Social Dialects Research Articles

Dialek Sosial Masyarakat Bugis-Makassar Kelurahan Minasa Upa Kecamatan Rappocini Kota Makassar

Language and society are very closely related, this relationship includes age and social status which mutually influence language, voice color and accent for each language speaker. Sociolect (from the words social and dialect) or social dialect is a language variation associated with a particular social group. Sociolect occurs in various groups of society according to social class, age and occupation. Language differences between upper class and lower class society, teenagers and old people, doctors and lawyers, are examples of social dialect. This research aims to describe the use of sociolectic language variations in communication between the Bugis-Makassar community, Minasa Upa Village, Rappocini District, Makassar City. The data in this research are all everyday language utterances in communication that are identified as using sociolect. Meanwhile, the data source used is the Bugis-Makassar community who live in Minasa Upa Village, Rappocini District, Makassar City. Data collection techniques include; observation techniques, recording techniques and note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique is carried out in an interpretative descriptive manner, namely data that has been collected on a device, listened to and recorded, then identified and analyzed in depth by sorting and selecting information according to the research focus, namely the various forms of sociolect in communication among the Bugis-Makassar community. Based on the results of the research, the researchers found 16 data on sociolectic language variations, especially conversations in terms of age level, nobility level, and education level, with details of 8 data variations of colloquial language, 2 data variations of slang language, and 6 data variations of vulgar language.

Sydney Speaks corpus: An overview

ABSTRACT Sydney Speaks is a sociolinguistic project exploring variation and change in Australian English. The Sydney Speaks corpus combines two legacy sub-corpora recorded in the 1970s and 1980s (Barbara Horvath’s Sydney Social Dialect Survey and the NSW Bicentennial Oral History Collection) with a contemporary sub-corpus, recorded from 2015 to the present (the ANU Corpus of Sydney Speech). Recordings come from oral histories and sociolinguistic interviews with 265 Sydneysiders, born from 1889 to 2001, stratified according to age, social class, gender and ethnicity. To date, approximately 120 h (1.2 million words) have been transcribed and time aligned at both the utterance and segment level. The corpus makes a unique contribution to the study of ethnic variation: as a longitudinal corpus, it facilitates real-time exploration of ethnic variation, allowing questions around the longevity of ethnolects to be answered; the class stratification of the data allows for consideration of the intersection between class and ethnicity; transcriptions that are time aligned at the level of the Intonation Unit and at the level of the segment allow for analyses of phonetic, morphosyntactic and discourse features; and the content of the interviews both provides contextualization for the linguistic patterns observed and sheds light on Australia’s history.

Variasi Bahasa Dalam Film Keluarga Cemara: Kajian Sosiolinguistik

Language and age is a sociolinguistic realm that discusses how language can distinguish a person's status in the context of age. Differences within human groups often arise due to age, which can give rise to variations in social dialects and provide distinctive characteristics within certain communities. This study tries to reveal the role of age in determining the use of language in the speech of characters in the film Keluarga Cemara. This research was conducted with a sociolinguistic approach using qualitative descriptive methods. This study found that language can distinguish humans into four groups: children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Language in children is characterized by word shrinkage and has a characteristic sound. In adolescence language has begun to vary and unique, adolescents are accustomed to presenting new languages that are created based on the results of their creativity. In adulthood is a phase when language begins to improve, because of its authority as an adult regularity, linguistic rules begin to be considered. In the elderly, communication competence begins to be low and turns into topics about medicine and physical.

Sociolinguistics Analysis of Internet Language under the Background of New Media

Based on this phenomenon that the number of internet users are showing exponential growth, the network language in new media has also shown a rapid expansion trend. At the same time, the Internet language is developing rapidly, gradually becoming a social dialect with a large number of speakers. Under the background of social language environment, as a typical language variant, network language has become a social product. In this situation, network language not only has the characteristics of change, but also has the characteristics of social dialects. Through the analysis of the sociolinguistics of network language, this paper seeks the variant characteristics, attributes and future development laws of network language in the new media environment.

Unravelling Emotional Tones: A Hybrid Optimized Model for Sentiment Analysis in Tamil Regional Languages

Review comments from digital platform such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube used for identification of emotional tones from text. Nowadays, reviews are posted in different languages such as English, French, Chinese, and Indian regional languages such as Tamil, Telegu, and Hindi. Identification of emotional tones from text written in Indian regional language is challenging. During the translation of the regional language to the English language for sentiment analysis, lexical and pragmatic ambiguity are the major problem. The above problem arises due to dialects in language such as regional, standard, and social dialects. In this paper, dialect-based ambiguity problems solve through proposed Hybrid optimized deep learning transformer Models like M-BERT, M-Roberta, and M-XLM-Roberta for Tamil language dialects recognise and classified. The proposed algorithms provide better sentimental analysis after Hybrid optimization due to adaptation mechanisms, dynamic changes in the parameters and strategies in fine-tuning the search. The proposed Hybrid optimized algorithms perform better than existing algorithms such as SVM, Naïve Bayes, and LSTM with an accuracy of 95%.

КОГНІТИВНИЙ СТИЛЬ ТЛУМАЧА ЯК ЧИННИК ВИБОРУ ПЕРЕКЛАДАЦЬКОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ У ЦІЛЬОВОМУ ТЕКСТІ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ АНГЛО-УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ПЕРЕКЛАДІВ П'ЄСИ Б. ШОУ "ПІГМАЛІОН")

The article focuses on translator’s cognitive style as an important factor that determines translation strategies and techniques while rendering a source text into a target language. In particular, the study analyses and compares the cognitive styles of Oleksandr Mokrovolskyi and Mykola Pavlov, Ukrainian translators of the play ‘Pygmalion’ by George Bernard Shaw. The relevance of the paper is stipulated by the need to provide theoretical justification for the differences in cognitive styles of the interpreters. The theoretical justification can help to explain interpreters’ successful or unsuccessful translation decisions. The results of the investigation can be used while rendering English texts into Ukrainian. The investigation is carried out using the method of contrastive analysis of the source and target texts as a main one. The comparison between O. Mokrovolskyi’s and M. Pavlov’s cognitive styles are drawn on the basis of the analysis of the translation strategies and techniques used by them while rendering cockney, a social dialect used by people from the East End of London; and interpreting associations of source precedent names and verbal poetic images in the target text. The article proves that translator’s cognitive style manifests itself in translation strategy of keeping or changing the stylistic tone of the original text. M. Pavlov uses stylistically marked vocabulary to render cockney and stylistically neutral lines more often than O. Mokrovolskyi does. The paper notes that the translator’s creative cognitive activity can also manifest itself in using the translation technique of so-called ‘explicative asymmetry’. The mentioned technique involves using target lexical units that are not considered to be equivalents for source words in order to reveal the author’s ideas better. It should be mentioned that the ‘explicative asymmetry’ technique usually causes conceptual shift. The investigation proves that while rendering English precedent names into Ukrainian M. Pavlov tends to use transformations that cause conceptual shift whereas O. Mokrovolskyi does not use the technique of explicative asymmetry very often. The author expresses the opinion that the technique of ‘explicative asymmetry’ helps to interpret associations of source precedent names in the target text. While rendering English idioms into Ukrainian both the translators use the ‘explicative asymmetry’ technique that causes conceptual shift to reveal the author’s ideas better.

Жаргонні фразеологізми в масмедійному дискурсі ХХІ сторіччя

The article examines phraseology from various slangs that function in the mass media discourse of the beginning of the 21st century. These are mostly units that have not yet been recorded in Ukrainian sociolect dictionaries. It is noted that modern mass media began to more actively use non-codified stable phrases and expressions from various slangs. Cases of reinterpretation of such language units by journalists have also been recorded. Often this is done at the request of the day. The main factors contributing to the processes of intensive entry and use of the analyzed units in mass media discourse are presented: 1) significant democratization of Ukrainian society in the analyzed period, which contributed to linguistic democratization; 2) activation of the tendency to colloquialization in many radio and television programs, newspapers and magazines; 3) change in the language tastes of Ukrainians; 4) non-acceptance by modern readers, listeners and viewers of dry, vague language, clichés, clericalisms, stamps; 5) originality, novelty, and most importantly – expressiveness, emotionality, imagery, and often aptness and wit of slang phraseology; 6) the tendency to language economy, which is manifested in the desire to use short, but extremely comprehensive in terms of semantics units; 7) the tendency to erase the boundaries between functional styles, the significant influence of the conversational style on others. It was found that phraseological units from the sports, youth, automotive, military, economic, journalistic social dialects, less often – drug addiction, artistic, and sailors' slang are actively used in the texts of the mass media of the 21st century. It was found that the named sociolectisms mainly perform nominative, informative and evaluative functions in modern media discourse.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ УГОЛОВНОГО ЖАРГОНА В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОМ ПРЕСТУПНОМ МИРЕ ДОРЕВОЛЮЦИОННОЙ РОССИИ

The subject of the study is the formation and dynamics of criminal jargon as an integral element of the criminal subculture of the professional criminal community of pre-revolutionary Russia. The study aims to analyze the peculiarities of the formation and dynamics of criminal jargon as a special social dialect of the domestic criminal environment of the pre-revolutionary period. The objectives of the study are to determine the time of the origin of criminal jargon in the criminal environment of pre-revolutionary Russia, identify the main functions of the thieves cant used by domestic criminals in the period under review, and analyze the development of criminal jargon as an integral element of the criminal subculture in various chronological periods. The methodological base of the study is represented by a set of general and private scientific methods, including chronological, comparative legal, formal logical, and some other research methods. It was determined that at different stages of the development of the criminal world, according to the changes in criminal jargon, different trends in the development of the criminal environment can be identified. In the 17th century, the underclass actively produced and employed criminal jargon in pre-revolutionary Russia. The secret language served such purposes as identification, communication, and conspiracy. The formation of a special thieves cant in the criminal environment of pre-revolutionary Russia is associated with the qualitative transformation of the Russian criminal world and the isolation of a community of professional criminals from the criminal environment. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thieves became an integral part of the criminal subculture, preserving and multiplying professional criminal traditions and customs.

Meeting in the Middle: Sociophonetic Convergence of Bad Bunny and J Balvin’s Coda /s/ in Their Artistic Performance Speech

The artistic performance of identity by top Latin music artists can be heard on many Top-40 US radio stations, since, as of July 2023, 20% of the Billboard Hot 100 is (Spanish language) Latin music. This study aims to determine the variants found in the pronunciation of coda /s/, a robust phonetic differentiator of regional and social dialects, in the top songs versus in the spontaneous speech of the two top Latin music artists in the global market. Are Bad Bunny and J Balvin holding to the pronunciation of their respective regional variety in their artistic performance speech (APS, my term) or are they shifting to a different pronunciation? What motivations might cause a difference in the pronunciation of their APS and spontaneous speech? Bad Bunny and J Balvin’s pronunciation of coda /s/ is analyzed in depth as sociophonetic data: their performances of songs from 2018 to 2020 that charted at the top of the Hot Latin Songs Billboard chart as well as on The Billboard Hot 100 chart, and their spontaneous speech from their most-viewed Spanish-language interviews and Instagram Live recordings on YouTube recorded between 2018 and 2020. Bad Bunny overwhelmingly used deletions (∅) in his spontaneous speech—which is typical of an island Puerto Rican—but used a statistically significant amount of maintenance of the sibilant [s] and its aspirated variant [h] in his APS (p < 0.0001). J Balvin primarily used [s] in his spontaneous speech—which is typical of Medellín, Colombia—but used about 50/50 [s] and (∅) in his APS. They are both shifting to a different pronunciation in their APS and converging towards each other, and the difference is statistically significant (p < 0.0001). This dialect convergence could be the beginning of an identity-based pan-Latinx dialect leveling that is, on the one hand, the “in-crowd” pronunciation with covert prestige but, on the other hand, is part of the formation of an evolving multi-regional connector variant diffused through popular music and pop culture.

Comparative Linguistics of Meknasi and Er-Rissani Dialects: Phonological, Morphological, and Socio-Cultural Dimensions in Moroccan Arabic Varieties

Purpose: The study delves into the intricate realm of language and its regional variations, a topic widely explored across multiple linguistic branches, including sociolinguistics, phonetics, socio-cultural, and applied linguistics. Each of these branches brings forth a unique perspective, defining regional variation tailored to its specific theoretical framework. Typically, general descriptions of languages prioritize the standard variety in terms of pronunciation or vocabulary, but this does not necessarily rank it above other varieties. It is pivotal to understand the distinction between regional dialects, which differentiate residents of one region from another, and social dialects that align with specific social groups. Dialect geographers have endeavored to visually represent these linguistic nuances through 'dialect atlases,' employing 'isoglosses' to demarcate the geographical distribution of linguistic features. An exemplar distinction is evident between the Meknes community's use of the word /qal/ and Errachidia Province's use of /gal/. Methodology: To elucidate the methodological framework of this study, a qualitative approach was employed, primarily through interviews, which were chosen based on their high acceptance within the local communities. This approach not only bolstered the reliability of the data gathered but also aligned with the nature of our linguistic inquiry. Findings: The study finds that examining the broader linguistic practices of the Meknasi and Er-Rissani populations, especially in social interactions, offers insights into the underlying reasons for these linguistic disparities. Crucially, factors such as ethnic background, an individual's social and familial lineage, and the surrounding environment play significant roles in shaping linguistic choices, be it in Amazigh, Arabic, or southern Arabic dialects. This study further underscores the influence of modern and traditional environments on word selection.

Regional and Sociolinguistic Variation of Personal Pronouns in Dialects of Najdi Arabic

This study examines the regional and sociolinguistic variation in the paradigms of personal pronouns, independent and dependent, in Najdi dialects. The regional dialects are Central, Qassim, and Northern. The social dialects are sub-varieties of the Central dialect: Hamadan, Hawazin, and Sedentary. The data was collected using the sociolinguistic interview of 25 speakers. It was found that there were more variations in the personal pronoun forms than what have been reported in the literature. When comparing forms with Standard Arabic, the Central dialects are more conservative in the number of changes to the forms. However, Qassim and Northern have retained gender distinction in plural forms while Central dialects did not. This study introduced forms of personal pronouns that were never mentioned in the literature.

UPDATE OF THE CONTENT OF THE COURSE “BUSINESS UKRAINIAN” IN THE AREA OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

The study is devoted to the problem of improving the content of the business Ukrainian course in a higher educational institution. Based on the relevance of the problem of modernizing the theoretical part of the “Business Ukrainian” course, the author defines the purpose of the article – to analyze the content components outlined in the educational program of the discipline, to select specific topics from the educational modules that need to be corrected, and to propose additional lecturing materials.
 It is emphasized that in the process of studying the discipline, the linguistic and communicative professional competence of the future specialists of various specialties is formed. The content of the educational program on the Ukrainian language should reflect the main trends in the development of Ukrainian linguistics and linguomethodology. Taking into account the changes in modern science and the cultural and political life of society, the researcher emphasizes the need to update the lecture material of the academic discipline; at the same time, one should be guided by the principles of scientificity, systematicity and perspective of education. The article provides definitions of the concepts of “discourse”, “professional discourse”, “national language consciousness”, “types of translation” proposed by linguists and teachers, as well as the author's definition of the concept of “linguistic and communicative professional competence”.
 In accordance with the subject of the academic discipline, the author consistently introduces the linguistic materials of the appendices to the lectures, which systematize, expand and deepen the knowledge of the future specialists about the typology of discourses; the current rules of drafting documents; changes in Ukrainian spelling; electronic dictionaries; the phenomenon of the “neological boom” during the war in Ukraine; the requirements of observing academic integrity when writing a student research paper; the peculiarities of professional text editing, etc. In addition, when highlighting the issue of editing professional texts, it is advisable to give examples of typical speech mistakes caused by internal and external factors, especially the influence of another language, as well as regional and social dialects. Without pretending to the universality of corrections made to the content of the business Ukrainian course, the researcher emphasizes the need for teachers to systematically update educational and methodological support, as well as constant self-study and self-improvement of scientific and pedagogical workers. The author considers the problem raised in the article to be promising.

The Lexicon Analysis of Pulau Tello and Gunungsitoli Dialect In Nias

This research entitled Lexicon Analysis on Tell and Gunungsitoli Islands: Social Dialect Studies aims to analyze the similarities, changes, and differences in the form of the lexicon and to determine the matrix language in the use of the Nias language along with the speech levels used by the people of Tello Island and Gunungsitoli, especially the existing Nias students Ekasakti University Padang. The method used in this research is qualitative and quantitative with descriptive type, namely describing shape and form and calculating the percentage comparison between Tello Island and Gunungsitoli dialects obtained from the transcription of interview data. The data obtained are in the form of dialect vocabulary of the Nias language. The data collection technique used is the observation technique using the interview method and then transcription is carried out, so that the data can be analyzed according to the research instrument. The theory used in this research is the theory of lexicon, dialect, and matrix language. The results of the analysis show that GN is the dominant dialect (ML) and PT is the contributing dialect (EL) with the percentage level on the lexicon of the same form same meaning at 61.69%; the lexicon of forms changed the same meaning at 8.65%, and the form lexicon with different form same meaning at 28.5% between PT and GN. The same, changes and differences in form between Tello Island and Gunugsitoli dialects in Nias are caused by geographical conditions which are the main cause.

Sexual anti-languages on social media

Abstract The past decades have witnessed a growing preoccupation with gay languages across the world. However, little attention has been devoted to gay language in the Chinese context. To address the gap, this article examined the case of gay language used on a Chinese social media. Specifically speaking, we conducted a corpus-based analysis of sexual anti-languages (SA) on Blued, by following Halliday’s concept of anti-language defined as an extreme case of social dialects and the language of an anti-society. Using a total of 1,744 text-headlines collected from Blued users’ profiles, we identified and grouped Chinese SA into six categorizations. The findings reveal that Blued abounds with SA, each of which has undergone a unique formation process. In the end, we concluded by providing several directions for future research.

Language Variation Sociolek In Batak Toba Movie “Ilu Na Maraburan” Directed By Bonardo Sinaga

The aims of this study is to find out the types of language variations as part of sociolinguistics. Here the focus of the study is language variation. This study used qualitative descriptive as approach and research design is an observation analysis. The source data were Ilu Na Maraburan movie script by Bonardo Sinaga taken from internet. This study based on Wardhaugh in all update theories. The research found that there were four types of language variations used in Ilu Na Maraburan movie by Bonardo Sinaga. From totally 41 sentences, idiolect is 9, dialecti is 13, chronolect is 8, and social dialect is 11. It shows that the movie mostly dominant used the Dialect with 13 the percentage (31,7%). (1) for the student of the English Department, this study can increase knowledge about language variations, especially for anyone who likes to watch movie. Understanding language variation is very important because there are many language variations contained in the movie. (2) For the lecturer who act as educators, this study will be useful to enrich their knowledge and added their knowledge about language variations and lecturer can teach language variation with the newest references. (3) For other researcher, this study is expected or even able to provide new refences when conducting research in different perspective.

The title of the intervention: The prevalence of linguistic interference in the press

In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of the Messengers, as for what follows: Language is one of the greatest means of communication for the Arab human being, and most importantly, it expresses the intellectual, scientific and social human activity, and this complete connection between language and man confirms that language is one of his being. Language is the most important tool to ensure communication between peoples, and the existence of a common and unified language has become inevitable, but this can only be achieved in the light of a social phenomenon that is “bilingualism and linguistic overlap.” It is not hidden from us that this phenomenon is not limited to a particular society or country, but most Societies are dominated by this phenomenon and Algeria is not immune from this, as long as a group of languages spread in it is Arabic in its formal, colloquial, Berber, and French forms, where both the Arabic and French languages share the largest space. Our research is tagged with "the prevalence of linguistic interference in the press, Al-Nahar newspaper as a model" It attempts to reveal the relationship between language and social life, and its impact on various linguistic phenomena, and is interested in studying the problem of geographical and social dialects and linguistic pluralism, in addition to the phenomena of bilingualism and bilingualism. The writings of Arab scholars as a result of translating these two terms.

Investigating the Region of Metohija in Kosovo through an Interactive Digital Ethnolinguistic Atlas

The article advocates for the imperative need to compile an interactive digital ethno-linguistic atlas of the Metohija region in Kosovo (Alb. Rrafshi i Dukagjinit, “Dukagjin Plain”). Over the course of two millennia, this area has been a unique arena for interaction among diverse ethnic and linguistic groups, including paleo-Balkan tribes, Romans, Albanians, Balkan Romance speakers, South Slavs, Rumelian and Anatolian Turks, as well as Roma (Romani, Ashkali, and “Egyptians”), among others. Remarkably, the languages and cultures of this region are still studied independently, often in isolation from one another. The formation of a comprehensive Russian scientific discourse on a range of Metohija ethnolinguistic issues is deemed a crucial task within Balkan studies. The term “ethno-linguistic,” in line with the overarching synthesizing and aggregating approach of Balkan linguistics, is proposed to be employed in both its accepted meanings in Russian academia ― ‘ethnolinguistic’ (e.g., ethnolinguistic groups of people) and ‘investigating language in relation to culture’ (e.g., Moscow Ethnolinguistic School).The article raises the question of the specificity of the linguistic, ethnolinguistic, and cultural-anthropological landscape of Metohija against the backdrop of the broader Balkan context. It queries whether, due to centuries of close contacts between its ethno-linguistic groups, a linguistic and cultural union has evolved on this territory. To address this issue, an areal study is proposed, investigating the linguistic, dialectal, and cultural- anthropological micro-differentiation of all languages and cultures within the region in relation to local ethnic and social processes, focusing on interethnic, social, interfaith, cultural, and linguistic interactions. The proposed atlas program includes ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic inquiries, cove-ring ethnic self-identification, migrations, linguistic aspects of marital strategies, etc. Subsequently, it encompasses questions reflecting all levels of language structure across the known Metohija territorial varieties and social dialects. Additionally, it addresses questions of ethnolinguistics in the traditional sense within Russian scientific understanding.The atlas aims to provide insights into the reasons, processes, and mechanisms behind the formation of linguistic and cultural unions or the hindrance of such convergent processes in specific micro-areas of the Balkan Peninsula.

VARIASI SOSIOLEK DAN DIALEK BAHASA JAWA PADA MASYARAKAT TULANGAN

Dialects are variously differentiated by different language origins and different social classes of speakers, hence, geographical and social either dialects or socioleone. The study aims to find out how a variety of socialites might be in tulans and expose the Javanese dialects to tulans using a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The source of the data in this research is society itself. Data collection techniques drawn from observation, observation, and conversation are contagious. Studies have shown that there are variations in socialens and dialects of Javanese in tulangan communities. Keywords: Sociolek, dialect, Javanese

Медиатизация образовательного дискурса как изменение его регулятивных правил

The research aims to identify the signs of mediatisation of educational discourse concerning changes in the regulatory rules of its construction depending on the characteristics of the addressee’s sociolinguistic portrait contemplated by the addresser. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it studies the differentiated nature of educational discourse popularisation, the connection of this differentiation with some social characteristics of communication participants. Four episodes of educational programmes, three monologues and an interview, served as the research material. The speeches delivered by the hosts were compared according to the values of the following parameters: knowledge of social dialects; information about the use of the vernacular; understanding of the relationship between the means of literary language (bookish functional style) and informal style; social status and economic status; education level; fashion following; familiarity with standard communicative situations and speech behaviour rules in these situations. As a result of comparing the obtained indicators, the sociolinguistic differentiation of educational media discourse has been determined, the parameters of the greatest interest for further study have been identified.

The Rewriting of Characters’ Dialogue: Translating Literary Dialectal Dialogue in Saudi and Egyptian Novels

The research aims to identify the procedures carried out by translators to deal with translating Literary Dialectal Dialogue (LDD) in the English translations of contemporary Saudi and Egyptian novels. The significance of this study is that it focuses on two Arabic dialects and examines what are the translation procedures if these procedures shift with changes in dialect. The study involves an analysis of random selections of LDD that were extracted from several Saudi and Egyptian novels. The study uses descriptive quantitative and qualitative analysis that focuses on mapping the procedures that were chosen to translate LDD in Arabic diglossic novels. The analysis first examines the construction and function of LDD in its source context and then studies how these procedures have managed to reconstruct the socio-cultural and socio-ideological function of LDD in the selected novels. This study finds evidence to suggest that due to the change in language communities, Literary Dialectal Dialogue (LDD) has changed in the translation to become Literary Informal Dialogue (LID). The data also reveals that in practice, none of the translators rendered the source dialect into a target dialect. Interestingly, however, translators do not tend to standardize or erase the conversational elements of dialogue. On the contrary, they recognize the conversational aspect and try to adhere in general to that in their translations. In fact, their procedure is one of compensation rather than a translation of the dialect. Fairly similar varieties of procedures were used to translate the different regional and social dialects in all the selected STs.