Social Crisis Research Articles

Utilising a multi-proxy to model comparison to constrain the season and regionally heterogeneous impacts of the Mt Samalas 1257 eruption

Abstract. The Mt Samalas eruption, thought to have occurred in summer 1257, ranks as one of the most explosive sulfur-rich eruptions of the Common Era. Despite recent convergence, several dates have been proposed for the eruption ranging between 1256–1258, with, as of yet, no single combination of evidence that has been able to robustly distinguish between and exclude the other dates proposed for the Mt Samalas eruption. Widespread surface cooling and hydroclimate perturbations following the eruption have been invoked as contributing to a host of 13th century social and economic crises, although regional-scale variability in the post-eruption climate response remains uncertain. In this study we run ensemble simulations using the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) with a range of eruption scenarios and initial conditions in order to compare our simulations with the most complete globally resolved multi-proxy database for the Mt Samalas eruption to date, incorporating tree rings, ice cores, and historical records. This allows more precise constraints to be placed on the year and season of the Mt Samalas eruption, as well as an investigation into the regionally heterogeneous post-eruption climate response. Using a multi-proxy to model comparison, we are able to robustly distinguish between July 1257 and January 1258 eruption scenarios, where the July 1257 ensemble simulation achieves considerably better agreement with spatially averaged and regionally resolved proxy surface temperature reconstructions. These reconstructions suggest the onset of significant cooling across Asia and Europe in 1258 and thus support the plausibility of previously inferred historical connections. Model-simulated temperature anomalies also point to severe surface cooling across the Southern Hemisphere with as of yet unexplored historical implications for impacted civilisations. Model simulations of polar sulfate deposition also reveal distinct differences in the timing of ice sheet deposition between the two simulated eruption dates, although comparison of the magnitude or asymmetric deposition of sulfate aerosol remains limited by large inter-model differences and complex intra-model dependencies. Overall, the multi-proxy to model comparison employed in this study has strong potential in constraining similar uncertainties in eruption source parameters for other historical eruptions for which sufficient coincident proxy records are available, although care is needed to avoid the pitfalls of model–multi-proxy comparison.

Spiritual Crisis in the midst of Social Chaos and Disorder: A Character Interpretation of The Master and Marguerite

Times evolve, and society is in a state of perpetual flux. The lives and spiritual landscapes of citizens amidst this vortex of change are of utmost interest. The narrative of The Master and Margarita is situated in an era of perpetual unrest and transformation within the Soviet Union, where citizens are embroiled in profound spiritual quandaries. Through two parallel strands of magical portrayal, the novel profoundly exposes the social crisis and unrest that Russia is grappling with. The rapid societal progress has also given rise to a sense of emptiness and bewilderment among citizens, who have forfeited their spiritual aspirations and are now enslaved by material possessions. This paper will delve into the portrayal of the key characters - the master, the poet Ivan, and the ordinary Moscow citizens. It will examine their life experiences, emotional shifts, and inner worlds, while unpacking the spiritual travail of cowardice, anxiety, internal distortion, and spiritual agony amidst the onslaught of pressure, value misalignment, and disorientation.

Spatiotemporal Evolution Features of the 2022 Compound Hot and Drought Event over the Yangtze River Basin

A rare compound hot and drought (CHD) event occurred in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) in the summer of 2022, which brought serious social crisis and ecological disaster. The analysis of the causes, spatiotemporal characteristics and impacts of this event is of great significance and value for future drought warning and mitigation. We used the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)/GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) data, meteorological data, hydrological data and satellite remote sensing data to discuss the spatiotemporal evolution, formation mechanism and the influence of the CHD event. The results show that the drought severity caused by the CHD event was the most severe during 2003 and 2022. The CHD event lasted a total of five months (from July to November), and there were variations in the damage in different sub-basins. The Wu River Basin (WRB) is the region where the CHD event lasted the longest, at six months (from July to December), while it also lasted four or five months in all the other basins. Among them, the WRB, Dongting Lake Rivers Basin (DLRB) and Mainstream of the YRB (MSY) are the three most affected basins, whose hot and drought severity values are 7.750 and −8.520 (WRB), 7.105 and −9.915 (DLRB) and 6.232 and −9.143 (MSY), respectively. High temperature and low precipitation are the direct causes of the CHD event, and the underlying causes behind this event are the triple La Niña and negative Indian Ocean Dipole event. The two extreme climate events made the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) unusually strong, and then the WPSH covered a more northerly and westerly region than in previous years and remained entrenched for a long period of time over the YRB and its adjacent regions. Moreover, this CHD event had a devastating impact on local agricultural production and seriously disrupted daily life and production. Our results have implications for the study of extreme disaster events.

Social Control of Everyday Life and Political Construction of (Montenegrin) Identity

Abstract The research problem is the influence of global crisis on identity and daily life of Montenegrin people. The subject is the political construction of (Montenegrin) identity, as a result of social control on everyday life, where identities are born. For the purpose of researching this relation, the starting point is the explanatory potential of J. Habermas’s contemporary socio-political theory about the colonization of the lifeworld by an expansionist logic of the political-economic constellation (system). Scientific goals are: 1) description of the colonization of the lifeworld and the construction of (Montenegrin) identity, as an indicator of social crisis (in Montenegro); 2) understanding the causal factors (causes, motives) of (Montenegrin) identity construction; 3) generic explanation of the political construction of (Montenegrin) identity, through strategies, policies, educational and media influences. Social goals refer to: 1) expansion of the fund of knowledge about contemporary (Montenegrin) society and its problematic aspects; 2) pragmatic explanations of the problem of social control of everyday life through the re-actualization of socio-political concepts; 3) indication of guidelines for possible changes for the better in the sphere of everyday life in the foreseeable future. The methodology concerns the main hypothesis that by constructing the identity of people in the post-industrial society, social control of everyday life is realized. Auxiliary hypotheses are: 1) Identity construction takes place through strategies, policies, educational and media influences as segments of social control aimed at managing social resources from the local to the global level. 2) With instruments of social control, a desirable system of values of individuals and social groups is established with the aim of preventing, delaying, compensating, and transforming their potential subversive action (undermining the system from within). The independent or causal variable is the social control of everyday life, while the dependent or consequential variable is the constructed identity. Making final findings will be facilitated by the synthesis, inductive and deductive methods of reasoning, as well as the method of comparison with a case study. The results refer to the achieved goals and the general conclusion that the system’s power logic reduces the sphere of free and open communication of individuals, thus their identity becomes a place of permanent crisis due to the threat of the meaning of everyday life within which identity is formulated. This crisis is the reason that identities will remain endangered until the question of alienation of life is raised, in accordance with the capitalist imperatives of unlimited economic growth and consumption, and instrumental-rational interaction. As a reaction to the system dominance, the forces of resistance are strengthening, in the form of new alternative grassroots social movements, such as Civil Movement United Reform Action (URA), in Montenegro, which is pro-European green political party of the left center and social-liberal ideological provenance.

Performing Everyday Things: Ecosomatic Threads of Butoh, Phenomenology, and Zen

<p>This essay engages descriptive, experiential methods of phenomenology, prompts from butoh, and insights of Zen Buddhism. Butoh is the dance and theatre form that arose from the ashes of Japan in the shadow of ecological and social crisis after the Second Word War. It is interpreted widely in current forms that extend well beyond the borders of Japan. The everyday is articulated in the phenomenology of Husserl, Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, particularly through concepts of “worlding,” how our works ripple out to create a world, as phenomenology and Zen both hold, each in their own way. I write about butoh through a prism of Zen and phenomenology because they share similar philosophical outlooks on performance, and they explain everyday things. In articulating performance of the everyday, this essay takes an ecosomatic turn inward toward matters of consciousness and perception. The writing stems from my participation in butoh as a student, performer, and scholar since 1985, my university teaching of dance and somatics, and my philosophical and lived investigations of phenomenology and Buddhism. Through phenomenology, the essay is descriptive, performative, and concerned with “lived experience,” including how features of experience appear and transform in consciousness.</p><p> </p>

Calling for (r)Evolution: the rise of the educational phoenix of audacious hope

ABSTRACT Existing educational and social inequalities within colonised nations have been amplified by multitudinous health, racial, climate, and social crises. It is a time to act collectively and boldly pivot towards equitable, socially-just futures. This perspective article contextualises schools within a social eco-system contending with the convergence of childhood adversity, pandemics, increasing climate, human-rights, political, and economic crisis around the globe. Profound uncertainty has shaken the expectations and systems that have been relied-on by those communities which they privilege. We call for educators to apply a transformative praxis with critical and cultural pedagogy to disrupt the educational status-quo that privileges Western-colonial epistemologies – knowledge and ways of knowing; the ‘whitewashing’ of schools and curriculums. Leveraging comprehensively applied trauma-informed principles within a social justice agenda is presented as a way of positioning schools to be way-finders and change-makers as they partner with communities. The time is now to (re)construct a fully rights-based school (r)evolution. Humility and courage will be required to lean into the hard questions and challenges; to revolutionise and humanise education. This paper presents schools as potential truth-hearing and historical truth-telling agents of urgent social change building communities of healing and audacious hope, led by communities.

Compromised values: a comparative response during the COVID-19 crisis by ethical vegans and vegetarians

Animal advocacy is a complex phenomenon. As a social movement encompassing diverse moral stances and lifestyle choices, veganism and vegetarianism (veg*) are at its core, and animal testing raises as a notably contentious issue within its members. This paper addresses this critical topic. Employing data from an international quantitative survey conducted between June and July 2021, our research explores how ethical vegans and vegetarians responded during the COVID-19 crisis. By comparing the experiences and choices between the two groups, we aimed to understand the variances in attitudes and behaviors in the face of an ethical dilemma, highlighting the interplay between personal beliefs and social pressures in times of a health crisis. Our findings reveal stark contrasts in how vegans and vegetarians navigated the pandemic; vegans displayed less conformity yet experienced a significant compromise of their ethical values, particularly in their overwhelming acceptance of vaccination. This study enhances the field of veg* research and social movement studies by exploring how a social crisis shapes members’ behaviors and perspectives. Our findings also contribute to a better understanding of the challenges and prejudices that a minority group such as vegans may face and how they cope with the pressure to go against the mainstream at a time when society is polarized by a single discourse that goes against their moral values.

THE ROLE OF ADAPTIVE RESILIENCE IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP, AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT AND TURNOVER INTENTION IN THE POST COVID-19 ERA: A CASE OF VIETNAM

This study investigates the direct or indirect impact of transformational leadership and adaptive resilience on affective commitment and turnover intention. Qualitative research was conducted to validate the concepts and the research model and quantitative research was carried out to analyze data from 310 employees selected via convenient sampling in Vietnam. The results reveal that transformational leadership does not only directly affect adaptive resilience and turnover intention, but also indirectly and fully affects affective commitment via adaptive resilience, and indirectly and partially affects turnover intention via affective commitment and adaptive resilience. Furthermore, adaptive resilience significantly impacts turnover intention via affective commitment. There is no proof in the research that adaptive resilience directly affects turnover intention. This research has documented valuable experiences related to the adaptive resilience of organizations following social crises in the relationship between leadership and turnover for scholars and managers in the future.

Psychiatry on fire: Climate change and the role of mental healthcare

IntroductionWhat is the psychiatrist’s role on a burning planet? As our world faces the existential ramifications of irreversible climate change, clinicians are contending with what purpose a normalizing institution like psychiatry can have in increasingly abnormal times.Objectives This presentation investigates the role of the modern mental health clinician by examining psychiatry’s current impotence in the face of climate crisis. It will be shown that current approaches are often complicit in psychiatry’s historical depoliticization of mental health and subsequent individualization of social concerns. It will be argued that the only way psychiatry can maintain its ethical obligations to its patients is by taking a courageous sociopolitical stance.MethodsEmerging from a multidisciplinary literature review on the relationship between psychiatry and social crises, this work examines our field’s response to climate change in particular. A focus is made on literature that explores psychiatry’s political obligations, current trends in climate psychiatry, and proposed social psychiatric approaches to the climate crisis.ResultsIt is shown that while ecological collapse tangibly affects our patients, psychiatry often fails to engage socio-politically with the crisis’ root causes. Framing intense reactions to climate change as trauma responses and developing neo-diagnoses such as “ecoanxiety” both risk individualizing inherently social experiences. However, Psychiatrists are also uniquely positioned to speak with authority about social crises and to articulate what a more comprehensive medical response to climate change might look like.ConclusionsGiven climate change’s disproportionate effects on disenfranchised populations, it is increasingly clear that health is inextricable from social circumstances. As a result, political inaction is incompatible with our ethical duty to serve patients’ health, both in the clinic and beyond it.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

ФІСКАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ЧИННИКИ УХИЛЯННЯ ВІД ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ

The article is devoted to the study of behavioural factors that influence the decision-making of business entities and the population regarding tax evasion. The problem of tax evasion from the point of view of the influence of psychological characteristics of the individual and external economic factors on the deviant behaviour of taxpayers is considered. The influence of these factors on the volume of the shadow economy in the country is proven.The research allowed us to outline the main models that explain the reasons and motivations of taxpayers when they decide to violate tax legislation. It is emphasized that tax offences as a component of the shadow economy are present in many countries of the world. It is noted that the volume of violations increases with the onset of destructive events in the economy, such as economic and social crises and war. It is stressed that a significant role in the presence of deviant behaviour of taxpayers is played by their financial and legislative ignorance. The main elements of taxes that pose the greatest risks of tax evasion are identified.It has been found that the level of corruption in the country and the insufficient severity of possible punishment for tax crimes play a significant role in the decision of economic entities to evade taxation. An analysis of the corruption perception index in some countries has been made. It is proved that in less corrupt countries, tax collection is higher than in countries with high levels of corruption. It is emphasized that the lack of proper control by tax authorities leads to a larger scale of tax evasion, so it is necessary to conduct all legally established types of tax audits, despite the martial law in the country.

FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY – A COMPARATIVE APPROACH

The article’s subject is to examine the factors affecting the fiscal sustainability in Central and Eastern Europe and Georgia, and to assess their effectiveness - primarily in times of economic, political, and social crises. The fiscal sustainability should be understood as the government’s ability to maintain the current expenditure, tax, and fiscal policy in the long term – to avoid threatening the state’s solvency, meet its obligations, and perform public tasks. The study contains a comparative legal analysis to show how the factors contributing to the fiscal sustainability influence the ability of states to counteract crises and their consequences. Current problems related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the geopolitical situation will also be considered. The study aims to indicate the threats of destabilization of public finances, factors that may lead to it, and measures to prevent its occurrence.

Social Services, Law, and Crisis Management Curriculum Offered in Library and Information Studies

This study aimed to examine the trends in American Library Association (ALA)-accredited Library and Information Studies (LIS) master's program course offerings that facilitated societal interactions and support, specifically social services, law, soft skills, and crisis management. Results indicated that most respondents, who were LIS faculty and members of the Association of Library and Information Science Education (ALISE), believed that LIS coursework in social services, law, soft skills, and crisis management were important. Respondents also indicated how they or their departments addressed social issues (e.g., readings), and what kinds of crises a librarian should be equipped to handle (e.g., facilities management). Additionally, it was found that 41.9% of the respondents believed that a Masters and a Juris Doctorate were required to be a law librarian. Moreover, survey data limitations and implications for current and future practice are discussed.

Features of the pathodynamics of psychosomatic pathology (based on the psoriasis model) under the influence of large-scale social crises

Background. Psychoemotional stress is a relevant factor in the recurrence of psoriasis. In recent years, the population of Ukraine has been experiencing strong social stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the war. Studying the influence of social stress on the recurrence of psoriasis allows for the personalization of therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at normalizing the psycho-emotional sphere in patients with psoriasis. Purpose – to investigate the relationship between the influence of stress and the pathodynamics of psychosomatic pathology (on the model of psoriasis) during periods of social upheavals, to determine, in the future, targets of medical and psychological support of the population during large-scale social crises. Objectives of the study: to determine the frequency of recurrence of psoriasis during the action of powerful social stress, their connection with social stress, and features of psychopathological manifestations during exacerbations taking into account the scale. Materials and Methods. 39 men and 44 women with psoriasis were examined using a specially developed online questionnaire. Results. It was found that 36.1% of patients had an exacerbation of psoriasis in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (38.6% of women and 33.3% of men), and the majority (63.3% of patients) associated this exacerbation with stress pandemic Exacerbation occurred insignificantly more often in refugees: 38.9% vs. 34.0% (p>0.05); among local residents, the impact of stress was more often noted by women (66.7% vs. 57.1%, p>0.05), and among refugees by men (66.7% vs. 62.5%, p>0.05). The structure of psychopathological manifestations during an exacerbation during the COVID-19 pandemic was dominated by fear and anxiety (80.0%), low mood (66.7%), dyssomnias (50%), manifestations of asthenia (36.7%), emotional lability and irritability (33.3%), with the prevalence of all psychopathological symptoms being slightly higher among women. It was found that the stress of war was associated with a higher frequency of psoriasis exacerbations (49.4%) and a higher association with social stress (82.9%), more significantly in refugees (55.6% vs. 44.7%, p>0, 05), and among men (51.3% vs. 47.7%, p>0.05). This is a significant (p<0.01) more than during the Covid-19 pandemic, the same differences are detected for men (p<0.01) and women (p <0.05). Statistically significant exacerbation occurred after the start of the war compared to the Covid-19 pandemic in IDPs in general (p <0.05) and in men-IVPO (p <0.05). Affected by psychopathological symptoms during exacerbations during wartime was also higher than the pandemic period: fear, anxiety – 97.6%, reduced mood – 92.7%, asthenisation – 51.2%, irritability – 39.0%. Moreover, men were greater than the prevalence of low mood and emotional lability. Conclusion. The determining factor of exacerbation of psychosomatic pathology (on the model of excerbation of psoriasis) is the content of stress factor and features of individual response to stress, while gender differences of response, and even the fact of forced resettle during large-scale social crises, are less significant. The prospects for further research are to study the role of large-scale social crises with the recurrence of psychosomatic pathology, and to develop on the basis of these personalized medical and psychological support measures.

Forecasting Türkiye's International Tourism Demand

The structure of tourist demand is sensitive since it is very easily affected by the consequences of economic, political, and social crises. Since the limited ability to increase tourism supply, it is crucial to analyze the demand structure and develop suitable strategies. This outcome can only be achieved by an accurate and effective demand prediction. There is no singular approach that ensures success in demand forecasting. Hence, in order to estimate demand accurately, it is advisable to create many models and choose the one with the lowest error rate. This study aimed to develop the best-performing prediction model by using monthly data of international visitors who visited Türkiye from January 2002 to August 2023 and stayed in Tourism Ministry-certified accommodations. Within this framework, the data was first analyzed to identify the trend and seasonal component. Afterwards, various models were employed including Naive III, simple moving average, double moving average, seasonal exponential smoothing, and artificial neural networks. The data generated by these models has been analyzed by comparing it with the actual data from the last 24 months, using MAPE and RMSE results. According to the research findings, it has been determined that artificial neural networks produce the most accurate results.

Analysis of the Phenomenon of “Apathy Towards Relatives” among Young People in Contemporary Society

“Apathy towards relatives” is a sociological term that refers to laziness, negligence, and disdain for interactionand socialization with relatives within two generations. As the saying goes, “One generation is considered close families, the second generation is considered distant relatives, while the third and fourth generation are equivalent to strangers.” In this atomized society, apathy towards relatives brings about a possible social trust crisis. Therefore, in this paper, we will dive into the leading causes of this phenomenon and its impact on today’s society and the relationship structure between distant relatives.

Exploring economic dimensions of social ecological crises: A reply to special issue papers

In this paper I consider various shifts in my research and understanding stimulated by seeking how to combat social ecological crises connected to modern economies. The discussion and critical reflections are structured around five papers that were submitted to Environmental Values in an open call to address my work. A common aspect is the move away from neoclassical environmental economics, and its reductionist monetary valuation, to a more realist theory and multiple methods. This relates to my work on environmental ethics, plural values, stated preference validity and deliberative monetary valuation. Expanding beyond the narrow confines of mainstream orthodoxy has involved exploring a range of other disciplines (e.g. applied philosophy, social psychology, human geography, political science, social anthropology, history of thought and philosophy of science) and learning from this literature to rethink economics and develop social ecological economics. A broad range of subjects are covered here, including: personal responsibility, social practice, psychology of the individual, participatory processes, value (intrinsic, instrumental and relational), Nature–society relationships and interdependencies, critical realism and the conduct of unifying interdisciplinary science. I end with a series of comments concerning the failings of orthodox economics and the conduct of scientific research for social ecological transformation.

THE WHALE AND THE CUPCAKE REVISITED: STORIES OF NIQIPIAQ (NATIVE FOOD) AND IÑUPIAT SOVEREIGNTY IN ARCTIC ALASKA

ABSTRACT Inspired by Julia O’Malley’s The Whale and the Cupcake (2019), which portrays the contemporary foodscape in Alaska, this study explores Alaska Native foodways as a source of future cultural resiliency to cope with increasing climatic and socio-environmental uncertainties. Foregrounding the importance of niqipiaq (Native food or “real food” in Iñupiatun), this article investigates the interplay of the tradition and renovation of the Iñupiat foodscape in Utqiaġvik, Alaska. In so doing, this article sheds light on the potential of niqipiaq—both its types and provenance—that contributes to the future of Iñupiat sovereignty. While tradition remains the foundation of Iñupiat identity, the diversifying list of niqipiaq today exemplifies the elasticity of Iñupiat values infused in modernity. The juxtaposition of these food items—both the old and new—provides a window into interlinked social and environmental crises, and attempts to solve them through conscious and unconscious adjustments on the community level, which enhances the sense of community sheltered by hope.

Domestic Cartographies: A Post-Occupancy Ethnographic Assessment of Barcelona’s Social Housing Strategies, 2015–2023

The lack of affordable housing remains a major problem in Spain. Following the decline in public and affordable housing production caused by the economic, political, and social crisis of 2008, efforts to produce public housing were reactivated in the mid-2010s, gaining increasing importance. In Barcelona, housing policies have played a central role in recent political discourse, particularly with the tenure of housing rights activist Ada Colau (2015–2023). With traditional approaches failing to address the housing emergency, the local government introduced five new procurement strategies to increase the affordable housing stock. These involve new forms of council housing, delegated developments, limited-profit investments, zero-equity housing cooperatives, and urban refurbishment. This article uses a mixed methods approach to analyse these strategies. The analysis spans all design phases, from inception to construction, and includes post-occupancy evaluations. Methods include typological analysis, expert interviews, and spatial performance analysis using ethnographic methods and inhabitant interviews. The results evidence the importance of diversifying procurement models, tailoring approaches to different user profiles, and enhancing emerging opportunities by including new stakeholders in the development process.

Toward a humanist health and medicine education in Indonesia by reintegration of religion and science

Medical and health education in Indonesia has not been brave to put religion as a concept and principle in actualizing its scholarship. While the profession of social science background (health and medicine) will generate a scientists who come directly contact with human, the creatures of Allah Almighty who is the highest degree in the appeal of His other creatures. After finish their education, both professions will be a leaders in the table of counseling and action. Where they will inspect, palpate and auscult varied complaints. How to integrate religion with applying health and medical education? How does the history of Islam integrate religion with health and medicine education? Is religion as a metaphysical can be integrated health and medical education as a physic? The reintegration of religion and science in health and medicine is one of the methods to restore universal health and medical education. The application of religious and logic in medical and medical theories is the answer to the birth of a generation of health and medicine professions with logical, theological and humanist expertise. Azyumardi (Azra: 1999) states the difference of teaching and education lies in the emphasis of education in shaping the awareness and personality of students in addition to transmitting knowledge and expertise. Azra mentions the process of putting forward this form will produce nations and countries that inherit their generation of cultural values, thought and expertise so that they are ready to welcome life. (Hafhuddin: 2004) states the educational paradigm should row on two corals: namely spirituality and modernity because of the cruel social crisis lately. In the Qur'an An-Nisa Surah 65 is affirmed about education with Islamic principles of bringing people who have the skills and attitudes to be a person capable of realizing Divine skill. This paper describes the urgency of integrating religion with health and medicine education which is a balanced science between physical and metaphysical. The analysis will use Hegel's dialectics of the process to arrive at a truth. Religious science is represented by tawheed, tasawwuf and Islamic philosophy integrated with the science of health and medicine. The approach of religious integration with health and medicine education is one of the methods to balance people and nature. The separation of religion and science in education of health and medicine will only leave a generation who is materialism, anthropomorphism, secularism, exclusivism and other radicalism traits. Islam generate scientists to be the protector and sustainer of human beings, nature and His creatures.

Repercussions of the Recent Economic Downturn on Birth Rates in Greece

A comprehensive analysis of historical economic recessions in developed nations confirms the significant impact of social and economic crises on fertility rates. Across different countries, these effects exhibit common characteristics, such as a modest influence on overall fertility rates, delays in the timing of first childbirth linked to later marriages or unions, and a correlation between unemployment and age-specific fertility. Countries with established family policies and robust social security systems tend to experience less pronounced changes in fertility behavior during economic crises. The recent economic downturn in Greece unfolded amidst unique social conditions, including increased female labor force participation, widespread use of reliable contraception allowing for delayed childbearing, and escalating social security and healthcare costs due to an aging population. These factors may influence reproductive decisions and exacerbate the adverse effects of the recession on fertility rates. This study utilizes the latest official data from Greece to examine the impact of the current economic crisis on fertility levels and their evolution over time.