Social Exclusion Theory Research Articles

The Invisible Social Class: Relational Equality and Extreme Social Exclusion

In this article, I develop a novel relational egalitarian theory of social exclusion that explains how society fails to treat socially excluded individuals – such as people experiencing homelessness, individuals with substance use disorders and mental illness and sex workers – as equals. I argue that society places and keeps excluded individuals at the very bottom of the social status hierarchy by treating them as socially invisible, or by rendering them physically invisible, or both. The upshot, then, is that part of what is wrong with social exclusion is that it creates the invisible social class.

Kuasa Eksklusi dalam Pembangunan Geothermal di Desa Ulubelu, Kecamatan Golewa, Kabupaten Ngada

The research with the title Power Of Exclusion in Geothermal Development in Ulubelu Vilage,Golewa District, Ngada Regerency is motivated by the development of the Mataloko Georhermal Power Plant (PLTPB) with a formulation of How the power of exclusion is Particed Regarding Regulation,coercion, markets and legitimacy in the dimensions of power John Gaventa with the aim of exsplaning the practice of exclusionary power,in order to differentiate this proposal, the researcher used Tania Muray Lii research theory of exclusionary power by elaborating on John Gaventa three dimensional theory of power. The research method used in writing this proposal is descriptive qualitative. The research method used in this research is in the form of excluded local communities in the case limiting community access to land and natural. Resources project regulations energy as a central government initiative and regional government support and coercive power as an exclusionary strategy as well as the market as e vehicle for exclusionand supported by legitimasi which is used as a mode of geothermal development. Resources project regulations energy as a central government initiative and regional government support and coercive power as an axclusionary strategy as well as the market as a vehicle for exclusion and supported by legitiasi which is used as a mode of the geothermal development. The complexcity of the power dynamics the occur and the interactions between various kinds of intersests in the power dynamics the occur in the context of geothermal development. The analysis uses lii (2011) social exclusion theory framework and John Gaventa (2006) 3 dimensional theory of power to provide an In depth understanding of exclusion that exixts in society. Not a few people have lost access to land and land and to agricultural land as well as the implementation of authotharian regulations without considering the local context. This research shows that even though geothermal energy is clean, the development procces can create or worsen social injustice if it is not managed well. The implicatins of these findings are the need for WKP policy reform that takes into account the right of indigenous peoples, fair compensation mechanisms and transparent decision making processes that involve the entire community as well as aducational programs to increase public understanding of community rights.

The Federal Character Principle and Political Exclusion of Southeast Nigeria, 2015–2019

The incidence of political exclusion in the world has continued to increase among different ethnic groups, and this has continued to generate tension. However, in Nigeria, the inception of the current democratic dispensation in 2015 led to the politics of exclusion in sheds of opinions of individuals whose contributions are required for the development of the country and in political appointments of people from particular religious and ethnic groups. Though the federal character principle of affirmative action has received reasonable scholarly attention, these studies have failed to examine how non-adherence to this policy initiative has increased the marginalization of the Southeast zone of Nigeria from 2015 to 2019. Based on the expository strength of the social exclusion theory and through a rigorous content analysis of data collected using the documentary method, it was argued that the non-implementation of this principle increased the marginalization of the southeast zone. Tables and figures validated these results in our analysis. Thus, emphasis is not only placed on affirmative action but rather on the manner in which it is performed. Our thought for policy implications considered the urgent need to review extant laws and policies enacted on inclusiveness, focusing on the yearly release of data by the commission across the country and effective sanctions for defaulters.

Racial discrimination in post-Apartheid South Africa? The stories of Coloured people in Johannesburg, South Africa

Dominant theoretical conversations on experiences of racial discrimination are focused on how Black and other non-White people perceive and experience racial discrimination in White majority racial systems; however, research is scant on experiences of racial discrimination of racial minorities in Black majority social systems. This paper addresses this lacuna by exploring perceived experiences of racial discrimination of Coloured people in Johannesburg, South Africa, a racial minority in a Black majority country. Fourteen in-depth individual interviews were conducted with participants. Analysis of the interviews resulted in many interviewees claiming race-based discrimination in housing, employment, service delivery, political representation and education. A few participants, however, claimed that Black South Africans are also experiencing socioeconomic problems like Coloured South Africans. Racial discrimination theory and social exclusion theory are used as perspectives for the study. Based on the findings, I argue that the perceived experiences of racial discrimination of most of the participants of the study can be explained by three interrelated structural forces, namely legacies of historical racial exclusions, the neoliberal macro-economic order and government neglect.

Self help groups and politics: A complex relationship

Despite a large body of literature investigating the impact of self-help groups (SHGs) on women, less detailed attention has been paid to the complicated relationship between SHGs and politics, beyond political ‘awareness’. Based on qualitative on the ground research in West Bengal, this article shows that the relationship between politics and SHGs is highly complex, since political involvement in SHGs can create conflict and division in communities but also can provide unique opportunities for women. By drawing on theories of social exclusion and feminist literature on the public/private binary, this article argues that politics is critical in understanding how SHGs operate, particularly the way in which political exclusion through SHGs fuels ostracisation and conflict in communities.

The Impact of Poverty on Northern Nigeria’s Development: A Comprehensive Analysis

Poverty in Nigeria significantly hampers the nation’s developmental progress, with Northern Nigeria bearing the brunt of this socioeconomic issue. Despite the country’s rich agricultural and natural resources and a relatively significant industrial sector, Nigeria remains one of the world’s poorest countries, with up to 70% of its population living in poverty. This paper explores the multidimensional nature of poverty in Nigeria, utilizing data from the National Bureau of Statistics and other sources to provide an analysis and graphical representation of poverty rates. The 2022 National Multidimensional Poverty Index reveals that 63% of Nigerians, or over 133 million people, live in poverty, with a disproportionate impact on Northern Nigeria. Contributing factors include adverse economic policies, regional disparities, and demographic challenges. This analysis underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to address the deep-rooted poverty in Northern Nigeria and foster sustainable development across the country. This paper examines the severe impact of poverty on Nigeria’s development, focusing on the acute disparities between Northern and Southern regions. Despite Nigeria’s abundant agricultural and natural resources and a relatively significant industrial sector, it remains one of the world’s poorest countries, with up to 70% of its population living in poverty. Using data from the National Bureau of Statistics and other sources, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis and graphical representation of poverty rates. The 2022 National Multidimensional Poverty Index reveals that 63% of Nigerians, or over 133 million people, live in poverty, with Northern Nigeria experiencing the highest rates. Factors contributing to this include adverse economic policies, regional disparities, and demographic challenges. By integrating multiple sociological theories—structural functionalism, conflict theory, dependency theory, social exclusion theory, and human capital theory—the paper offers a thorough understanding of poverty’s root causes in Northern Nigeria. It concludes with targeted recommendations for interventions to mitigate poverty and promote sustainable development across the country.

Perceived Discrimination and Poverty among Syrian Refugee Women in Jordan

The Syrian Civil War displaced millions of Syrian women and children, many of whom face economic challenges and discrimination. This paper examines self-reported poverty and its relationship with perceived discrimination among women, as framed by social exclusion theory. The cross-sectional study included 507 Syrian refugee women visiting health clinics outside camps in Jordan. Consistent with our hypothesis, 79.09% of women reported poverty as a serious problem, and women reporting discrimination were found to have higher odds of reporting poverty as a serious problem post-migration (AOR: 3.489; 95% CI: 1.534, 7.937). Gender-responsive interventions, policy implications, and recommendations are addressed.

EXAMINING THE SUITABLE PALLIATIVES IN CUSHIONING THE REMOVAL OF FUEL SUBSIDY IN NIGERIA

Various operational indicators pinpoint fuel subsidy as a major instrument in poverty reduction in Nigeria. However, its removal in 2023 by the administration of president Bola Ahmed Tinubu may have constitute a major obstacle to Nigeria’s Poverty reduction. It has been contended and reiterated that several interventions in the form of palliatives may have significant improvement in cushioning the economic hardship of fuel subsidy removal. Plagued with the challenges of Conflicts, insecurity and insurgency, the debate on the suitable operational palliatives to cushion or reduce the economic hardship of fuel subsidy removal exacerbate this study. Putting into consideration the economic fragility of the most populous country in Africa which palliatives best suit Nigerians. The operational theory for this study includes Progressive Social Theory, Geographical Disparities Theory, Cyclical Interdependence Theory and theory of Social Exclusion /Cumulative Disadvantage. The nature of the study was a qualitative one, and the content analysis method was used to analyse the secondary data. The study found that lack of transparency in previous palliatives particularly during Covid-19 pandemic fueled public skepticism in the present government fuel subsidy removal palliatives. It, therefore, recommends that there should be accountability and transparency in the distribution of fuel subsidy removal palliatives as a way of enhancing public confidence in the process. It also recommends the inclusion of other stakeholders besides party loyalists, such as community leaders, civil society groups, opposition party, and academia in the palliative committee.

Language, Religion and Culture as Tools for Peaceful Co-Existence: A Case Study of South-Western Nigeria

Nigeria and the world at large has experienced series of conflicts which have led to killing of innocent citizens and wanton destruction of valuable properties. Despite all efforts made at proffering solutions to conflicts and violence, Nigeria is yet to achieve the intended resolution. This paper focuses on investigating the use of language, religion and culture in generating a peaceful co-existence among the people of south-western Nigeria. In this research article, it was uncovered that the intended peak of conflict resolution in Nigeria is yet unattained. The research article was based on social exclusion theory and adopted a survey research design. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a total of 180 respondents. Data were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics. It is expected that the research article will help Nigerians to resolve their internal conflict through the appropriate use of language, culture and religion.

A New Perspective on Historical Theories of Poverty

The current study aims to examine poverty theories in light of new perspectives and approaches. The methodology used for this research, that is solely qualitative, is based on the literature. The study explores a variety of theories on poverty, including classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, Marxist/radical, monetary, cultural, ecological, economic, political and the theory of social exclusion and social capital. Some policy measures are suggested to overcome poverty such as economic growth must benefit all citizens through progressive tax systems, education, health, and work opportunities, improving infrastructure and local industries competitiveness, increased transparency, stricter enforcement, and strengthening of institutions to prevent corruption, encourage political participation through voter education, parties, and debate, encourage trade, investment, renewable energy sources, and self-help strategies to reduce poverty.

Towards Inclusion: Systemic Change Through Organizational Education

This article discusses inclusion in social work from an organizational perspective and suggests that organizational education (a new discipline and profession focusing on learning organizations) opens up new perspectives for organizing inclusion. In making this argument, the authors start with a notion of social inclusion that is connected to theories of social justice, social exclusion, and democracy. Against the background of historical and recent research on child and youth care in Germany and Switzerland, it is shown how organizations place clients in powerless positions. To this day, diversity in society is viewed as problematic for organizations, particularly when it comes to interpreting clients’ situations. However, learning can only take place in organizations if clients have a chance to articulate their experiences with organizations and participate in decision‐making from more powerful positions. The authors therefore plea for organizations in social work and other social services to become more democratized, to further a form of inclusion that leads to more social justice.

Social assistance dilemma for rural disabled people based on social exclusion theory

With the development of our economy, China has now entered an all-round well-off society and has basically achieved total poverty eradication, and the level and level of various social security systems have been greatly developed. As a very special group of people with disabilities, rural people with disabilities have become one of the main groups we focus on for social assistance. However, due to the specificity of their location and their own characteristics, rural people with disabilities have a series of difficulties in receiving social assistance. Based on the theory of social exclusion, this paper will analyses how people with disabilities in rural areas are excluded from social assistance, and make corresponding policy recommendations.

Search for Political Development and the Problem of Separatist Agitations in Cameroon: Implications for Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine the intensified resurgence of the Ambazonia separatist movement in Cameroon amidst the search for political development and its implications for Nigeria. The narrative describes the political upheaval of Cameroon as "the mistake of 1961" and blames the negative fallout of pro-Ambazonia activities on the unequal union of Anglophone and Francophone Cameroons, which does not guarantee the colonial legacies of the former, but its assimilation by the latter. Through Anglophone analysis on the Social Exclusion Theory and relying on qualitative data from secondary sources, the paper argues that pro-Ambazonia activities have far-reaching implications on Cameroon, which spillover to Nigeria due to the country's porous border security, with harmful effects. A dialectic table discussion comprising both parties' legal, religious, and political leaders on constitutional restructuring is recommended to achieve sustainable political development and stability.

Межличностное отвержение как особый вариант отношений в онтологической константе Я – Другой

The article is devoted to interpersonal rejection that is caused by breaking off the relations in the dyad ‘Me and the Other’. The scientific interest is focused purely on ostracism. It is associated with ignoring and excluding a group representative from the general communicative and role-based team network as a retaliatory measure or group punishment. The study proposes the triangle of interpersonal rejection subjects. This triangle includes the one who rejects, the one who is rejected, and the one who witnesses the ostracism episode. In accordance with this idea, the author considers the stage theory of ostracism by K. Williams. The theory focuses on the frustration of the needs of a person who has been ostracized and possible consequences of the rejection. The study also presents a universal model by L. Richman and M. Leary, which is based on the development of various motivational tracks depending on the subjective interpretation of a negative interpersonal episode. The model explains the immediate and long-term consequences of this negative experience. Further on, the study provides the analysis of the Responsive Theory of Social Exclusion by G. Freedman, K. D. Williams, J. S. Beer, which focuses on the interactive nature of social exclusion and involves the study of both interacting parties: of those who exclude and of those who are excluded. The paper describes the theory of S. Rudert and R. Greifeneder, which is focused on the third side of the rejection episode, i.e. on the observer, whose action or inaction determines the consequences of interpersonal rejection. The applied aspect of the problem under study consists in the possibility to use the results of theoretical reflection in the educational process. Moreover, it can help to develop preventive measures in order to avert antisocial behavior and to develop psychotherapeutic intervention programs and psychological support programs for the subjects of the rejection.

Occupational marginalization, underemployment, and earnings inequality among college graduates

A longstanding literature asserts that many bachelor’s graduates in the US are underemployed, working in jobs that do not require a degree, earning little more than high school graduates. Our analyses of American Community Survey data paint a different picture. The most common form of underemployment finds college graduates working alongside individuals who have attended college but who have not completed a baccalaureate, rather than working in occupations dominated by employees with high school diplomas or less. Underemployed college graduates retain an earnings advantage compared to their non-graduate occupational workmates. However, selection into underemployment reflects large inequalities along socio-demographic dimensions. We document that women, racial-ethnic minorities, and foreign-born individuals are much more likely to be underemployed, after controlling for their college majors, and less likely to be employed in the most sought-after graduate occupations. We describe this pattern as occupational marginalization: a sorting of graduates on social attributes into less lucrative jobs and show that this social segregation across occupations is substantial even among bachelor’s graduates after controlling for their college major. We consider these findings in the light of Human Capital Theory, Credentialism, and theories of Social Exclusion.

An analysis of political homophobia, elitism and social exclusion in the colonial origins of anti-gay laws in Nigeria

Critical Legal Studies suggests that any serious legal advocacy must critically engage with the social and political subtext of the law in order to yield positive outcomes. This suggestion is equally applicable to advocacy for sexual and gender minorities in contexts such as Nigeria. Based on this premise, this article employs theories of political homophobia, elite power and social exclusion to analyse the social and political context surrounding the evolution of criminalising laws during the colonial phase of Nigeria's history. The article proceeds to show that political homophobia, through laws that criminalised same-sex relationships, was a strategic tool utilised under the colonial administration to protect colonial interests and maintain the legitimacy of colonisation. This strategy was a colonial imperative regardless of whether or not the local population may have agreed to or participated in the process. The outcome of, and incentive for, this process of political homophobia included the social exclusion of a large majority of the population for the benefit of an elite class. It is argued that an understanding of the rationale behind the colonial evolution of anti-gay laws can provide an insight into the entrenchment of political homophobia in Nigeria and similar legal systems in Africa and challenge the rhetoric that these laws reflect African values.

Good for Elections but not for Government: Zongos and the Politics of Exclusion in Ghana

ABSTRACT Zongo communities – comprising migrants from the northern savannah of Ghana and neighbouring Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Northern Nigeria – are keenly involved in Ghanaian politics, especially leading up to national elections. Representing an important constituency, zongo residents expect their fair share of representation in government to compensate their diverse contributions to political activities. This article examines this expectation and how zongo residents perceive government policies and actions – including the creation of the Ministry of Inner Cities and Zongo Development – seeking to address their feelings of disengagement. Primary data were gathered during 2018 through a survey, focus group discussions and interviews and analysed from a social exclusion theory perspective. Most participants reported that there was no representation of the zongos at national or local government level. Further, the findings seemed to affirm that zongo residents are only politically important before and during elections. Participants in our study branded government interventions aimed at including zongo communities as merely cosmetic and tricking zongo residents into believing that government cares for them.

Forced Displacement, Statelessness and Nationality Issues in Nigeria

The paper is anchored on persons of concern and nationality issues in Nigeria. The theory of social exclusion is adopted to explain the extent to which people of concern have been excluded from exercising and accessing their right to nationality in Nigeria. The paper is based on a desk review of secondary sources of information from international organizations, state agencies, and other relevant publications. Findings of the study revealed conflicts involving non-state actors in Nigeria and Cameroon largely account for forced displacement and nationality crises in Nigeria. The study also found that changes in Nigeria’s borderlines, undocumented migration and ethnic agitations accounts for nationality crises in Nigeria. The study recommended that the government of Nigeria should ensure the proper registration and management of forced migrants and address the major causes of conflicts. There should be proper border management and clear laws on the acquisition of citizenship by persons of concern in Nigeria.

Digital infrastructure strategies: the case of the province of Caserta

<abstract> <p>The digital economy and the associated productivity gains generated by the diffusion of the Internet are considered fundamental components of growth models. Scientific reflection converges in considering balanced access to digital services as a diriment factor for the promotion of competitiveness, equity, economic development and social and environmental sustainability. Although the availability of infrastructure is not sufficient to achieve the full development of the territory and the community, it is nevertheless an unavoidable prerequisite for today's and future technological and digital applications and, therefore, investigating the type of association between the presence of communication networks and the socio-economic structure of the territories is essential to understanding the very nature of multidimensional inequalities and their spatial and geographical distribution, within a framework that sees infrastructure as a conversion factor and means of development for capabilities. Based on the theories of social exclusion, the capability approach and critical theory, the research presented aims to investigate, through the analysis of a case study, the possible association between the state of progress of broadband implementation and specific territorial configurations, considering also different variables of a geographical nature.</p> </abstract>

Factors Associated with Poverty among Refugees in the United States

ABSTRACT In this paper, factors associated with poverty among refugees were explored using a nationally representative sample in the United States. Relying on the social exclusion theory,) a refugee integration framework was selected as a conceptual framework of the study. Poverty was calculated based on households’ income (income poverty) and deprivation in three domains of education, health, and housing (multidimensional poverty). Multivariate models of the study identified limited English language proficiency as the strongest predictor of both income and multidimensional poverty among refugees. The findings call for more attention to English language training among refugees in the United States.