Social Construction Of Gender Research Articles

Between adventure and delicacy: sailing as a powerful experience for women

ABSTRACT The nautical environment has been challenging for women. However, interviewing experienced female sailors, we noticed that despite the adversity they face, they consider the experience of sailing as something profoundly impactful and powerful in their lives. This research discusses the power of the aesthetic experience of sailing for women, thus adding to the gender discussion. In order to do so, we make use of a theoretical framework that addresses the relationship between being and the materiality of the world. In describing these aesthetic experiences lived in the body, Bachelard’s phenomenology of the image stands out. By productive imagination and poetic images found in the field research and characterized as powerful by the sailors, the social construction of gender and the images between adventure and delicacy appears.

Power, policy, and transgender identities: A case study of gatekeeping by mental health professionals in accessing gender affirming surgeries in India.

Transgender individuals seeking gender-affirming surgeries (GAS) are often denied or delayed by mental health professionals (MHPs). Studies on the gatekeeping of GAS have been mainly conducted in the Global North and primarily focus on the perspectives of health professionals. This case study from India incorporates health professional, community, advocate, and activist perspectives to contribute new evidence about MHP gatekeeping in GAS. The study aims to examine the role of power and gender in MHP gatekeeping of GAS in India. A qualitative multi-method case study including thematic analyses of key informant interviews (n = 9) and policy analysis using the policy triangle framework. Health professionals and transgender persons participate in the construction, performance, and reproduction of gender indicating the persistence of gender normativity in India which enables gatekeeping by MHPs. However, evidence suggests some signs of a change from binormativity to a culturally intelligible and historically familiar "trinormativity". To understand MHP gatekeeping, there is a need to contextualise this example of biopower within the larger social construction of gender within which MHPs operate. A transition from binormativity to "trinormativity" enables MHP gatekeeping of transgender persons seeking GAS. This risks creating new forms of gender-related oppression, such as new hierarchies and class differences between the gender binary and the "third gender".

The science of families: Nurturing hope, happiness, and health

AbstractObjectiveAuthors explored ways to understand how families and communities remain hopeful, happy, and healthy.BackgroundThe 2021 National Council on Family Relations annual conference set the groundwork for the special issue, The Science of Families: Nurturing Hope, Happiness, and Health, asking authors to take a strength‐based, transformative, and trans‐ and interdisciplinary perspective.MethodsTwo translational methodologies are offered: the inclusive cultural‐variant community‐based participatory research model (ICV‐CBPR) and Communities of Practice. The six emerging themes and a summary of the connotations of hope, happiness, and health are described in the articles.ResultsThe six emerging themes that connoted the meaning of hope, happiness, or health across 30 manuscripts included (a) the COVID‐19 pandemic and health, (b) diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility, (c) family policies and academic program needs, (d) military families, (e) contemporary family topics, and (f) research innovations. In one third of the articles, authors transformed implications, with all authors offering practical and research implications.ConclusionsHealth and happiness were often implied in notions of resilience, relationship quality, parenting, and coping. Just over half of the articles (n = 16) directly or indirectly referenced COVID‐19, health, and diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility. Other topics comprised mental and physical health, resilience, the social construction of gender, and military families. Some authors provided concrete suggestions; all submitted research and practical implications.ImplicationsThe movement toward Family Science disseminating and transforming research is moving forth. The diversity of topics, disciplines, and countries (n = 9) aligns with the inclusion and diversity goals of Family Relations.

Gender roles in Spanish cinema: a critical and creative process around the word ‘woman’

The aim of the study is to analyze the evolution of gender roles and to generate, from a feminist and intergenerational perspective, a cognitive change in the participants, using film and discussion groups as mediating techniques, since they are considered appropriate to analyze the evolution of gender roles and to raise awareness, from a feminist and intergenerational perspective, about the importance of gender roles in people’s lives. To this end, an intergenerational project, called “ Women in the focus”, was created within the framework of the Master’s program at the Complutense University of Madrid, which allows 75 women, belonging to three different generations, to reflect on the concept of gender and the expectations linked to the term, through three films produced in different decades: The Red Cross girls by Rafael J. Salvia (1958); Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown by Pedro Almodóvar (1988); and My life whith out you by Isabel Coixet (2003). Once the films had been viewed, 21 focus groups were organized, made up of between 3 and 5 women of different ages and, in order to analyze the experience, the 21 coordinators of the discussion groups were interviewed. The data obtained from the interviews and the focus groups were analyzed following a qualitative approach, through the technique of content analysis. The results show that feminist thought has had an impact on the lives of Spanish women, but in different ways depending on their age, thus, there is a discrepancy regarding the roles that women have to fulfill, a difference based on the difficulties they have had to face. With respect to the choice of film and the focus group as research techniques, it is possible to affirm that they have worked, since they have allowed women of three different generations to dialogue and review their approaches to the social construction of gender from a diachronic perspective, generating an empathetic discourse of acceptance and sisterhood, which implies, in spite of the discrepancies, the recognition of the difficulties of each generation of women.

Gender Equality as a Necessary Approach for the Country’s Development Process and for Gender Integration

The key word in the concept of gender integration is the word perspective. To implement this concept, a major change in the way we think and act is necessary. (Gender Integration in Practice, 2007:11) When gender equality is discussed as a policy in its own right, the focus is on gender structures, not just women as underrepresented gender groups. Gender mainstreaming is the inclusion of a gender perspective at every stage of the process, approval, implementation, planning, evaluation and delivery of legislation, policies or programmes. In all political, economic and social spheres, taking into account the promotion and advancement of equal opportunities between men and women. Defined as equality between men and women in all spheres, both public and private, gender equality means equal access to and control over resources and benefits, equal participation in political decision-making, and equality before the law for women and men. (Shkurti 2009:19). Gender is not just a socially constructed definition of women and men, it is a socially constructed definition of the relationship between the sexes. Policies and structures play a very important role in living conditions and often institutionalize the maintenance of the social construction of gender (Anastasi, Mandro-Balili, Shkurti, Bozo, 2012:8). This social construction contains an unequal power relationship with male dominance and female subordination in most spheres of life. This means a true partnership between men and women and their sharing of responsibility for correcting imbalances in their public and real lives. The issue remains in the use of the skills, values and talents of every citizen, as well as in the inclusion of women and men in the construction of society. Gender inequality must be fought, protected and promoted as a human right. Gender equality means participation, empowerment and visibility of both sexes in all spheres of public and private life. An important goal is the full recognition and implementation of women's rights as human rights. This means respecting, protecting and promoting the human rights of both women and men, ensuring that both parties fully respect these rights. It also means fighting interference with women's freedom and dignity.

A “hard question”: Gender affirming care and gender distress in a social world

AbstractGender affirming care for youth is currently under political attack across the United States. Critics of affirming care often leverage a biological and fixed notion of gender as assigned at birth, which is at odds with how gender has been theorized academically for decades. Yet for some feminist clinicians, the popularized version of SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION present within rhetoric about the purpose of affirmative intervention also seems to undercut the legitimacy of care. In this article, I track how the difficult problems of the origins of gender itself, problems seemingly exposed by the invocation of the SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION of gender, are managed within the field of gender affirming care. I show how by drawing on the narrative power of very young gender expansive people, and by orienting clinical care away from identity towards DISTRESS, medical providers can align themselves both with feminist desires to change how gender ideology functions in the social world, and with the need to provide interventions that allow youth to embody the gender they desire.

Gender And Patriarchy In Easterine Kire’s A Terrible Matriarchy

The socially constructed traits that are to be possessed by women, men, girls and boys living in a society are what we understood as the key elements of the term gender. But deleterious effect of gender norms to the human society left many people in trauma. As we all are aware that gendered language is something that creates biasness towards a specific sex. This biasness continues for generations and generations and becomes as irrefutable evidence to the traditional customs and beliefs. The medium of communication and instructions given by grandmother to the five years old Dielieno in A Terrible Matriarchy was that of patriarchy. Again, the command over the other members of the family by the grandmother was also in the tone of patriarchy. The social constructions of gender regulate the roles of genders present in the society. We all know that, socialization also helps to foster gender inequality. Again, patriarchy is a sex-based practice that aggravates mental, social and spiritual well-being of the second gender. As Friedrich Engels, the critic, referred to it as the earliest system of domination establishing that patriarchy is “the world historical defeat of the female sex” (Engels 2). It is again the social system that contradicts the power to an individual through cultural and traditional norms. The present paper analyzes the traditions of patriarchy and their limitations in Naga society, India. It will also analyze the ignorance of the society and the members present in it to attenuate the atrocities done to the affected group with reference to the novel ATerrible Matriarchy.

Gender Stereotypes and Women’s Health in Buea Municipality

Women’s health is not only critical for women but for their families and communities at large. The importance of and focus on women’s health is reflected on the different national and international development agendas. However, the social construction of gender and the eventual development of gender stereotypes directly and/or indirectly affects the health of women. This paper focuses on gender stereotypes and women’s health in the Buea Municipality of the South West Region of Cameroon. Through a stratified convenient sampling prsscedure to select 108 women, the paper uses the Harvard Analytical Framework and Leveque’s Conceptual Framework of Access to Health to interrogate the theme and with the help of a questionnaire. Different gender stereotypes were identified that put the woman as responsible for care and family well-being no matter her condition. This proved to affect their health through stress, ill health, self-medication, mental health challenges etc.

THE REASONS OF LAW FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE

This article aims to discuss the reasoning of law, within the framework of the justification of judicial decisions, from a gender perspective. The structure of the analysis starts, firstly, from the enquiry on how judges decide, suggesting that legal argumentation puts into crisis the application of law. Secondly, it investigates the possibility of constructing a gender perspective as a methodological enunciation of legal reasoning procedure in the judicial decision. The field of study is circumscribed to the analysis of sentences on domestic violence in cases of intimate relationships. From this it is possible to give evidence that the decision-making process reveals, essentially, a formalistic vision of the application of the law. It is considered that the appreciation of factual situations and the material interpretation of the rule of law may be affected by prejudices resulting from the social construction of gender, which may lead to unfair decisions. It is suggested that the enunciation of gender constitutes a methodological instrument of justification of the sentence and that it operates in all the phases of the reasoning from the examination of the facts to the application of the law.

Caring for Communities through AI Language

AI-mediated communication (AI-MC) assists and creates dialogue between people to suggest responses during digital conversations. Users see this when automated suggestions appear in text and email communications. This technology has the potential to be used on a mass scale and to eventually lead to complete conversation formation, possibly without any knowledge of one knowing they are engaging in dialogue with AI. Knowing that users adopt digital behaviors that contribute to efficiency, research must look at the influence of this tool in shaping social constructs. Understanding that gender bias exists in both the English language and in the development of AI leads to my inquiry in analyzing the role that AI-MC plays in constructing social norms with language usage. I argue that the use of gender biased language in AI predictive-text suggestions contributes to the social construction of gender in the creation, execution, and use of AI-MC. My research included searching for articles related to AI-MC, human computer relationships, and historical bias concerns with AI and language. Using the keywords gender, language, artificial intelligence, and AI-MC, I compiled research articles from the fields of human computer learning, critical media studies, and psychology to conduct a discourse analysis. Informed by feminist STS scholarship on marginalization, gender and language, and the theoretical framework of social construction theory, I performed an ideological critique of the scholarship to articulate how language constructs reality, specifically gender, and the underlying consequences and assumptions. Care is given to recognizing other underrepresented communities and cultural rhetoric in digital communication tools to add a layer of nuance in highlighting the impact this approach can have toward uncovering social constructs and contributing to solutions that embrace diversity. My argument also considers the impact this intervention could have during the formative years of youth given the influence of language and symbols in forming identities and social practices. I discuss solutions of using gender fair language and neutralized language, while encouraging caution around solutions that still lean toward the masculine. AI-MC needs to be created without gendered terminology as much as possible and with the automatic inclusion of gender-neutral terms when gendered terms are suggested (e.g., suggesting he, she, and they). Additionally, I recognize the tendency for society to construct norms around “acceptable” language, for example with methods such as tone policing. I call for advancements that consider the impact of these actions on marginalized groups by developing technologies that respect diverse rhetoric. Embracing various forms of expression leads to a more authentic representation of communities and thus society at large. Therefore, efforts to create AI-MC experiences that do not reinforce binary gender, nor only one model of acceptable discourse, are essential in future developments of this tool to embrace a more inclusive digital environment. Understanding the prominence of algorithms in our communicative experiences emphasizes the need for AI language design that embraces inclusivity to encourage positive relationship formation that is representative of all people regardless of gender identification, sexual orientation, dis/ability, race, or other identities.

Socio-Cultural and Religious Taboos Trapped the South Asian Women: Analysing Female Struggle Against Male Chauvinist Society in Gita Mehta’s Raj

This research explores Gita Mehta’s prestigious place in Indian Writing in English. Being a female novelist, her writings raise the issue of women's identity. Her novel Raj mainly focuses on the culture, tradition, and political condition of India. According to her, women are trapped in the circle of religion, culture, tradition, and all social taboos. In this novel the heroine of Mehta, Jaya Singh breaks the shell of all such taboos and emerges herself as a new individual in society. This research paper will show how the novel Raj is viewed as a wide scope for feminist analysis. This research aims to explore and analyze how the protagonist, Jaya Singh along with other subordinate female characters struggles hard and creates their own space in the so-called male-dominated society. With the help of Judith Lorber’s theoretical perspective of the social construction of gender, Judith Halberstam’s female masculinity, and Judith Butler's notion of ‘gender performativity’ the research papers analyzes how gender roles and ideologies are socially constructed, not something considered natural. The finding highlights that gender is not something related to the presence or lack of certain genes. It is the product of society and culture made to suit the ulterior motive of patriarchy. The main conclusion to be drawn from this work is gender is not an inborn entity which is quite a political issue hence; the female characters deployed in the novel are claiming their 'space' in society.

Social constructs of online feminine identities in social media: A thematic analysis

It has been argued that femininity is a form of control over women’s identity, and that femininity is predominantly performative. This research examines the performative nature of femininity in Instagram posts, based on the idea that social media is a means through which young women negotiate and perform their feminine identity. Self-presentation theories suggest that female social media users perform aspects of self-presentation as influenced by the audience, the situation, and implicit social constructs of gender. This study used Reflexive Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with ten women Instagram users aged between 18 – 27, who post regularly to Instagram. The focus was on exploring the participant’s detailed accounts of how they manage their online identity and self-presentation of femininity on Instagram. Emerging themes emphasised the performative aspects of self-presentation, such as self-surveillance and self-monitoring and impression management in relation to online social situations. Findings highlight the significant, influential aspect the audience plays in performative femininity as well as the importance of Goffman’s (1959) dramaturgical theory of self-presentation and Walkerdine’s (1989) concept of femininity as a performance. The study raises important questions about the presentation and performative elements of femininity on Instagram and how femininity is still a form of hegemonic control over women.

Like Behind a Stone Wall": Involved Fatherhood in the Context of Maternal Self-Realization Opportunities

Involved Fatherhood is in the focus of researchers' attention because of the background of a general changes in the structure of gender roles in the modern Russian family, however, a number of blind spots remain in the study of this problem. Thus, it is relevant to analyze the mutual influence of involved fatherhood and mothers' practices, including how the father's activity changes the mother's trajectories and well-being. The presented study aims to analyze the involved fatherhood as a factor that positively affects the social opportunities of a woman in the first years of motherhood. The research methodology is based on the theory of the social construction of gender, the social topology of P. Bourdieu, the concept of non-maternal practices of mothers (sustainable social practices of a woman that are determined by the complex situation of caring for young children, but are not directly related to caring for them). Based on the analysis of 720 accounts of young mothers in social networks, 230 statements of mothers on thematic forums, and 10 in-depth interviews (5 married couples, men in which are actively involved in the childe care process), it was found that fatherhood is an important factor in the implementation of non-maternity practices, including that have an economic effect and a transitive potential for a woman. This and the orientation of a woman to preserving her subjectivity through the implementation of non-maternal practices creates some conditions (financial, timing, functional) for greater inclusion of fathers in the processes of care and upbringing. The main motive for the involvement of men is the orientation towards the interests of the child and the subjective experiences of the fatherhood. However, the effect of support is highly appreciated by mothers as a factor determining the expansion of women's social opportunities, their material and psychological well-being.

Experiences of Women Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder: Perception of Motherhood, Social, Health, and Construction of Gender

Purpose. To explore the experiences of women diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) from a holistic perspective, incorporating their experiences in the social and health fields and their perception of motherhood, and to analyse the influence of the social construction of gender. Design and Methods. Qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological design. Eight women with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder participated in the in-depth interviews. Findings. The trauma, stigma, and difficulty associated with motherhood and being a woman are determinants in the experience of symptoms and the recovery from them. Practical Implications. The findings offer keys to improving the quality of women’s nursing care and the treatment they are provided according to gender factors.

Muscular superheroes and girly ducks: Gender talk using comics in the classroom

AbstractThis paper explores how participants in a Swedish secondary school do gender talk with comics. Swedish schools are tasked with working with gender, but this can be a challenge for many teachers, and finding materials to work with gender aspects can be difficult. Meanwhile, literary research on comics has shown them to be a potential tool for problematising gender, but little educational research has investigated the gender discussions that comics can promote. Therefore, using conversation‐analytical methodology, we have documented situated classroom talk through video observations, focusing on the social construction of gender. Five excerpts are shown, where different aspects of gender talk are displayed and discussed. Results indicate that although students deconstruct and criticise gendered binaries in characteristics and behaviour from comics' imagery, this critique remains superficial, revolving around the hypersexualised body imagery of the muscular superhero the Phantom or the outdated femininity of the girly Daisy Duck. Although comics present an opportunity for discussions of norm critique in the classroom, we suggest that more social‐realistic comics, wherein gender roles are more subtle and nuanced, be used for furthering the research on this topic and allowing students more width when it comes to deconstructing gender binaries.

The Power of Music: But What Kind?

One of the enchanting powers of music is its ability to transcend language and culture and capture complex human experiences. But music, rather than a mere reflection of social reality, also constitutes within discursive practices and contributes to the social construction of gender and sexuality. By looking at two different examples of music works, I call attention to the social-political role music plays in our life. I argue that attending to the sociopolitical perspective of music is to understand how music traverses across lives (and materials) and creates different relationships with and among us. This is an attempt to better comprehend human experiences, through which, we may repair and recreate new relationships. I end this column with a few curriculum ideas.

Introducing the Upcoming Special Series “Queer Politics & Positionalities in Sonic Art”

Essay| March 01 2023 Introducing the Upcoming Special Series “Queer Politics & Positionalities in Sonic Art” Charles Eppley Charles Eppley Charles Eppley (they/he) is an assistant teaching professor of Interdisciplinary Art & Performance (IAP) at Arizona State University. They teach and research the intersections of sound, disability, and techno-material culture from an interdisciplinary art history and media studies perspective. They are currently working on a book on the politics of listening in postwar art, focusing on the sound artist Max Neuhaus (1939–2009). They previously held faculty positions in media studies and art history at the University of California at Riverside and Oberlin College, as well as research posts at the MIT Media Lab, Experiments in Art & Technology (E.A.T.) at Nokia Bell Labs, and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. Charles currently serves as a co-editor and research coordinator for the Mellon and Ford foundation–funded Proclaiming Disability Arts initiative at the Center for Disability Studies at New York University. They are also a member of the artist collectives Remote Access and Cybernetics Library, where they help to design participatory public programs on disability and digital culture. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Resonance (2023) 4 (1): 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1525/res.2023.4.1.6 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Charles Eppley; Introducing the Upcoming Special Series “Queer Politics & Positionalities in Sonic Art”. Resonance 1 March 2023; 4 (1): 6–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/res.2023.4.1.6 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentResonance Search What is queer listening? Can sound be queer? Both questions are illogical. Being queer does not completely define how a person hears sound and interprets the worlds that it creates. Sound is also a mechanical force that produces physical vibrations in the ears and renders psychoacoustic phenomena in the minds of listeners. Sound cannot be queer because it is not a person, and as such it has neither sexuality nor gender. But are we satisfied by these answers? Do they really account for the complex ways that queerness resonates through sound across the social constructs of gender and sexuality? Perhaps there is more to say, and more for which to listen. The upcoming special series of Resonance, “Queer Politics & Positionalities in Sonic Art,” opens discursive space for critical reflection and creative expression on this essay’s opening questions. We don’t intend or desire to answer them definitively. Nor do... You do not currently have access to this content.

How gender is socially constructed in policy making processes: a case study of the Adolescent and Youth Health Policy in South Africa

BackgroundGender equality remains an outstanding global priority, more than 25 years after the landmark Beijing Platform for Action. The disconnect between global health policy intentions and implementation is shaped by several conceptual, pragmatic and political factors, both globally and in South Africa. Actor narratives and different framings of gender and gender equality are one part of the contested nature of gender policy processes and their implementation challenges. The main aim of this paper is to foreground the range of policy actors, describe their narratives and different framings of gender, as part exploring the social construction of gender in policy processes, using the Adolescent Youth Health Policy (AYHP) as a case study.MethodsA case study design was undertaken, with conceptual underpinnings combined from gender studies, sociology and health policy analysis. Through purposive sampling, a range of actors were selected, including AYHP authors from government and academia, members of the AYHP Advisory Panel, youth representatives from the National Department of Health Adolescent and Youth Advisory Panel, as well as adolescent and youth health and gender policy actors, in government, academia and civil society. Qualitative data was collected via in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 30 policy actors between 2019 and 2021. Thematic data analysis was used, as well as triangulation across both respondents, and the document analysis of the AYHP.ResultsDespite gender power relations and more gender-transformative approaches being discussed during the policy making process, these were not reflected in the final policy. Interviews revealed an interrelated constellation of diverse and juxtaposed actor gender narratives, ranging from framing gender as equating girls and women, gender as inclusion, gender as instrumental, gender as women’s rights and empowerment and gender as power relations. Some of these narrative framings were dominant in the policy making process and were consequently included in the final policy document, unlike other narratives. The way gender is framed in policy processes is shaped by actor narratives, and these diverse and contested discursive constructions were shaped by the dynamic interactions with the South Africa context, and processes of the Adolescent Youth Health Policy. These varied actor narratives were further contextualised in terms of reflections of what is needed going forward to advance gender equality in adolescent and youth health policy and programming. This includes prioritising gender and intersectionality on the national agenda, implementing more gender-transformative programmes, as well as having the commitments and capabilities to take the work forward.ConclusionsThe constellation of actors’ gender narratives reveals overlapping and contested framings of gender and what is required to advance gender equality. Understanding actor narratives in policy processes contributes to bridging the disconnect between policy commitments and reality in advancing the gender equality agenda.

“The Biggest Mistake You Ever Made Was Thinking That Nobody Cared about Me”: The Representation of Black Lives in Our Fathers, Sons, Lovers and Little Brothers

In this review of the 2022 performance of Our Fathers, Sons, Lovers and Little Brothers, Andrea A. Davis and Carl E. James, from their respective disciplines in Black literary and cultural studies, education, and sociology, engage in a conversation about Makambe K. Simamba’s play. In their conversation, they unpack questions about Black spirituality, the social construction of gender as a raced category, and the difficulty of articulating anti-Black racism in Canada. Their conversation is framed by a critical analysis that locates the play’s action within an understanding of Black community that exceeds national and geographical boundaries, connecting Black experiences in the United States and Canada.

Revisiting old and opening new spaces for feminist organizing in Austria

ABSTRACT Before the onset of COVID-19, the political mood in Europe shifted to the right. This is indicated, for example, by efforts to close the borders to migrants, an undermining of legislative and executive democratic structures as well as restrictions on free speech. Such anti-democratic developments have also impacted gender equality – at the level of policy and in daily life. Our paper aims to examine the policies on gender equality of the center-right Austrian government from 2017 to 2019 and their influence on feminist organizing. Applying a participatory, action-based research approach in the context of a neoliberal conservative nation state, the data shows a clear backtrack from a pluralist perspective of gender equality policies and regression towards heteronormativity, complemented by a focus on the gender binary that discounts the social construction of gender. These trends clearly influence feminist organizing.