Social Control Factors Research Articles

외국인 밀집지역의 무질서가 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향과 사회통제에 따른 조절효과

As the number of foreigners in the country increases, existing foreigner neighborhoods are spreading out. As the number of foreign residents increases, foreign crime seems to increase, but the foreign crime rate remains at a similar level. However, in areas where foreigners are concentrated, the top five violent crimes, illegal immigration, and drug-related crimes are increasing compared to those of Koreans, and it is necessary to prepare and operate security policy measures. In addition, the level of fear of crime is higher in the case of Koreans in areas with high concentration of foreigners compared to Koreans in areas with low concentration of foreigners, and it is necessary to continue research on this topic. Therefore, this study set up a research model based on disorder and social control factors, which are the main influencing factors that are related to crime fear in previous studies. This study aimed to test the moderating effects of formal social control and informal social control on the relationship between foreigners' and locals' perceptions of disorder and general crime fear in foreigner-dense areas. The results showed that the level of perceived social disorder influenced general crime fear among foreigners, and both physical disorder and social disorder influenced general crime fear among natives. Finally, the moderating effect of social control was found to be that for foreigners, formal social control moderated both social disorder and general fear of crime. Based on this, it can be seen that it is necessary to strengthen formal social control in areas where foreigners are concentrated and build a social system that allows informal social control to function properly. It is hoped that the results of this study will be used as a basis for the development of public security policies to resolve problems such as the increase in the number of foreigners in Korea and the fear of crime that may arise due to the continuous increase in the number of foreigners staying in Korea.

Social Control From the Perspective of Agency Conflict in the Public Sector

Purpose: This work has the general objective of analyzing how transparency, as an instrument of social control, can act as a mitigating element of agency conflict.
 
 Theoretical Background: The present study is based on the theoretical assumption that the presence of greater social control reveals a greater level of society's control over public managers, reducing agency conflicts. To validate this assumption, Transparency will be analyzed as one of the control instruments, since, in a scenario of greater social control, managers tend to be more transparent and there is a better social environment.
 
 Methodology: A quantitative methodology was used with correlation between the Transparency Index (IT), carried out by the Federal Public Ministry, with other social data, such as the socioeconomic indicators of the States (Human Development Index – HDI, Per Capita Income – RPC and Gini Index -GINI) and the number of police investigations against public administration opened in the States.
 
 Results and Conclusion: It was possible to note that the Transparency Index analyzed is significantly correlated, with a positive sign, to the indicators of wealth and socioeconomic development, signaling possible evidence that more developed and richer locations tend to be more transparent.
 
 Research Implications: The study advances in the verification of social control factors and the agency conflict that exists in the public sector, a fact still little explored in previous national literature.
 
 Originality/Value: The lack of social control over the actions of its representatives ends up contributing to weak control in the effective solution of the agency conflict that exists in the public sector.

범죄자의 자기통제력과 전자감독 순응도와의 관계 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between the low self control and the compliant attitude of probationers under electronic monitoring in South Korea. It is imperative to examine the relationship between self control of offenders and law-abiding behavior of probationers by utilizing the revised general theory of crime due to the henious crimes that probationers had commiitted recently while they are under EM. Revised general theory crime has been used in order to examine and check whether or not the level of bonding between probation officers and offenders under EM is key moderator for explaining the association between the self control and compliant attitude of probationers. This study has employed Hirsch's revised theory of self-control. Compared the original Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory(1990), the revised self-control theory emphaized the importance of social control factors. This study used ‘2013 sex offender electronic monitoring system Operational status survey’ of korean institute of criminology and justice data and a total of 410 cases were used for the analysis. SPSS was used as an analysis tool, and Hayes(2013)' PROCESS macro was used to examine the moderating effect. The result showed that the self-control of electronic monitoring probationer and compliance with the electronic monitoring system had a positive relationships while the social bonding between probation officers and offenders under EM had not been identified. Further policy implications will be discussed.

Socio-cultural issues in leprosy control and management

Background : Background: Leprosy is a tropical infectious disease that is neglected worldwide. The world's SDGs target in 2024-2030 requires efforts to reduce it from 0.05 per 10,000 population. The lack of maximum preventive actions and the high number of cases of leprosy can be caused by social and cultural factors; on the other hand, it also impacts social and cultural problems of society in general.Objective: To explore whether social, cultural, and disease control or management factors are related to the high incidence of leprosy based on the existing literature.Methods : Methods: A literature taken from databases included SCOPUS, PubMed, Ebsco, Proquest, Google Scholar. The periods are from November 1 to December 30, 2021. The databases included SCOPUS, PubMed, Ebsco, Proquest, Google Scholar. The literature obtained was six articles that met the inclusion criteria. By using the review protocol through the PRISMA checklist. Stages through screening inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality assessment and data extraction. The analysis was carried out for the key characteristics of each included study and summarized qualitatively.

Socio - cultural issues in leprosy control and management

Background: Background: Leprosy is a tropical infectious disease that is neglected worldwide. The world's SDGs target in 2024-2030 requires efforts to reduce it from 0.05 per 10,000 population. The lack of maximum preventive actions and the high number of cases of leprosy can be caused by social and cultural factors; on the other hand, it also impacts social and cultural problems of society in general. Objective: To explore whether social, cultural, and disease control or management factors are related to the high incidence of leprosy based on the existing literature. Methods: Methods: A literature taken from databases included SCOPUS, PubMed, Ebsco, Proquest, Google Scholar. The periods are from November 1 to December 30, 2021. The databases included SCOPUS, PubMed, Ebsco, Proquest, Google Scholar. The literature obtained was six articles that met the inclusion criteria. By using the review protocol through the PRISMA checklist. Stages through screening inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality assessment and data extraction. The analysis was carried out for the key characteristics of each included study and summarized qualitatively.

With Medicine in Mind? Exploring the Relevance of Having Recreational Experience When Becoming a Medicinal Cannabis User

Background: Beyond the legal use of medical cannabis in Denmark for selected patient groups, a large unregulated use of medicinal (non-prescribed) cannabis occurs. However, little is known about the paths to becoming a medicinal cannabis user and the role that previous recreational experience plays in this process. Aim: Inspired by Becker’s social learning approach to becoming a cannabis user, this study explores sources of inspiration for medicinal cannabis use, the social control factors related to use, and the relevance of recreational experience (RE) with cannabis. Methods: An anonymous survey was made available online to a convenience sample of 2,281 adults (≥18 years) who self-medicate with non-prescribed cannabis. Logistic regression analysis compared users with no RE (46.1%) to users with occasional RE (27.4%) and regular RE (26.5%) in terms of user characteristics, initiation of medicinal use, and experiences with social control factors. Results: Compared to users with RE, users with no RE were significantly more likely to be women, older, more frequent users, and to treat somatic conditions and use low potency CBD-oil. Users with no RE were more likely to rely on social networks for information on medicinal cannabis, use online sources for supply, and find supply stable. Moreover, users with no RE were less likely to keep use secret and find use problematic. Also, when medicinal use develops on a gradual transition from recreational use it is associated with increased odds of treating mental health conditions and with use of smoking as form of intake. Conclusion: The heterogeneity among medicinal cannabis users in Denmark, in terms of demographics, motives for use, and patterns of use, is related to the level of previous recreational experience and to whether medicinal use developed on a gradual transition from recreational use.

On the material consequences of (digital) literacy: Digital writing with, for, and against racial capitalism

ABSTRACT This article argues that digital writing pedagogy needs to prepare students to deal with underlying oppressive realities within the range of everyday digital writing practices as opposed to simply focusing on affordances as unfettered opportunities. In particular, digital writing is increasingly mediated through digital apps and other interactive platforms whose designs enroll us into the social arrangements of racial capitalism, including through corporate interests, societal and language ideologies, social control, and other oppressive factors. As researchers and educators, we should especially be mindful of the participation of complex software such as algorithms. Machines are our coauthors, and machines are not neutral. Digital writing experiences, shaped as they are by design around idealized users and hegemonic social forces, are differentiated along intersectional lines. I discuss pedagogic implications for this as the context for understanding writing under contemporary racial technocapitalism, arguing for critical abolitionist design literacy as a way forward.

Intersection of familial risk and environmental social control on high-risk drinking and alcohol dependence in a US national sample of adults

BackgroundEffects of a family history of alcoholism may be moderated by area-level social control factors. We examine whether increased neighborhood alcohol availability (low social control environment) or increased presence of religious adherents in the county (high social control environment) interact with family history in relation to alcohol outcomes. MethodsWeighted data from 12,686 adult drinkers (51% male; mean age 44; 80% White, 9% Black, 11% Hispanic) in three US National Alcohol Surveys were linked with data on area-level off-premise alcohol availability and adherence to religions with strong prohibitions against drinking. Family history density had four levels (family history negative, extended family only, first-degree relative(s) only, high family density). Dichotomous outcomes were past-year high-risk drinking and alcohol dependence. Logistic regression models with interaction terms assessed whether associations of family history with alcohol outcomes differed significantly by area-level social control. Stratified models assessed differences by sex and by race/ethnicity. ResultsIn the full sample, effects of first-degree relatives and high family density on high-risk drinking strengthened as alcohol availability increased. This was replicated in the subsample of women and suggested in relation to dependence among men and Black drinkers. For White drinkers, higher religious social control reduced effects of first-degree relatives on high-risk drinking. ConclusionsLow social control—in particular, greater density of off-premise alcohol outlets—appears to exacerbate effects of a family history of alcoholism on high-risk drinking. Policy makers should consider differential benefits of decreasing alcohol availability for people from high-risk families to reduce high-risk drinking and alcohol problems.

The Main Determinants of Military Violent Crime

It has been stated that violent crime of military personnel is conditioned both by general determinants for the whole crime and by special criminogenic factors.
 The author of the article has highlighted the main determinants of such crime in details. They traditionally include the following determinants: economic, political, ideological, cultural, national, socio-biological, socio-psychological, organizational and administrative, legal, etc. Their specific features, causes, consequences and mutual influence at the present stage of Ukraine’s development have been determined; and certain ways of improving the situation have been specified.
 Particular attention has been paid to determinants of violent crimes committed by military personnel during combat operations. The author has indicated on predominance of the socio-psychological nature of crimes in such conditions and the prevalence of certain manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorders among the participants of hostilities in Eastern Ukraine; the author has noted that such disorders have recently been identified by psychologists as “ATO syndrome”.
 The author has expressed opinion that commission of violent, lucrative and violent crimes by military personnel during combat operations is in many cases a consequence of the influence of specific social and psychological determinants, where researchers name: weakening of social control factors; exacerbation of problems of meeting the needs for existence; increasing the level of nervousness of the population, increasing the conflict level in interpersonal relationships; weakening the morality, etc.
 It has been emphasized that the elimination of these criminogenic determinants should be a priority in the prevention of violent crimes by military personnel.

Makna Sosial Tongkonan dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Tana Toraja

Every society has a norm as a life guide like tongkonan meaning. The purpose of the study is to reveal the history of the formation and the impact of tongkonan as a social phenomenon. The type of research conducted is qualitative research. Informants are determined on the basis of the characteristics of informants that are defined as community members, community leaders, customary leaders. Data collection techniques are observation, documentation and interview. Data analysis techniques through various stages of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion, while the technique of data validity using triangulation of sources, time and techniques. The results showed the history of the process of formation of ongkonan lasted for a long time influenced by the factors of closeness and similarity. Some individuals or communities have a tongkonan due to social customary control factors. Positive implications of Tongkonan meaning are those that have rules, social solidarity, places of need, mutual cooperation, whereas the negative implication is tend to neglect education.Keywords: Social Meaning, Tongkonan, Toraja.

Flourishing in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Flourishing is an indicator of positive mental health and is important for children's development and well-being. We used variables from the National Survey of Children's Health 2016 as indicators of flourishing (difficulty making friends, is bullied, bullies others, shares ideas with family, argues, finishes tasks, does all homework, shows curiosity, stays calm, and cares about doing well in school) to compare differences in parent perceptions of their children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We anticipate that these findings will help identify intervention targets to support the well-being of individuals with ASD. Children between 6 and 17 years of age, without intellectual disability, brain injury, cerebral palsy, or Down syndrome were included. Total participants were 34,171 controls (male/female = 17,116/17,155) and 812 with ASD (male/female = 668/144). Factor analysis resulted in three-factor structures (social competence, behavioral control, and school motivation) with good model fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.08, comparative fit index = 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.89). The multivariate regression model and propensity score with inverse probability of treatment weighting (PS-IPTW) method revealed that children with ASD had lower scores in the social competence and behavioral control factors compared to the control group (all P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in the school motivation factor between the two groups (P > 0.05) in both multivariate regression model and PS-IPTW method. Findings suggest that social competence and behavioral control are indicators of flourishing and are important intervention targets to increase flourishing among children with ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 952-966. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Flourishing is an indicator of positive mental health and is important for children's development and well-being. We used variables from The National Survey of Children's Health 2016 to examine differences in parent perceptions of the indicators of flourishing (difficulty making friends, is bullied, bullies others, shares ideas with family, argues, finishes tasks, does all homework, shows curiosity, stays calm, and cares about doing well in school) between children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We anticipate that this information will help to identify therapeutic targets to support the well-being of individuals with ASD. Children between 6 and 17 years old, without intellectual disability (ID), brain injury (BI), cerebral palsy (CP), or Down syndrome (DS) were included. From the total (N = 50,212), we excluded children under age 6 (n = 14,494), those who once, but do not currently have ASD (n = 81), and those with ID (n = 432), BI (n = 170), CP (n = 35), and DS (n = 17), resulting in 34,983 records used. Total participants, age 6-17 years, were 34,171 controls (male/female = 17,116/17,155) and 812 with ASD (male/female = 668/144). Factor analysis resulted in the identification of three flourishing categories among the indicator variables (social competence, behavioral control, and school motivation). Children with ASD had lower scores in the social competence and behavioral control factors compared to the control group. However, there were no significant differences in the school motivation factor between the two groups. Findings suggest that social competence and behavioral control are indicators of flourishing and are important intervention targets to increase flourishing among children with ASD.

A Study on Bullying Victimization of Multicultural Families’ Adolescents: Culture assimilation, Social Control and Deviant lifestyle

이 연구는 문화 동화수준과 사회유대요인, 생활양식-일일상활동을 바탕으로하여 다문화청소년의 집단괴롭힘 피해요인을 확인하기 위한 탐색적인 연구이다. 기존 다문화연구 및 청소년피해 선행연구에 의해 다문화구성원들이 문화 동화 수준이 높은 경우 범죄에 가담하지 않고, 매우 긍정적인 방향으로 사회에 적응할 것이기 때문에 다문화청소년들의 집단괴롭힘피해에 보호요인으로 작용할 것이라 예상하였다. 또한 청소년 범죄피해와 관련한 연구를 통해 사회유대 의 정도는 청소년의 범죄피해를 예방하는 매우 중요한 변수이고, 반대로 생활 양식-일상활동이론에 따르면 위험한 생활양식을 가질 경우 범죄자에게 매력적인 피해의 대상이 된다고 하였다. 선행연구들을 통해 세운 가설을 검증한 결과, 문화 동화 수준과 사회 유대, 일탈적 생활양식의 하위요인은 부분적으로 다문화청소년의 집단괴롭힘피해에 타당한 설명력을 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. 구체적으로 동일시 동화, 행동 수용적 동화, 부모 애착, 친구 애착, 비행경험이 통계적으로 유의미한 변수임을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 문화의 동화 수준과 다문화 청소년의 집단괴롭힘피해와의 관계를 탐색하고, 사회 유대 및 생활양식 요인의 하위변수들을 활용한 분석으로 이론을 종합적으로 검증했다는 점에서 의미가 있다.This study is an exploratory study to identify the relationship among Gordon s culture assimilation theory, social control factors, lifestyle-routine activity theory and bullying victimization of multicultural families’s adolescents. Also, this study expected that culture assimilation level would act as protection factors for bullying victimization. In addition, social bonds are a very important variable to prevent juvenile victimization. Also according to the lifestyle-routine activity theory, deviant lifestyle makes them an attractive target of victimization. This study presents several hypotheses about the effects of these variables on bullying. Specifically, it was confirmed that identificational assimilation, behavioral acceptance assimilation, parent attachment, friend attachment, and delinquency experience were statistically significant variables. Therefore, this study has meaning in that it explored the relationship between the level of cultural assimilation and victimization of multicultural teenagers by peers. Also, this study comprehensively tried to explore the effects of various culture and social control, deviant life style effects on bullying victimization of multicultural adolescents by peer groups.

Evolution of Juvenile Delinquency Phenomenon and Re-Socialization of Delinquent Minors in Romania

The degree of danger ratio of juvenile crimes in other countries, as well as in Romania, is a problem that concerns the educational and social control factors. In our country, the offences have increased due to malfunctions, anomie and social pathology aspects, problems of education and adaptation, malfunctions regarding the promotion of young people that determine phenomena of maladjustment, frustration, alienation and delinquency. At macro-social level, we are confronting cope with the accelerated development of the big cities, massive displacing of population, emerging of heterogeneous social communities, unemployment, inflation, economic instability, lesser community social control, social tolerance, new customs and habits etc. At a micro-social level there appear malfunctions in the activity of the main groups having an important role in socialization processes and social control (family, school, working colleagues, group of friends, associations and youth clubs). From an individual point of view, according to the personality of the teenager, one can exteriorize oneself through certain deviant behaviours: egocentrism, impulsivity, aggression. Through this research I will analyze the dimensions and characteristics of the juvenile delinquency phenomenon in the Romanian society, after the socio-political change in 1989; characterization of the juvenile delinquency phenomenon in Romania; identification of the social causes and factors of juvenile delinquency in our country; I will analysis of the vindicatory sanctions applied to the delinquent minors for the identification of the adequate measures that help decreasing the number of involved and the new aspects of the crimes.

Data security and consumer trust in FinTech innovation in Germany

Data security and consumer trust in FinTech innovation in Germany

The influence of strain factors, social control factors, self-control and computer use on adolescent cyber delinquency: Korean National Panel Study

This study examined how cyber delinquency changes over time and we identified how predictors influence these changes. We analyzed Korean Youth Panel data collected by the National Youth Policy Institute over five years for 2844 Korean adolescents living in 7 metropolitan cities and 8 provinces, using hierarchical linear modeling. The results are as follows. Cyber delinquency linearly increased over time. Greater computer use and perceived stress were related to more cyber delinquency, while greater self-control ability and community attachment were associated with less cyber delinquency. More computer use and offline bullying victimization were related to an acceleration of the increase of cyber delinquency over time. While, greater self-control ability was associated with a deceleration of the increase of cyber delinquency as time passed. The strongest predictor was amount of computer use, followed by self-control, and then by offline bullying victimization.

Rural-to-Urban Migration, Strain, and Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of Eighth-Grade Students in Guangzhou, China.

This examination of minor and serious delinquency among eighth graders in a large southern Chinese city, Guangzhou, also compared groups of these students, observing differences between the delinquency of migrants and that of urban natives. Data used were originally collected for the study "Stuck in the City: Migration and Delinquency Among Migrant Adolescents in Guangzhou." The present study asked whether and how various sources of strain and social control factors explained students' delinquency, questioning how meaningfully migration status moderated several of the observed delinquency relationships. Of students in the sample, 741 reported being natives of Guangzhou, and 497 reported migrating to Guangzhou from a rural area. The study conceptualized internal migration as a strain factor leading to delinquency, but the analyses did not suggest direct association between internal migration and delinquency. Results generally supported Agnew's theory, and, what's more, they tended to confirm that migration status moderated juvenile delinquency.

Binge drinking in and out of college: An examination of social control and differential association on binge drinking behaviors between college students and their non-college peers

ABSTRACTExcessive drinking behavior is a common problem on college campuses but it also affects the same age group that does not attend college. This is a sociological concern because of the multitude of negative consequences associated with binge drinking. The role of peers and social control factors, including the revised routine activities approach to involvement was used to examine what factors influence alcohol consumption. Although there are differences between the drinking behavior of both groups, peer behavior was consistently the strongest predictor of individual drinking behavior for both college and non-college students. Both groups are at risk for experiencing the negative consequences of alcohol use and reduction efforts need to target peer groups.

Prescription Drug Misuse Among College Students

Prescription drug misuse (PDM) is a well-documented trend among college students, with a rising prevalence in recent years. Motivations for PDM are an important aspect of the dynamics surrounding this behavior. Using a sample of undergraduate students taken from a large southern university ( N = 841), this study separates users based on their motives into typologies of instrumental, recreational, or mixed motive users and examines the differences between them using a number of social learning, social control, and strain-based risk factors while also comparing them with non-users. The results show that social learning risk factors, specifically those related to the concepts of differential association and differential reinforcement, as well as the use of other drugs, exert the greatest impact on likelihood of PDM between the motivational typologies.

The Impact of Parent-Child Attachment on Adolescent Problematic Internet Use: A Moderated Mediation Model

Problematic Internet use(PIU) and its detrimental effects on adolescents' adjustment has become a hot topic of research in developmental psychology. Among many factors influencing adolescent PIU, the role of parent-child attachment has increasingly received attention of both practitioners and researchers over the past few years. There is substantial literature documenting that parent-child attachment has an important influence on adolescent PIU, but little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation. Under the basic framework of development system theories and attachment theory, the present study constructed a moderated mediation model based on the social development model and the organism-environment interaction model to examine the effect of family factors(parent-child attachment), peer factors(deviant peer affiliation) and individual factors(effortful control) on PIU and the underling mechanisms. Specifically, the present study examined whether parental attachment would be indirectly related to adolescent PIU through deviant peer affiliation, and whether this indirect association would be moderated by adolescent effortful control. This integrated model can address questions about both mediation and moderation in one model which was helpful to answer the issues such as what works for whom, and provide valuable information for early identification and prevention that cannot be obtained by separately testing the two questions. A total of 2758 junior high school students(mean age = 13.53 years, SD = 1.06) participated in this study. Adolescents' perceived attachment to their parents was measured by the subscale of parental attachment adapted from the short form of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment(IPPA). Adolescent affiliation with deviant peers was assessed with deviant peer affiliation questionnaire. The short form of Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised was used to assess effortful control. Adolescent PIU was assessed with questionnaire for screening of PIU. All the measures have good reliability and validity. Multiple regression analysis showed that:(1) After controlling for gender, age, and socioeconomic status, the parent-child attachment has a negative effect on adolescent PIU.(2) The negative association between parent-child attachment and adolescent PIU was mediated by deviant peer affiliation.(3) The mediating effect of deviant peer affiliation was moderated by effortful control. The indirect effect was stronger for adolescents with low self-control than for those with high self-control. These findings contribute to our understanding of how and when parent-child attachment impacts adolescent PIU from different subsystems of development system theories. On the one hand, peer relationships relative to the parent-child attachment, may be a stronger social control factors in a way that parents and educators should be actively concern about whether the child was associated with deviant peers, and give reasonable guidance to help solve their confusion encountered in peer interactions. On the other hand, more attentions should be paid to the low self-control individuals(especially improve their parent-child attachment condition) and low parent-child attachment individuals(especially improve their self-control abilities). Last but not the least, the prevention and interventions for adolescent PIU should not only pay attention to the effect of family factors, peer factors(especially deviant peer affiliation) and individual factors(especially self-control), but also to the combined influence of those factors.

Controle social informal e a responsabilização de jovens infratores

Explicações da criminalidade baseadas em teorias de controle social defendem que o enfraquecimento dos laços sociais e a não internalização dos padrões morais favorecem o cometimento de crimes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se jovens infratores que cumprem medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto e já passaram, ou não, por medida de internação apresentam diferenças na intensidade em que estiveram submetidos a fatores que operam o controle social informal. Foi utilizado um survey aplicado a 243 jovens em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa em meio aberto em Minas Gerais, que compõem a amostra deste estudo. A metodologia de análise incluiu a estimação de modelos de regressão logística binomial. Os resultados apontaram que os socioeducandos que estão submetidos, de forma mais intensiva, a determinados fatores de controle social, apresentam menores chances de estarem em progressão de medida, ou seja, de terem cumprido algum tipo de medida socioeducativa de internação no passado.