAN SOSIAL, BEBAN KERJA DAN PEMBERIAN INSENTIF TERHADAP KINERJA PERAWAT DI RSUD Hj. ANNA LASMANAH BANJARNEGARA

ABSTRACT
 
 The problem in this study is that nurses are the spearhead of health services in hospitals and are one of the keys to improving the quality of services in hospitals. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the performance of nurses in carrying out their duties and functions in providing professional services to patients. This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of social support, workload and incentives on the performance of nurses in RSUD Hj. Anna Lasmanah Banjarnegara
 This study uses a quantitative approach. The data used in this research is primary data with questionnaire distribution technique. The population in this study were nurses at RSUD Hj. Anna Lasmanah Banjarnegara. The sampling technique in this study was using the slovin calculation and obtained a sample of 135 respondents. Data analysis in this study used multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS 16 software. The results showed that partially social support and workload variables had a significant effect on nurse performance. While the variable of incentives does not have a significant effect on the performance of nurses. It is known that the coefficient of determination in this study is 0.430 (43%), meaning that the percentage of the influence of independent variables, namely social support, workload and incentives on nurse performance is 43% while the remaining 57% is influenced by other variables not included in this study.

Individuals’ preference for financial over social incentives for medication adherence

BackgroundPatients with chronic conditions continue to face financial and system-related barriers to medication adherence. Pharmacy, provider, and payer-based financial and social incentive-based interventions may reduce these barriers and improve adherence. However, it is unclear how patient demographics and clinical characteristics influence the type of incentives preferred by patients. ObjectivesTo examine individuals’ preference for financial versus social incentives and to explore the association between patient demographic and clinical characteristics with preferences for financial or social incentives. MethodsA cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of patients was conducted with Qualtrics panelists (N = 909). U.S. adults taking at least 1 prescription medication for a chronic condition were included. Survey items elicited participants’ demographic characteristics, preference for financial or social incentives, self-reported medication adherence, number of prescribed medications, and number of chronic conditions. Bivariate associations between patient characteristics and incentive preferences were tested using t and chi-square tests. Logistic regression was performed to determine patient characteristics associated with participants’ preference for incentives. ResultsWhen compared with those who were adherent to medications, individuals who were nonadherent were less likely to prefer financial incentives over social incentives (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.55 [95% CI 0.31–0.98]). Patient income, sex, and ethnicity were also associated with preferences for financial incentives. Those earning less than $50,000 per year were less likely to prefer financial incentives compared with social incentives (adjusted OR 0.44 [0.24–0.79]). Females were more likely to prefer financial incentives (adjusted OR 1.98 [1.16–3.37]). Hispanic/Latinos were less likely to prefer financial incentives compared to non-Hispanics/non-Latinos (adjusted OR 0.51 [0.29–0.89]). ConclusionPreferences for medication adherence incentives differed on the basis of adherence status and patients’ demographic characteristics. Findings have implications for how incentive-based interventions can be structured to target certain patient groups.

Improving Product Photo Understanding for Product Marketing Performance

<p><em>The continuing social media and trends provide entrepreneurs, including students who want to start their business. A large number of users and ease of access to social media and incentives are a great opportunity for entrepreneurs to do their product marketing online. One of the major issues that are important to note in online marketing is the feasibility of a product photo because a photo of the product is one of the factors that influence consumer purchase decisions. In order to increase their understanding of the product photo in performing online marketing, the Department of Business Administration will be performing training activities to Improving Understanding of the Product Photo for the Product Marketing Performance at the Faculty of Social and Political Science Diponegoro University. Students of Faculty of Social and Political Science Diponegoro University need digital coaching to improve marketing performance.</em> </p><p> </p>

Reforming solitary confinement: the development, implementation, and processes of a restrictive housing step down reentry program in Oregon

BackgroundOver the past decade there have been numerous and impassioned calls to reform the practice of solitary confinement in U.S. prisons. This article examines the development, implementation, and processes of a restrictive housing reentry program in the Oregon Department of Corrections. It draws on data from official documents, site observations, and interviews with 12 prison officials and 38 prisoners. The Step Up Program (SUP) seeks to improve the living conditions in restrictive housing over business-as-usual, alleviate physiological and psychological harms of solitary confinement, and use rehabilitative programming to increase success upon returning to the general prison population or community.ResultsThe impetus to change the culture and structure of restrictive housing was primarily the result of internal administrative reform. Prisoners assigned at random to housing assignments offered accounts of their daily activities suggesting that the SUP provides more time out-of-cell and greater access to other services and activities. Program participants preferred the living conditions in the SUP because they had more opportunities for social interaction and incentives for compliant behavior. However, views on the value of programming among respondents were mixed.ConclusionsThe launch of the SUP occurred in early 2020, which was soon followed by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the program was never fully implemented as intended. As Oregon returns to more normal operations, it is possible that the SUP will be able to include even more out-of-cell time, greater socialization opportunities, and increased access to programming and other beneficial activities. As we await the opportunity to conduct prospective psychological and behavioral analyses, this study provides tentative support for the use of step down reentry programs in restrictive housing units.Trial registrationOpen Science Framework, Preparing adults in custody for successful reentry: An experimental study of a restrictive housing exit program in Oregon. Registered 4 October 2019, https://osf.io/t6qpx/

I, robot: depression plays different roles in human\u2013human and human\u2013robot interactions

Socially engaging robots have been increasingly applied to alleviate depressive symptoms and to improve the quality of social life among different populations. Seeing that depression negatively influences social reward processing in everyday interaction, we investigate this influence during simulated interactions with humans or robots. In this study, 35 participants with mild depression and 35 controls (all from nonclinical populations) finished the social incentive delay task with event-related potential recording, in which they received performance feedback from other persons or from a robot. Compared to the controls, the mild depressive symptom (MDS) group represented abnormalities of social reward processing in the human feedback condition: first, the MDS group showed a lower hit rate and a smaller contingent-negative variation (correlated with each other) during reward anticipation; second, depression level modulated both the early phase (indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN)) and the late phase (indexed by the P3) of reward consumption. In contrast, the effect of depression was evident only on FRN amplitude in the robot feedback condition. We suggest that compared to human–human interaction, the rewarding properties of human–robot interaction are less likely to be affected by depression. These findings have implications for the utilization of robot-assisted intervention in clinical practice.

The Construction of Social Practice Appraisal Mechanism for Graduate Students

As a chief pillar of higher education and technological innovation, universities have been enhancing national innovative capacity and promoting the social and economic development of the nation. Graduate education is an important channel of nurturing high-level talents, of which the cultivation of graduate students' practical ability is at the core. However, there are still some problems existing in the social practice appraisal mechanism for graduate students in most Chinese universities, such as the limited assessment scope, overgeneralized standards, inefficient communication during the social practice process and imperfect incentive mechanism. These deficiencies have made negative impacts on the effectiveness of the assessment of graduate students’ practical ability, the quality of graduate students’ practice, and the enthusiasm of graduate students involving in social practice. In order to promote the present social practice appraisal mechanism for graduate students, this paper attempts to construct a new graduate student appraisal system through the use of OKR (Objectives and Key Results) management approach and a more comprehensive incentive mechanism, in the hope of contributing to the improvement of the whole graduate student social practice evaluation mechanism.

Infrastructures for Phosphorus Recovery from Livestock Waste Using Cyanobacteria: Transportation, Techno-Economic, and Policy Implications

This work presents a computational framework for investigating the economics of phosphorus (P) recovery infrastructures in the dairy sector based on cyanobacterial (microalgal) cultivation. Our framework integrates supply chain and techno-economic analysis to assess the potential of large- and small-scale open pond raceways (OPRs) and bag photobioreactors (PBRs). We explore the integration of these cultivation systems with anaerobic digestion, dry algal biomass production, and biofuel/biogas production units. To guide our assessment, we propose three economic indicators that we call the “social milk incentive” (SMI), “social animal incentive” (SAI), and “social phosphorus incentive” (SPI). The SMI is defined as the revenue necessary to achieve a zero net present value (NPV) for the infrastructure, relative to the total amount of milk produced in the studied region. The SAI is the revenue required relative to the number of cows in the region, and the SPI is the revenue required relative to the total P recovered by the infrastructure. These indicators facilitate comparisons between alternative infrastructure layouts, highlight incentives needed, and can help communicate hidden costs of dairy farming to the public. We use our framework for analyzing infrastructures that recover P in the Upper Yahara watershed region in Wisconsin, which currently faces severe nutrient pollution. Our results show that an infrastructure comprising a single, centralized OPR coupled with a dry algal production unit requires the lowest SMI (0.33 USD/gal) and that this incentive represents 17% of the current price of milk (1.85 USD/gal). Our framework also reveals that increasing the growth rate of algae by 20% (e.g., via metabolic engineering) can potentially eliminate the need for incentives (SMI of 0 USD/gal). Moreover, we found that the best SPI achievable (22 USD/kg P) is below a recent estimate of the economic impact of P pollution (74.5 USD/kg P); as such, the proposed infrastructure provides a viable avenue to mitigate nutrient pollution and associated environmental costs.

СТОХАСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ И ОПТИМАЛЬНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЕМ ПЕРСОНАЛА КОММЕРЧЕСКОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

The article discusses the issues of research and assessment of the impact of quantitative parameters of material and social incentives for personnel on the financial results of the activities of commercial organizations, as well as issues of optimal management of these parameters. Stimulation of personnel acts as a tool that guides employees of the organization to achieve specific productive indicators of its activity that have value for the organization by strengthening the desired motives and reinforcing the required motivational structure in the team. Studying the influence of individual incentives on the motivation and performance of an organization is an important management task that provides information necessary for making decisions on improving the incentive system. Therefore, the paper substantiates the methodological tools for stochastic analysis, forecasting and programming the dependence of financial results of work on the quantitative values of individual stimulating factors based on the methods of regression and economic analysis, the index forecasting method. Also, a methodological toolkit for mathematical modeling and optimal decision-making on the prospective structure of quantitative parameters of the organization's personnel incentive system was developed on the basis of the obtained stochastic dependencies and linear programming methods. The article presents an example of mathematical formalization, practical implementation and economic interpretation of tools for stochastic analysis and optimal management of staff incentives based on the proceedings of an agricultural organization. The methods and tools for managing staff incentives described in the work can be used by business entities of various industries and spheres of activity when justifying the directions of restructuring the systems of motivation and incentives for personnel

Being Payed for Doing Good: The Effects of TMTs’ Social Incentives on Firms’ Social Performance

While recent years have witnessed radical environmental, regulatory, and societal transformation, an increasing number of organizations view social performance as an important business outcome. However, we know relatively little about the antecedents of this performance outcome. This study examines how the integration of social incentives in TMT compensation schemes affect firms’ social performance and what role the overall firms’ social value orientation plays in this regard. We rely on a novel database for TMTs’ social incentives for the years 2016 and 2017 and found a positive relationship between social incentives and social performance. Further, we provide evidence that social value orientation on the firm level only fosters the adoption of social incentives, but not social performance itself. Based on these findings we contribute to the literature by introducing the adaptation of social incentives as (1) an important driver for social performance, and (2) as instrumental for the effectiveness of social value orientation.

Communities, Co-ops, and Clubs: Social Capital and Incentives in Large Collective Organizations

We study a continuous-time organization design problem. Each member’s output is an imperfect signal of his underlying effort, and each member’s utility from remaining in the organization is endogenous to other members’ efforts. Monetary transfers are assumed infeasible. Incentives can be provided only through two channels: expulsion following poor performance and respite following good performance. We derive the steady state distribution of members’ continuation utilities for arbitrary values of the initial and maximum continuation utilities and then optimize these values according to organizational objectives. An optimally designed organization can be implemented by associating continuation utilities with a performance-tracking reputation system. (JEL Z13, D23, D86, P13, D82)

Platform Competition, Vertical Differentiation, and Price Coherence

This paper analyzes downstream merchant price coherence when upstream platforms are vertically differentiated. When merchants are unable to charge different prices to consumers who purchase their product using different platforms, fee competition among platforms becomes more intense. We show that with price dispersion, platforms compete for market share while, with price coherence, they compete for the market. As a consequence, price coherence can increase consumer surplus and total welfare when the quality difference and its cost are intermediate. We also compare private and social incentives of a high-quality platform and a merchant to impose price coherence and we explore the effects of price dispersion on investment incentives.

Effects of inescapable stress on responses to social incentive stimuli and modulation by escitalopram.

Stress is a well-known risk factor for anhedonia, and its impacts on social reward functions may be mitigated by its controllability. Moreover, there are questions about the effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on improving social hedonic functioning deficits characteristic of major depression. The current study in male Sprague-Dawley rats investigated the effects of uncontrollable stress on responses to social incentive stimuli and possible modulation by the SSRI escitalopram (ESC). The effects of inescapable foot-shocks on preferential responses to a conspecific, and to a compartment that was previously paired with the presence of a conspecific, were assessed in a Y-apparatus in rats that received 0, 5, or 10mg/kg ESC. Although inescapable foot-shock exposure did not significantly alter the investigation of the conspecific, it did impair the response to the social-paired compartment and, importantly, this impairment was reversed by ESC. These results indicate that psychophysical stress can negatively impact reactivity to learned social rewards and that SSRI administration can have positive therapeutic effects.

Future Directions: Study Protocol for an Effectiveness-Implementation Hybrid Evaluation of a State-based Social Housing Strategy and Three Social Housing Programs

Background: In the Australian state of New South Wales nearly 60,000 approved applicants are waiting for social housing. Future Directions for Social Housing is a response to this challenge. This collection of housing programs aims to provide more social housing, support and incentives for leaving social housing and a better social housing experience. This document presents the protocol of the evaluation of these programs and the overarching Future Directions Strategy.
 Methods/Design: The evaluation will use a Type 1 effectiveness-implementation hybrid design, with an integrated, dual focus on assessing the effectiveness of Future Directions and better understanding the context for reform implementation. Program effectiveness will be examined using quasi-experimental techniques applied to linked administrative data. The implementation context will be examined via program level data, qualitative interviews and focus groups with stakeholders and tenants. Some quantitative survey and administrative data will also be used. Findings from the implementation evaluation will be used to inform and interpret the effectiveness evaluation. Economic evaluations will also be conducted.
 Discussion: This methodology will produce a high-quality evaluation of a large, complex government program which aims to facilitate rapid translational gains, real-time adoption of effective implementation strategies and generate actionable insights for policymakers.

PENGARUH JAMINAN SOSIAL DAN INSENTIF TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN

This study aims to determine what factors can affect the low performance of employees either partially or simultaneously. There are several factors that will be discussed in this study, including Social Security (X1) and Incentives (X2). The object of this research is all employees of PT. Matahari Department Store Tbk Bengkulu, amounting to 120 people. The sampling method in this research is Probability Sampling. In this study, the authors used data collection methods by means of observation, interviews, and questionnaires. There are several data analysis techniques used in this study, including by using instrument test, classical assumption test, respondent response analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, determinant coefficient, and hypothesis testing. From the results of the tests that have been carried out, it can be concluded that the variables of Social Security and Incentives have partially or simultaneously affected the performance of the employees of PT. Matahari Department Store Tbk Bengkulu.Keywords: Social Security, Incentives and Employee Performance.

Cognitive control deployment is flexibly modulated by social value in early adolescence.

Recent mechanistic models of cognitive control define the normative level of control deployment as a function of the effort cost of exerting control balanced against the reward that can be attained by exerting control. Despite these models explaining empirical findings in adults, prior literature has suggested that adolescents may not adaptively integrate value into estimates of how much cognitive control they should deploy. Moreover, much work in adolescent neurodevelopment casts social valuation processes as competing with, and in many cases overwhelming, cognitive control in adolescence. Here, we test whether social incentives can adaptively increase cognitive control. Adolescents (Mage =14.64, 44 male, N=87) completed an incentivized cognitive control task in which they could exert cognitive control to receive rewards on behalf of real peers who were rated by all peers in their school grade as being of either high- or low-status. Using Bayesian modeling, we find robust evidence that adolescents exert more cognitive control for high- relative to low-status peers. Moreover, we demonstrate that social incentives, irrespective of their high- or low-status, boost adolescent cognitive control above baseline control where no incentives are offered. Findings support the hypothesis that the cognitive control system in early adolescence is flexibly modulated by social value.