Social Dominance Orientation Scale Research Articles

AN EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION OF GENERATION Z LIVING IN TURKEY ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT VARIABLES

In this study, the social dominance orientations of the generation Z were examined according to different variables (gender identity, view of socio-economic class, occupation field, identity attitudes, purposive and instrumental values). The research sample consists of 640 individuals aged between 19-25 and living in different regions of Turkey. Socio-demographic Information Form, Social Dominance Orientation Scale, Identity Attitudes Scale and Rokearch Values Inventory were applied to the participants within the scope of the research. The results of the study show that the social dominance orientations differ significantly between the gender identities. In addition, social dominance orientation differs significantly according to occupation field. There were positive or negative correlations between social dominance orientation and some of the purposive and instrumental values. In addition, social dominance orientation predicts gender identity, education, and income status assessment.

Playing mean: Does it imply a mean player?

Games allow players significant freedom to express themselves and behave as they see fit. As a consequence, in some games more than others, we may encounter hostile behavior. We explored whether players behaving in this manner are simply expressing their personality traits in the game or, rather, adopting this playstyle regardless of them. We conducted a three-year study observing over 250 people playing the turn-based, player-versus-player strategy game Diplomacy. Subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire to determine their score on the social dominance orientation (SDO) scale—with a return rate of approx. 54%—while their in-game playstyle was analyzed for manifestations of hostile behavior. We found no statistically significant correlation between hostile in-game behavior and participants’ SDO score. However, we did find significant positive correlations between some aspects of this behavior and their success.

TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE PERCEPTION OF ANOMIE SCALE: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Anomie describes a situation in which society does not meet individuals' expectations and does not offer moral standards and a just and reasonable social context. Perceived anomie is related to numerous psychological variables, such as political decisions and self-esteem. This study aims to adapt and assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Perception of Anomie Scale. The sample consisted of 332 participants (189 women) aged between 18-66. For convergent validity we used Group Integration Scale and Belief in a Dangerous World Scale, for discriminant validity we used General Belief in a Just World Scale and Social Dominance Orientation Scale, for predictive validity we used Life Satisfaction Scale and Importance of Identity Scale. The results demonstrated the structural validity of the scale and presented adequate evidence for the measurement validity of the Turkish version of the Perception of Anomie Scale.

Predicting Ethical Decision Making in Nigeria: The Roles of Others’ Compassion and Social Dominance Orientation

Ethical decision making is a fundamental aspect of human life that impact individuals, their professional lives as well as societal well-being. Ethical decision making is a catalyst for success, peaceful co-existence, and over-all development of a nation. It seem to be, however, that such decision makings lack in many speres and societies of the world and that such is the reason for seeming oppression and dehumanization that characterize many societies of the world. This study investigated the roles of others’ compassion and social dominance orientation in making ethical decisions and the study was carried out among the residents of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State and Ile Ife, Osun State using a total of 276 participants. The Social Dominance Orientation Scale by Pratto el. al. [1], as validated by Aichholzer and Lechner [2], the Santa Clara Ethics Scale by Plante (2004), and the Compassion for Others Scale by Pommier (2011) were respectively used to measure Social Dominance Orientation, Ethical Decision making and Compassion for others. The hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis and independent samples’ t-test. The study showed that compassion for others is significant in predicting ethical decision making [F(6,269)=13.506, p<.05]. The study also found out that people with lower social dominance orientation (X = 32.3669) are significantly highly prone to making ethical decisions than those with high social dominance orientation (X = 31.1215), t = -2.097, df = 274, p <.05. It was also found out that both social dominance orientation and compassion for others significantly jointly predict ethical decision making [F(2,273) =28.561, p < .05]. Findings from the study also revealed that three (3) of the six dimensions of compassion for others i.e kindness (being caring towards others) (β =.24, t= 3.853, p <.05), common humanity (recognizing that all people experience hardship and a sense of connection to those who are suffering) (β =.36, t = 6.259, p <.05), and separation (a cognitive understanding and sense of pity towards others’ sufferings characterized by extreme isolation and distancing) (β =.14, t = 2.314, p <.05) individually predicted ethical decision making among participants while mindfulness (a balanced awareness that neither avoids nor gets lost in others’ pains) (a (β =-.02, t= -03.387, p >.05), indifference (an emotional response that avoids being judgemental) (β =-.07, t = -1.206, p >.05), and disengagement (avoidance of others’ pains rather than being over-identified with it) (β =.03, t = -0.570, p >.05) dimensions did not. It was found out that male participants (X = 32.1215) do not significantly differ in ethical decision making from their female counterparts (X = 31.7414), t = 0.639, df = 274, p >.05. Findings were therefore discussed in line with existing literature and it was recommended that Nigerians should be cognitively re-oriented for value appreciation. It is strongly believed that teaching Nigerians the importance of a sense of community will bring about positive changes in their inter-relationships with others and cause inhabitants to relate as one, and consequently promote their empathy, sympathy, and genuine concern towards one another.

Psychological entitlement predicts support for mandatory COVID-19 vaccination

Following the outbreak of COVID-19, many countries implemented a form of mandatory vaccination to increase COVID-19 vaccination rates. However, people’s attitudes toward vaccine mandates were split, and scholars pointed to their psychological foundations. This study added to this body of research and examined the relationship between psychological entitlement and attitudes toward mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Because entitled individuals saw a vaccine mandate as a way to protect themselves from the virus, they were more likely to support mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. In September and October 2022, we surveyed 636 registered voters in South Dakota to evaluate our expectations. We measured psychological entitlement using the nine-item Psychological Entitlement Scale, social dominance orientation using the four-item Short Social Dominance Orientation scale, and partisan self-identification, COVID-19 vaccination status, education, age, and gender with single-item measures. We estimated a series of multivariate ordered logistic regression models with support for mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for all adults, support for mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for children, and support for mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for healthcare workers as the respective dependent variables. The other variables mentioned above were independent variables in all models. Results showed a positive and statistically significant association between psychological entitlement and support for mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for all adults (β = 0.029, p = 0.004), children (β = 0.041, p < 0.001), and healthcare workers (β = 0.028, p = 0.007). The correlations between social dominance orientation, partisan self-identification, and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccine mandates were also statistically significant. The results of our study underscored the role of individual-level characteristics in shaping attitudes toward the management of COVID-19 outbreak.

Touching the Other’s Life in Turkey: Empathy-Focused Group Work as a Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose: This study evaluated the possible effects of empathy-focused group work on the participants, which is designed by bringing together cisgender heterosexual and LGBTQ+ people. Method: The study group of the research consists of 28 people (14 people in each of the experimental and control groups) who receive social service from a municipality in Istanbul, Turkey. The empathy-focused group work lasted 8 weeks, and pretest and posttest measurements were performed using the Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME) Scale and the Social Dominance Orientation Scale. Results: The result of this study showed that the participants were able to experience positive contact experiences in group work with heterogeneous groups, and an increase in the emotional and cognitive empathy levels of the participants and a decrease in their social dominance orientation. Conclusions: Implications for future research and professional practice are discussed.

Exposure to Multicultural Context Affects Neural Response to Out-Group Faces: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

Recent migration and globalization trends have led to the emergence of ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse countries. Understanding the unfolding of social dynamics in multicultural contexts becomes a matter of common interest to promote national harmony and social cohesion among groups. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed to (i) explore the neural signature of the in-group bias in the multicultural context; and (ii) assess the relationship between the brain activity and people's system-justifying ideologies. A sample of 43 (22 females) Chinese Singaporeans (M = 23.36; SD = 1.41) was recruited. All participants completed the Right Wing Authoritarianism Scale and Social Dominance Orientation Scale to assess their system-justifying ideologies. Subsequently, four types of visual stimuli were presented in an fMRI task: Chinese (in-group), Indian (typical out-group), Arabic (non-typical out-group), and Caucasian (non-typical out-group) faces. The right middle occipital gyrus and the right postcentral gyrus showed enhanced activity when participants were exposed to in-group (Chinese) rather than out-group (Arabic, Indian, and Caucasian) faces. Regions having a role in mentalization, empathetic resonance, and social cognition showed enhanced activity to Chinese (in-group) rather than Indian (typical out-group) faces. Similarly, regions typically involved in socioemotional and reward-related processing showed increased activation when participants were shown Chinese (in-group) rather than Arabic (non-typical out-group) faces. The neural activations in the right postcentral gyrus for in-group rather than out-group faces and in the right caudate in response to Chinese rather than Arabic faces were in a significant positive correlation with participants' Right Wing Authoritarianism scores (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the activity in the right middle occipital gyrus for Chinese rather than out-group faces was in a significant negative correlation with participants' Social Dominance Orientation scores (p < 0.05). Results are discussed by considering the typical role played by the activated brain regions in socioemotional processes as well as the role of familiarity to out-group faces.

A critical examination and meta-analysis of the distinction between the dominance and antiegalitarianism facets of social dominance orientation.

Social dominance orientation (SDO) holds a central position in social dominance theory. Since the development, validation, and publication of the SDO₇ scale in 2015, which was designed to distinguish between the dominance (SDO-D) and (anti-)egalitarianism (SDO-E) facets of SDO, it has become common in the literature to distinguish between these facets using the SDO₇. This is based on the theoretical proposition that SDO-D and SDO-E meaningfully differ and have different relationships with other constructs. However, the present study critically reviews the original validity evidence provided for the SDO₇'s distinction between SDO-D and SDO-E and notes conceptual and empirical reasons to question this distinction. Because a sizable number of studies have used the SDO₇ since the presentation of that original validity evidence, the present study uses meta-analysis to leverage this burgeoning literature to determine whether there has since been more convincing empirical evidence for the distinction between these facets. The meta-analysis finds that SDO-D and SDO-E have a magnitude of intercorrelation that would often be considered adequate for a reliability coefficient (mean ρ = .83), have extremely similar patterns and magnitudes of relationships with the variables in their nomological network, and have nearly identical means and standard deviations. Although the SDO₇ is a useful, reliable, and valid measure of overall SDO, its use to distinguish between SDO-D and SDO-E is not empirically supported. The present meta-analysis also provides insights into the nomological network of SDO-D, SDO-E, and overall SDO and the distributional characteristics of study participants' SDO scale scores. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Six of one: The relationship between social dominance orientation and orientation to cyclists

Cycling uptake in Ireland is very low, and communications related to cycling and cyclists is generally negative. The author hypothesised that Social Dominance Theory can be applied to understand this. A survey was designed and distributed which allowed respondents to complete the well-established Social Dominance Orientation scale, and a Cyclist Orientation scale designed by the author to test a respondent's orientation towards cycling and cyclists. Scores for both were converted to percent so as to compare like for like. A correlation was found between respondents' SDO score and CO score. This suggests that there is a relationship between Social Dominance Orientation and one's attitude to cyclists.

Development of Social Dominance Orientation Towards Caste Category Scale and Hindi Translation of Social Dominance Orientation Scale for Different Social Categories in India

Development of Social Dominance Orientation Towards Caste Category Scale and Hindi Translation of Social Dominance Orientation Scale for Different Social Categories in India

Validity Evidence of the Social Dominance Orientation Scale in Brazil

Resumo O presente estudo buscou adaptar a Escala de Orientação à Dominância Social (SDO7) para o contexto brasileiro, propor uma versão reduzida do instrumento, avaliar sua estrutura fatorial e evidências de validade entre grupos. Para tanto, realizou-se coleta de dados on-line em que participaram 1.056 indivíduos de quatro diferentes amostras. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias indicaram os melhores índices de ajuste para a estrutura original de quatro fatores, sendo dois substanciais (Dominância e Anti-Igualitarismo) e dois de método (pró-traço e contra-traço). Os fatores substanciais, denominados “Dominância Social” e “Anti-Igualitarismo”, apresentaram alfa de Cronbach superior a 0,70 em todas as amostras. As versões longa e reduzida da escala apresentaram bons índices de validade de critério entre grupos com correlações altas entre os escores dos fatores substanciais e a autocategorização política. Portanto, o instrumento apresentou evidências de validade e fidedignidade e podem ser utilizados em estudos futuros.

Which styles of moral reasoning predict apprehension toward consensual non-monogamy?

Consensual non-monogamy (CNM) refers to any intimate relationship where partners agree to form multiple, concurrent intimate relationships. Stigma against CNM is well-documented, but its antecedents are unclear. Here, we test how apprehension toward CNM is related to moral reasoning. In Study 1, participants (N = 229) identified reasons why people disapprove of CNM from which we created the CNM Apprehension Scale (CNMapp). In Study 2, participants (N = 726) completed the CNMapp alongside established measures of moral decision-making: the moral foundations questionnaire, the social dominance orientation scale, the zero-sum thinking in romantic relationships scale, the moral approbation scale, and the HEXACO-60. We identified five reasons for CNM apprehension: 1) anticipated relationship conflict, 2) moral belief violation, 3) reputational damage, 4) sexual health risk, and 5) same-sex intimacy. People who scored higher on CNMapp reported more zero-sum thinking about their romantic relationships, stronger purity and antiegalitarian beliefs, lower openness to experience, and greater desire for moral approbation from others. We argue that CNM apprehension can be traced to two primary concerns: unrestricted sociosexuality and risk of interpersonal conflict. We conclude by considering how moral intuitions about CNM may be adaptively mismatched to environments where technology addresses the recurrent adaptive challenges of non-monogamy.

U.S. public perceptions of Mexican immigrants: Effects of immigrant acculturation strategy, documentation status, and gender and participants’ social dominance

Given the salience and rise of anti-immigrant sentiments in the United States, Mexican immigrants who are not integrated into the American cultural system, are undocumented, or are men may be particularly susceptible to negative treatment. Moreover, people who are high in social dominance orientation (SDO) endorse social hierarchies and are more likely to perceive groups from a lower status less positively. Using a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design, we presented participants (N = 243) with a vignette describing a Mexican immigrant who differed on acculturation strategy (assimilated or separated), documentation status (documented or undocumented), and gender (woman or man). We then asked participants to answer questions about the Mexican immigrant and complete an SDO scale. Overall, participants had more negative perceptions of separated (vs. assimilated) and undocumented (vs. documented) Mexican immigrants, and they felt less positively about Mexican immigrant women (vs. men). Participants with high SDO felt more negatively about separated (vs. assimilated) Mexican immigrants. Additionally, participants perceived the separated (vs. assimilated) Mexican immigrant as being more representative of Mexican immigrants as a group, but they identified more with the assimilated (vs. separated) Mexican immigrant. We also assessed participants’ attitudes toward Mexican immigrants in general and found that they perceived greater competitiveness toward undocumented (vs. documented) Mexican immigrants. These findings provide important insight into factors that impact U.S. perceptions of Mexican immigrants—a starting point to better understand and improve relations between the U.S. public and Mexican immigrants.

Ideological Influences on Intergroup Attitudes in the Context of The Hague Court Boundary Dispute between Peru and Chile

In the context of the border dispute presented by Peru against Chile in the The Hague Court, this study analyzes the influences of two ideological motivational dimensions: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) on a set of intergroup attitudes that involve both nations. To this end, a survey study of 196 Chileans and 223 Peruvians participants was conducted. The instruments used to measure ideology and political attitudes are the following ones: RWA Scale; SDO Scale; Scale of Intergroup attitudes between Chile-Peru and specific questions on interest in the Hague litigation and willingness to fight for one's country. The results show that in the Peruvian case attitudes of belligerence and alert and a greater willingness to fight for the country are better explained by the RWA, while in the Chilean case these same attitudes are explained both by the RWA as well as the SDO. On the other hand, pacificist attitudes are explained inversely by SDO in both countries. These findings support the hypothesis that intergroup dynamics between both countries have been marked by expressed actions of a Chilean expansionism versus a Peruvian vengefulness and suggest that equalitarianism will promote attitudes toward respect and cooperation between both groups, changing the frames of expansionism and vengefulness for one of a culture of peace.

Адаптация Методики аттитюдов к физической инвалидности на российской выборке

Objective. The Attitudes to Physical Disability Scale (ADS) adaptation.Background. Opinion polls show that in Russia perception of people with disabilities is complex and ambiguous. However, there is still no reliable method for measuring attitudes towards disability in Russia, but attitudes influence people with disabilities’ well-being and their inclusion.Study design. We conducted 2 studies. Within study 1 the original scale items were translated, tested at the stages of cognitive interviews and web-probing and corrected. Then a survey containing only the translated scale was conducted. In study 2 additional scales were included in the questionnaire in order to check the construct validity of the ADS.Participants. Study 1 sample included 627 respondents (45,6% men, Mage=35.99). Study 2 sample included 738 respondents (45,8% men, Mage=36.21).Measurements. During the research a series of cognitive interviews, web-probing and 2 surveys were conducted. Attitudes to Physical Disability Scale, social dominance orientation scale, just world belief scale and «Big Five Inventory» were used.Results. EFA results revealed the 3-factor structure of the Russian ADS version. CFA results indicated that the model has a good fit. Correlation analysis results proved scale construct validity, while high Cronbach’s α score proved its internal consistency.Conclusions. Russian ADS version proved to be a reliable and valid tool for investigating attitudes towards people with disabilities in Russia.

The degree of heterogeneity of news consumption in Germany—Descriptive statistics and relations with individual differences in personality, ideological attitudes, and voting intentions

This study aimed to examine the degree of homogeneity versus heterogeneity of individuals’ political information environments across offline and online media types and relations with sociodemographic variables, personality, and political attitudes. In two online surveys, German participants (sample 1: N = 686; sample 2: N = 702) provided information on sociodemographic variables, consumption of political news, and voting intentions, and completed the Big Five Inventory and Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) scales. Results revealed that absolutely homogeneous political news consumption was evident for a small proportion of individuals (2.04% and 0.43%). Openness (positively) and Agreeableness (negatively) exhibited significant associations with the degree of heterogeneity of political information environments across samples. No consistent patterns of relations with either the ideological attitudes of RWA and SDO or voting intentions were observed. The findings shed light on the existence of absolutely homogeneous political information environments and “who” might be prone to a more homogeneous versus more heterogeneous information environment.

Social dominance orientation predicts civil and military intelligence analysts’ utilitarian responses to ethics-of-intelligence dilemmas

What is the real ethical framework of an intelligence analyst? We addressed this question by presenting a group of civil and military intelligence analysts (N = 41), and a control group of non-professionals (N = 41), with a set of dilemmas depicting intelligence agents facing the decision whether to violate a deontological rule where that would benefit their work (ethics-of-intelligence dilemmas). Participants judged how much violating the rule was acceptable. Next, we measured participants’ individual differences in social dominance orientation (using the Social Dominance Orientation scale which measures the proclivity to endorse intergroup hierarchy and anti-egalitarianism), their deontological and utilitarian response tendencies (using classical moral dilemmas), and how much they value rule conformity, traditions, and safety and stability in the society (using the Value Survey). A multiple regression analysis revealed that, among all the factors, only social dominance significantly helped explain variability in intelligence analysts’ but not non-professionals’ resolutions of the ethics-of-intelligence dilemmas. Specifically, social dominance positively predicted the tendency to judge violating the deontological rule acceptable, possibly suggesting that analysts who show a stronger proclivity to desire their country or company to prevail over others are also more lenient toward deontological violations if these result in a greater good for the state or the company. For the first time in the open literature, we elucidated some key aspects of the real ethics of intelligence.

Refining the Short Social Dominance Orientation scale (SSDO): A validation in seven European countries

People and societies differ in their tendency to justify inequalities and group hierarchies, a motivation that has been labelled social dominance orientation (SDO). In order to efficiently measure this motivational tendency, Pratto and colleagues (2013, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612473663) proposed the four-item Short Social Dominance Orientation (SSDO) scale. The present study comprehensively assesses the SSDO scale’s psychometric properties in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, and Poland). Using large and diverse samples from these countries, we propose a measurement model to assess the scale’s structural validity and we assess measurement invariance (MI), reliability, and convergent validity. Results suggest that the scale is sufficiently reliable, shows theoretically predictable and consistent correlations with external criteria across countries, it exhibits at least partial scalar and partial uniqueness MI across the seven countries and full MI across gender. These findings offer support for the psychometric quality of the SSDO scale and its usefulness for cross-national and multi-topic social surveys.

Yeni Sosyal Baskınlık Yönelimi Ölçeği’nin (SBY7 ) Türkçeye Uyarlanması

Social dominance orientation (SDO) represents an individual tendency to support already existing hierarchical social structures. Recent research has indicated that this phenomenon has a two-factor structure: SDO-Dominance (SDO-D) and SDO-Egalitarianism (SDO-E). The aim of this study is to adapt the New Social Dominance Orientation Scale (SDO7 ), developed by Ho et al. (2015), to measure the two-factor structure of SDO for the Turkish context. For this purpose, SDO7 was applied to 730 participants (222 men, 507 women and one missing) from two different samples. Additionally, an Ambivalent Sexism Scale, General System Justification Scale (sample-1), Gender Related System Justification Scale (sample-2) and a Short Question Form (which was created to determine participants’ levels of support for social welfare, income justice, and war) were also applied. Results of confirmatory factor analysis support a four-factor structure that contains both substantive and methodological items. The results for construct validity showed that SDO, SDO-D, and SDO-E were positively correlated with benevolent and hostile sexism and general system justification (sample-1), and gender related system justification (sample-2). Furthermore, in order to test construct validity the semi-partial correlations between SDO-D and criterion variables and those between SDO-E and criterion variables were compared. Results indicated that, only 3 of the 12 different semi-partial correlation comparisons were significant. These results implied that SDO-D and SDO-E were not consistently different in terms of their relations with the criterion variables measured for this study. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that SDO7 has a four-factor structure that contains both substantive and methodological dimensions of social dominance orientation in Turkey. However, theoretically SDO-E and SDO-D are not clearly separated from one another. Thus, SDO7 can be used as a one-factor scale which includes different aspects of social dominance orientation in Turkey.

The effects of lesbian, gay, and bisexual experiences and internal beliefs on lesbian, gay, and bisexual affirmative counselor competence among Chinese counselors.

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) affirmative counselor competence is important for counselors to work effectively with sexual minority clients, but the level of competence is unclear among counselors in China, given the more conservative sociocultural climate. To understand the factors that contribute to Chinese counselors' LGB affirmative counselor competence, this study examined how situational (e.g., LGB experiences) and cognitive factors (e.g., internal beliefs) contribute to such competence in light of cultural learning theory. A total of 672 counselors (79.40% female; Mage = 36.33 years, SD = 7.87) from Mainland China completed an online survey. They provided information about demographics and LGB experiences (i.e., hours of LGB training, number of LGB clients, and number of LGB friends) and completed the Essentialist Beliefs Scale, Social Dominance Orientation Scale, and Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale (SOCCS). Structural equation modeling results indicated that number of LGB friends was positively associated with SOCCS-Attitude. Number of LGB clients had the greatest effect on SOCCS-Skill, followed by hours of LGB training and number of LGB friends. Lower discreteness belief, higher immutability belief, and lower social dominance orientation were associated with higher level of SOCCS-Attitude. Higher universality belief was associated with higher levels of SOCCS-Knowledge and Skill. Interestingly, more hours of LGB training were not associated with higher levels of SOCCS-Attitude and Knowledge. In addition, counselors' gender or sexual orientation did not moderate the effects of LGB experiences and internal beliefs on LGB affirmative counselor competence. The implications for these findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).