Social Ideas Research Articles

Historical Horizons of the Modern Culture: A Mediterranean Context

The article introduces the range of questions that are discussed in the part of the present issue of the journal dedicated to the historical horizon of modern civilization. In Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the most important ideas for modern civilization were formulated. Scientific, legal and social ideas that arose in the distant past created the horizon of modern culture, which begins to take on more or less distinct contours now. The development of this topic by the scholars, which were invited to collaborate in the issue, has produced an interesting additional result: it became clear that purely historical themes can be comprehended in terms of the theory of Human Capital. Moreover, the authors have focused on the socio-anthropological aspect of the problem, which allows us to see in the practices and activities of people those ways of thinking, mental paradigms, forms of knowledge and social strategies that constituted structural elements of their culture, which were formed in the deep Past.

Пісні та особливості їх перекладу у контексті міжкультурної комунікації (на матеріалі української народної пісні «Щедрик» та англомовної пісні «Soon May the Wellerman Come»)

Intercultural communication is a set of all forms of communication between representatives of different cultures. The goal of intercultural communication is to establish interaction between cultures, with language as a link. The effectiveness of intercultural communication depends on an adequate understanding and interpretation of symbols and markers of social space, as well as on the use of linguistic means to convey their meaning. The article deals with the role of a song in the formation of a national-ethnic consciousness and emphasizes the importance of song exchange between representatives of different cultures in the process of progressive globalization. It is stated that a song, as one of the most important musical genres, is able to accurately and figuratively reflect various aspects of people's lives, as it has verbal lyrics. Songs reflect the most important values, ethical views, social ideas and changes of a certain era, create patterns of behavior, establish cultural norms and and transmits them to the next generations. The study identifies the necessity of translating foreign songs in the context of building strong relationships in intercultural communication. Song lyrics is a special genre of poetry. The need to preserve the rhythm and rhyme on the one hand, and the words as well as the meaning behind them on the other, make the translation of a song so difficult. When translating poems, significant changes to the original text are inevitable. In this regard, many difficulties arise in translation, and to overcome them a translator must have special skills and a certain amount of experience. In this article, three types of song translation are distinguished: word-for-word or "informative" translation, interpretation, and equirhythmic translation. The latter is characterized by the preservation of the melody and the reproduction of the lyrics of the song as accurately as possible. The factors that determine the choice of one particular method have been specified in this article as well. If the goal is simply to understand the meaning of a foreign song, a semantically close prose translation is suitable. But if the song is to be performed in another language, it is necessary to achieve «singability» of the translated text. In addition to the difficulties caused by the need to reflect certain ethnic realities properly, the factors that make the translation of songs so difficult are: the different length of lexical units in the source language and the target language, which makes it difficult to preserve the rhythm of the song; pauses in the melody, which can cause a break in the semantic segment; parallel constructions and multiple repetitions, which can lead to unnatural translation; use of realia and connotative meanings of words that is difficult to reflect in the target language, etc. In order to describe the lexical-grammatical transformations used in the process of translation, the Ukrainian and English songs having a national-cultural component have been analyzed in the article. In the studied material, such translation transformations as modulation, addition, omission, calquing, transcription and complex transformations affecting both the lexical and grammatical levels and completely changing the structure of original sentences have been observed. The analyzed translations have a high quality, and they are good examples of a proper equirhythmic translation.

Media representations of social ideas in the digital age

The article discusses ways of implementing media representations of social ideas in the realities of the digital age. The features of the digital model of society as one of the versions of post-industrial transit are presented. The urgency of revising the problematic of media representations of ideas in the context of modern world development due to the unprecedented pluralism of tools for the practical implementation of intellectual constructs in the coordinates of social life is substantiated. The article analyzes and identifies tendencies of a qualitatively different sense-formation of the content of ideas through visualization methods and economic technologies rooted in consumer and performance societies. It is proved that in addition to the directly perceived reality, virtual reality and the world of simulacra have formed in the digital world. A high degree of possible distortion of the meanings originally embedded in social ideas during their perception and interpretation by target audiences is noted. The high role of new mass media has been demonstrated, which also allows powerful actors to form discourses and formulate an urgent agenda in national spaces. The possibilities of social networks and blogs in the construction of society and the implementation of ideological transformations are highlighted. The concept of «media representation» is proposed as one of the strategies of powerful actors used for the cognitive-discursive construction of the world. The emphasis is made on the ambivalent role of media representation technologies of ideas in those empirical contexts that are not yet in the «digital» belt of social opinion. In conclusion, generalizations are presented that constitute the theoretical and methodological basis for the subsequent study of media representations of social ideas in the digital age.

Cancer Care in Pakistan: A Descriptive Case Study

In this descriptive case study, we aimed to understand the experiences of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care in Pakistan. The case was limited to a hospital for cancer and hospice care in Karachi, Pakistan. Data collection included interviews with patients who had a cancer diagnosis, family members, healthcare providers, and unstructured observations. Two themes of suffering and late diagnosis were developed to describe the experiences of people with cancer. Suffering occurred as a result of poverty, social ideas about cancer, and physical suffering. Late diagnosis happened because of cultural ideas about health, low health literacy, and healthcare challenges, although both themes are interconnected. The findings illuminate three key pathways that will improve cancer diagnosis and palliative care in Pakistan: specifically, the need to (a) educate healthcare providers about cancer and palliative care, (b) eradicate corruption in healthcare, and (c) develop policies for universal access to health.

“From Ordaining Women to Combating White Supremacy: Oppositional Shifts in Social Attitudes between the Southern Baptist Convention and the Alliance of Baptists”

ABSTRACTFrom its founding in 1987, the Alliance of Baptists’ stance on women in ministry served as the nexus point from which the small denominational body departed from its denominational forebears in the Southern Baptist Convention. As the Alliance adopted more and more progressive theological and social ideas, Southern Baptists adopted more and more conservative counterpoints, at times in response to each other. In 2021, the divergence of these two bodies came to the fore. As members of the Alliance of Baptists adopted a new covenant statement committing the denomination to “act to dismantle systems of white supremacy, patriarchy, and abusive power,” the Southern Baptists had walked away from working through their pro-slavery past and were agitating against critical race theory. Theological moves that began in a debate over women's ordination morphed into larger shifts that redefined what it meant to be a Baptist in the modern United States. How both denominational bodies came to embrace different systems of authority and governance in the late 1980s set both groups on divergent paths, leading to strikingly antithetical positions not only on issues of gender but also on issues surrounding race. The contrast further affirms that questions of gender and religious authority and questions of racism and white supremacy within denominational contexts are not isolated, separate questions but rather are deeply intertwined and related to one another. Overall, this SBC–Alliance history demonstrates how denominational bodies actively consider proximate organizations as they develop their own policies, processes, and public proclamations.

«Небожительница с шапкой из волос»: о жизни и даосских деяниях Тянь Сянь-гу

The article is devoted to the problem of the female spiritual path in the Daoist school of Complete Perfection (Quanzhen). The Quanzhen school was famous for actively attracting followers, regardless of gender and social status. One example of lower-class women who converted to Daoism and became abbess of monasteries was the Daoist Tian Xian-gu. For twenty years, she did not comb or wash her hair, collecting it upstairs in a high hairstyle, for which she received the nickname “Celestial Lady with a Hat of Hair” (Fa-guan Xian-gu). Despite the fact that Tian Xian-gu came from a peasant family, thanks to her eccentric appearance and extraordinary abilities, she was worshiped as a saint and a temple was erected in her honor. In memory of her Daoist deeds, the Stele conferring the highest decree [on the monastic abode of the name] “The Palace of Ultimate Perfection and Endless Longevity” (Chi ci Jizhen wanshou gong bei) was installed in it by the Yuan scholar and writer Zhang Yang-hao (1270–1329) which served as the source of this study. The most important mile­stones of her spiritual path, listed on the stele, such as reclusion, begging, asceticism, purification of the heart, are explained through the poetic and prosaic instructions of the first patriarchs of the Quanzhen school. The ques­tions of improving the Daoists nuns in the point of view of the philosophical, religious, social, historical and cultural ideas that existed in the medieval China and had a great influence on the further evolution of Daoism and its institution of monasticism are studied on the example of the female monastic tradition in XIII–XIV centuries.

Buddhist online communities on Vkontakte social network: structure, practices and ideas

Today, social networks have become a space for the active development of Buddhist online communities. In the new digital environment, new social forms of interaction between users are emerging, often with different ideas about Buddhism. Moreover, many of them are not integrated into offline Buddhist communities and practices. This process can be considered as the development of a digital religion, admixture of online and offline social structures, practices and ideas. The paper is aimed at identifying the characteristics of the structure of Buddhist communities on the VKontakte social network. We have used automated data collection and mathematical modelling methods to study the interaction between the existing online communities, identified and described the clusters of Buddhist users.

Semiosic Processes and Design Processes. Inventiveness, Dialogue, Narrativity, Translation

Design semiotics could lead to two lines of research: the study of design products and the study of design processes. As much as the analysis of artifacts has significance, the survey about semiosic processes inside design processes is the one that defines the unique nature of semiotics in the design context. This investigation follows “the pragmatist route” to design semiotics, for two reasons: (1) because it understands design as an activity that leverages the concept of inventive abduction and can provide answers to cognitive challenges; (2) because the work of design is never to be conceived as concluded in the final result, but embedded in a f low of unlimited semiosis. I will focus on the concept of semiosis according to Peirce’s semiotics, understood as a process of production of sense. In this way, I will deal with the following four processes: Inventiveness, whose logical model refers to abduction, the process that enables exploration of the ways to possible meanings. Based on Bakhtin’s literary theory and Bohm’s epistemology, dialogicity, which will be considered as the social interaction model underpinning every social idea of design. Narrativity, understood as the general scheme that is implemented in a project, understood as a series of actions leading to the achievement of a goal, and as a process of transformation. Translation, considered not only as an interpretation process that takes place between different forms of expression, but especially as a transition from a problem or desire to an “interpretant artifact.”

Развитие науки как личный проект: студентки и студенты о перспективах развития российской науки

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective</strong>. The study, based on a comparative analysis, provides an answer to the question about the features of designing strategies for involvement in scientific activities among male and female students at regional universities. <strong>Background</strong>. Traditionally, science is considered a male field of activity, less accessible to women. The article presents a point of view according to which gender stereotypes are the basis of gender asymmetry in science. A special role in the transmission of gender norms at the stage of primary gender socialization is assigned to the family and school, while the fact of gender stereotyping constructed by education in the choice of profession is stated. Girls, even with academic success, reproduce outdated gender stereotypes, considering science as a sphere of “male self-realization”. <strong>Study design</strong>. The collection of data on the social perceptions and social attitudes of the students was carried out using the "Scientific Priorities" questionnaire (25 statements about science). This questionnaire was filled in by the study participants based on 8 modalities (“important to me”/high personal importance; “ready to participate”/willingness to act; “important for my faculty”; “important for my university”; “important for the Russian science”; “important for the development of science and universities in the countries of the East”; “important for the development of science and universities in the countries of the West”; “important for the development of world science as a whole”). Next, a comparative analysis of 2 groups (male and female students) was used with interpretation in line with gender methodology. <strong>Participants</strong>. Sample: 387 students (321 female students and 66 male students) specializing in medicine, psychology and pedagogy from the universities of Kirov, Kursk and Nizhny Novgorod. <strong>Measurements</strong>. The survey questionnaire “Scientific priorities” focused on the objectives of the study was used. The statements in the questionnaire are combined into four blocks: traditional ideas about the development of science; current trends; block of socio-economic deprivation; sensitivity to political change. <strong>Results</strong>. At regional universities, male students studying at the faculties of “helping professions”, defining the priorities of scientific development, formulate them in accordance with the values and priorities of “male culture”: a technological bias, a high role of competition and an orientation towards a high status of a scientist in society. At regional universities, female students studying at the faculties of “helping professions” demonstrate an interest in the development of science, but do not consider science as a “personal project”. In addition, when studying the social ideas and attitudes of students in the field of science development, the phenomenon of a positive assessment of a remote object was revealed. Among the male and female students surveyed, the social perceptions of Russian science turned out to be the most consimilar. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. It is concluded that gender stereotypes reproduced at the level of students' self-concept are oriented towards supporting the usual format of “masculinization of science”. However, to restore the positions of female students in the field of scientific work, it is not enough just to change gender stereotypes and social perceptions. To support women researchers, social programs are needed to help girls combine professional life in science and motherhood.</p>

Born Into the Dark

Born Into the Dark Timothy Shenk (bio) Movements discover their limits when they gain just enough power to get some of what they want. That's why the last year has been so tough on progressive Democrats. They came in hoping to crush the pandemic, clear a path beyond the wreckage of neoliberalism, and take major steps toward saving the planet from climate change. Instead, they gave a leftish tilt to a string of ad hoc responses that averted COVID-19 apocalypse without delivering structural change. It's tough to slay neo-fascism when you can't even raise the minimum wage, or to launch a political revolution with a paper-thin majority divided between sincere reformers and Washington swamp creatures laser-focused on slashing tax rates for the blue-state one percent. And with Republicans poised to retake Congress in the midterms, and the political class already turning its attention to 2024, the road only gets steeper from here. Which raises a question: what happens to progressives who give up on progress? The problem isn't just about the frustrations of the last year. Yes, the headlines have turned into an eerie replay of the 1970s: inflation, rising crime rates, Afghanistan as the new Vietnam. But the day-to-day setbacks are part of a distinctive set of concerns that have been gathering strength over the last decade. There's the dwindling faith that millennials and zoomers will claw their way back to the economic security so many of their parents took for granted, along with the fraying of meaningful human relationships in the age of social media (and, maybe, recurring lockdowns). Plus the constant ticking of a doomsday clock as the planet heats up little by little. It adds up to the deepening conviction that progress itself is an illusion, that history is always ready to undo any temporary advances over humanity's natural state, where the strong do what they can and the weak do what they must. In the face of all that, we have a caretaker presidency as a bridge to … what, exactly? For now, it seems like a Harris-Buttigieg ticket, or some other human counterpart to an "In This House We Believe" sign. No wonder progressives aren't exactly chipper these days. For which, I suggest, readers of Dissent should be grateful. We're a tribe united by our recognition that pessimism of the intellect is the starting point for serious politics. Liberals have merely adopted the dark, but democratic socialism was born into it—;born out of the realization that history wasn't going to deliver a ready-made [End Page 4] working-class majority to our side, born out of the belief that collective action could nevertheless inch us toward a more just world. We know how it feels to lose faith in the inevitability of progress. But we also know you get something better in return: hope for real democracy. [End Page 5] Timothy Shenk Timothy Shenk is co-editor of Dissent. Copyright © 2022 Foundation for the Study of Independent Social Ideas, Inc. (FSISI).

Portraits on the Wall

Portraits on the Wall Tiana Reid (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Barbara and Beverly. Roxbury, Massachusetts. 1978 © JEB (Joan E. Biren) from Eye to Eye: Portraits of Lesbians published by Anthology Editions (2021). In 1978, photographer and self-described propagandist Joan E. Biren, better known as JEB, took a photo of Barbara and Beverly Smith, two of the founders of the Boston-based Combahee River Collective (CRC). Barbara gazes softly at her twin Beverly, while Beverly looks up, maybe mid-thought, with some papers in her lap. Her hand curls around her ankle, a double-sided pencil braided through her fingers. Her socks are loose and worn at the heel. She's ready to write, not run. Since 1974 these twins, along with a host of their non-biological sisters in the CRC, had theorized about the material specificities of black women's conditions. Their statement, which shook up feminism forever the year before this photograph was taken, coined the phrase "identity politics" and argued that racism, sexism, capitalism, homophobia, and imperialism could not be understood as separate issues. This black-and-white photograph captures the accessories of a life of activism and study: books, stacks of documents, a rotary telephone, a reading lamp, file cabinets. Further into the horizon, pinned onto the wall, two portraits reflect an endless cascade of black women's intellectual labor and political action. Up top is the journalist Ida B. Wells, and just below her is Harriet Tubman, who led the 1863 raid on the Combahee River in South Carolina that freed 750 enslaved people, and after which the CRC is named. It is easy to imagine the walls of present and future activists adorned with this very photo of the Smiths. [End Page 136] Tiana Reid Tiana Reid is a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Department of English at Brown University and a former editor of the New Inquiry and Pinko. Copyright © 2022 Foundation for the Study of Independent Social Ideas, Inc. (FSISI).

Трансцендентальность гуманитарного познания

The article regards the principal aspects by which cognition in the humanities is different from that in natural sciences. If the task of transcendental philosophy is the analysis of general conditions of our experience, such status can be prescribed to all disciplines that study human as a subject. General conditions of experience determine our experience even when we make them the object of analysis. Marx’s and Manheim’s sociology of knowledge is used as an example to show that sociology of knowledge as a study of the dependence of social ideas on social interests remains inside the domain of its own laws. This fact gives us the opportunity to treat it not as an objective science, but rather as hermeneutics. Its main purpose is not to unmask other people’s ideological illusions. So­ciology of knowledge is rather a way of self-understanding, which affords us to pay at­tention to our own possible ideological bias. Structuralism and cognitive sciences as at­tempts at a scientific analysis of humans and society try to ignore the transcendental na­ture of their conclusions. If some fundamental structure underlies all our intellectual ac­tivity, it should control the perspective that structuralists take on it as well. If our self is an illusion formed by the objective neuronic dynamics, as cognitivists assert, they lose the right to reason in first person, to put goals of developing our consciousness in a par­ticular direction. As long as we study the man and society in the humanities, our knowl­edge has a transcendental status. The humanities do not study some object that is external to us. They do not give us technical knowledge or technological recipes. Their goal is to make our self-understanding deeper.

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ИДЕИ РУССКИХ РЕЛИГИОЗНЫХ МЫСЛИТЕЛЕЙ

The relevance of this study lies in the scientific understanding and generalization of the features of Christian social teaching in the work of Russian thinkers, the influence of social ideas on the spiritual, religious life and worldview in Russia. The features of the influence of the system of Christian moral values on the national culture, art and literature are considered. The basis of the paradigm of social ideas of religious social thought, embedded in the works of the classics of Russian literature, is the spiritual side of human life, the spiritual principle of all things. The article emphasizes the connection of social concepts and ideas with the peculiarities of the Russian civilization based on Orthodoxy. Features of Russian religious social thought are presented through understanding the problems of property, inheritance rights, protection of property rights and personal freedom, morality, the right to existence and human dignity. The value of the article lies in the fact that the social concepts of Russian religious thinkers of the late XIX – early XX centuries are considered through the prism of Christian social teaching. Being mostly secular scientists and writers, they were deeply religious people, firmly standing on the positions of the Christian worldview. The topics of social problems raised by them basically coincide with the problems of Christian social teaching as a whole: the role of spirituality in social development, labor, the relationship of the individual with society, the relationship between labor and capital, etc. The social views of Russian religious thinkers in terms of depth of analysis and breadth of coverage of social problems in some cases surpass the social doctrine of the Catholic Church. It is no coincidence that many Russian scientists in this area have received international recognition. The article deals with the works of Vl. Solovieva, N.A. Berdyaeva, S.N. Bulgakov, V.F. Erna, F.M. Dostoevsky, P.I. Novgorodtsev. The article is a continuation of a series of articles devoted to the study of Russian religious thought, Christian social doctrine and interfaith relations in Russia, published earlier in the journal Vestnik UGNTU.

Life style marketing for environment and sustainability

Any idea of ‘Life style for Environment Movement’ is put forth in front of the Nation which also wants to follow this goal not only for itself but ‘Inside-Out’ for the Global stake holders and beyond. This goal is having two uncompromising elements one is ‘Branding’ and the other is ‘Marketing’ as a strategy for marketing of social idea or social marketing, under such a circumstance will usher a paradigm shift from present standing wherein the nation state which embraced the GM seeds and the culture of genetic engineering, gene -editing experiments are going on regardless of its impact of safety, health and environment is facing wrath of the environmental activists. The goal is to perfect the people, planet and profit.)

Экологическая культура советского крестьянства: традиционные ценности и вызовы современности

The article analyzes the process of evolution of ethics and practices of social behavior that characterize reproduction of traditional values in the field of harmonization of man/nature relations in the 20th century. The thesis of specific formation of the source base has been substantiated: in the absence of a unified system of administrative regulations, most data becomes dispersed, mostly reflected in the testimonies of contemporaries and sources of mass origin (materials of Oral history). The key identifier of the concept of ecological culture is system of ideas, meanings and values, symbols and myths of the rural community, which falls within the subject field of everyday history. The article is to provide source analysis of the problem of studying ecological culture of the Russian peasantry in the post-reform and Soviet eras as a system of social ideas and behavioral strategies reflecting perception of factors and means of ensuring the vitality of the rural world, “saving one’s own place.” The research ascertains the localization structure of ecological consciousness manifestations: ecology of mankind, habitation, settlements, and economic activity. Several major factors transforming the content of ideas have been identified: the need to adapt to the environmental crisis (depletion of the main resource of the traditional economic system of the Russian peasantry); the regulatory activity of the state; public initiatives in the field of environmental education. A periodization of the process of evolution and replacement of traditional ethics and behaviors in the field of ecology is proposed: 1861 – late 1920s; 1929 – late 1940s; 1950–1960s; 1970s – early 1990s. Periods of the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War in Russia, as well as the 1930–40s are considered in the context of extreme destruction of peasants’ ecological ideas. The division criteria are: change in technological patterns, formation of appropriate environmental strategies, formation and development of environmental education. Strategies of ecological behavior of peasantry in the field of health saving and land use are consistently considered. It is noted that the main trend in the development of environmental consciousness in the 20th century was a break in the historical continuity and desacralization of traditional values, which resulted in ecological absenteeism bordering on self-destruction of social identity.

Образ собственного будущего у старшеклассников и студентов колледжа

The article is devoted to the analysis of empirical data on the structure and content of the image of personal future among high school and junior college students. The study was carried out using the method of prototypical analysis of free associations by P. Verges, developed in line with the concept of social representations by S. Moscovici. The hypothesis was tested that the respondents' image of the future will be different depending on their gender and level of education. The study involved junior college students (153 people) and students of grades 10-11 of secondary schools in Moscow, Chelyabinsk and Orsk (191 people). It is established that the aspiration to the future still remains the leading psychological characteristic of adolescence, and the expressed optimism of the personal future image is interpreted as a predictor of readiness to overcome the crisis of self-determination. Gender differences in the structure and content of the personal future image are manifested in the orientation of young men mainly to professional self-realization, while for young women family and the emotional comfort associated with it are more important. The educational status of respondents also influences the content of the psychological image of personal future. Schoolchildren are distinguished by pronounced immaturity, naivety and cliched social ideas about their adult life, while college students show a somewhat more realistic picture.

Definiowanie pojęcia „zawód zaufania publicznego”

The legislature introduced a new category in the Polish law with the provisions of the Constitution. This category is „the profession of public trust”, which is currently an important element of the professional body characteristic. The provisions of the Basic law or other laws do not define this type of event, they do not indicate a list of professions that could be considered as „the professions of public trust”, leaving these issues to the legislature’s recognition, creates a number of practical problems. The attempt to define „the professions of public trust” is undertaken by doctrine and case law, which leads to formation of various structures of this definition, as well as determine various characteristics of people who perform such profession. In general, it is assumed that definition of the profession should respond both social idea and needs to be worked out in accordance with the definition, indicating that individuals who practice profession of public trust entrust with information about the private life of people who are provided by their services. This information, that are essential issues of the individual, determine its social status, are also professional secrecy of the person providing services. In particular, such profession is to handling personal or business needs, and can be performed only by persons permitted to practice this profesion after checking the necessary knowledge and skills. The Constitutional wording “professionals of public trust” indicate also an individual providing the profession by the public trust by a person. It is not therefore possible to pursue the profession of public trust neither by a legal person or an organizational unit without a legal personality. Individuals performing that professions are entrusted with public functions, who are associated with public powers. Therefore, to give some professions a character of the profession of public trust, within the meaning of the Constitution, is the statutory imposition of certain restrictions in the scope of the constitutional freedom of access to the profession and for its providing, and the inclusion of persons providing such professions obligation membership of professional body. Imposition of certain restrictions is not for creating a specific group of professional privilege, but serving the public interest, and the scope of the restrictions should be adequate to protect that interest. An attempt to build a normative definition of „the profession of public trust” has been also taken by the government in the draft law of the professional body custody of the proper providing the professions of public trust and supervision of the activities of professional bodies. The draft met with sharp criticism and as a result that has not been adopted. As a consequence of above, in spite of the rich literature and case law, it is difficult to clearly define the term „profession of public trust”. It has been unable to work out a compromise as the catalog of the characteristics of group of professions, even though some of its attributes are repeated by authors expressing their opinion on this subject, as well as the case law of the Constitutional Tribunal. However semantic range of the term is particularly important because allocating a specific profession in the group is related to the legal consequences by granting specific rights and obligations of parties executing „profession of public trust”. There is a need, again, to take an effort in the performance of legal concepts of „the professions of public trust” for which professional bodies are established in Article 17 of the Constitution. Certainly, this is a contest in which the general well-being and social welfare are entrusted to the professional group, and therefore they require a high level of ethics. Moreover, the relations between the persons performing the profession and their customers are characterized by a relationship of trust, certified by the criminal law, and by certain privileges in administrative proceedings. People performing such professions come under specific codes of deontological ethics. They act in the public interest and to protect certain public goods.

Społeczna percepcja energetyki jądrowej w perspektywie procesów transformacji energetycznej w Polsce

The article analyzes the attitude of the Polish society to nuclear energy as an important energy source in the future and emphasizes the social dimension of the processes, by relating them to the sociology of energy. The attitude to nuclear energy is presented in comparison to other conventional and non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, oil or gas as well as renewable energy sources (RES) obtained from the sun, air or water. The ways of thinking and fears of the Polish society towards nuclear energy are presented in relation to the processes of energy transformation in Poland. The author indicates the main assumptions of the energy transformation and presents social ideas about the future of the energy sector in Poland. In the empirical dimension, the article concerns the sphere of social awareness and uses the results of surveys conducted by the Public Opinion Research Center (CBOS) in the period from 1987 to 2021.

To Remember or to Forget: Political Repression in the Collective Memory of Descendants

The question of political repression divides society and polarizes public discourse. Understanding political repression through the prism of socio-psychological knowledge is a zone of proximal development for researchers, because the suicidal nature of repression, which A.M. Etkind points out, makes it difficult to understand terror, hinders the work of mechanisms that operate in a society that has come into contact with a catastrophe of such magnitude and duration. The study is devoted to the study of social ideas about repression, as well as emotional reactions towards repression and the repressed among the descendants of the repressed, i.e., their children and grandchildren. A total of 110 people (61.82% - females) aged 44 to 78 years, 93.63% with higher education, participated in the study. The sample included three groups: the generation of children (21 people, M = 59.52 years; SD = 9.04); the generation of grandchildren (63 people, M = 54.71 years; SD = 7.66); and the control group (26 people, M = 53.65 years; SD = 7.72). A survey in the form of a questionnaire was used, followed by a prototypical analysis of associations, which made it possible to identify the structure of ideas about repression in the three groups. To analyze emotional reactions, a factor analysis of scores on 38 scales was carried out, followed by an analysis on the new variables. The characteristics of the structure of social representations (the core and periphery zones) are consistent with the initial hypothesis that the supposedly traumatic event of repression is perceived as a personal one by the descendants but as a social one by the respondents of the control group. There were no differences in the severity of emotional reactions in relation to the category of repressions and repressed between the generations. The combined group of descendants significantly differs from the control group in the greater severity of indicators when assessing the category of repression by the factors of Anxiety, Depression and Grief, and when assessing the category of repressed by the factor of Grief. The results of the study of social ideas about the past allow us to talk about the collective memory of repression in two generations of the descendants of the repressed: in the structure of the inner world of generations of descendants, repression is a personal event of family history, colored by sorrowful feelings of varying degrees of intensity and depth.

Историко-философские взгляды В. И. Засулич (на примере работы «Жан-Жак Руссо. Опыт характеристики его общественных идей»)

The article is devoted to the work of the Russian revolutionary, writer and Marxist theorist V. I. Zasulich. The subject of consideration is the historical and philosophical views of the thinker, which are analyzed on the basis of her study devoted to the work of J.-J. Rousseau – “Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The experience of characteristics of his social ideas”, which previously remained almost without the attention of researchers. The purpose of the work is to analyze the basic principles of the approach of V. I. Zasulich to the study of philosophical thought: the desire to recreate the historical situation and the mental situation, the focus on the selection of socio-political and ideological determinants of the views of a particular thinker, the selection of unique and innovative thoughts compared to contemporaries and predecessors, the influence of the thinker on contemporaries and descendants. The research methodology is the system analysis, and reconstruction of the works by V. I. Zasulich on the problems of research. The work of V. I. Zasulich is a full-fledged scientific research: it analyzes the works of the thinker, refers to other researchers of his work. It identifies the determinants of the direction of his works, the thinker’s innovation and contribution to philosophy, as well as his influence on the further development of spiritual life, that is, adheres to the Marxist methodology of historical and philosophical research (and largely forms this methodology for Russian scientists).