Effects Of Social Class Research Articles

Transmission of values or access to resources? Effects of social class, capitals, and networks on civic engagement

Transmission of values or access to resources? Effects of social class, capitals, and networks on civic engagement

Consumption value and context-specific attributes: the moderating effect of social class on Halal cosmetics purchase intention

Consumption value and context-specific attributes: the moderating effect of social class on Halal cosmetics purchase intention

From Agency To Social Impact: The Effect of Social Class and Dominance Orientation on Social Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy

From Agency To Social Impact: The Effect of Social Class and Dominance Orientation on Social Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy

Her class and his class: Does social class matter for fertility?

This work explores the association between fertility behaviour and occupational social classes, over and above educational and income resources. We use European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data, pooling the longitudinal component for fourteen countries between 2005 and 2017. We compare the effect of the female partner's social class with that of the male partner on the likelihood of having a child, distinguishing between the effect on the first and the second child. We find consistent evidence that, vis-à-vis income and education, occupational social class does play an additional role in fertility behaviour. However, it does so differently depending on the sex of the partner and the different parities considered. Our findings indicate that when her partner is employed, the occupational social class she belongs to becomes a more significant factor and plays a pivotal role in influencing fertility behaviour.

Social class, schadenfreude, and children's prosocial behavior in moral contexts.

Previous research has shown mixed results regarding the relationship between social class and children's prosocial behavior. The current study aims to further our understanding of these findings by exploring the relationship between social class and children's prosocial behavior in a moral context. Study 1 (N = 833) found that when a target child pursued a morally negative goal and subsequently experienced misfortune, children from higher social class, compared to those from lower social class, experienced greater schadenfreude and exhibited less prosocial behavior. The relation between social class and prosocial behavior was mediated by schadenfreude. Study 2 (N = 389) investigated whether the greater schadenfreude experienced by children from higher social class was due to a weaker empathic response to misfortune or a stronger sense of deservingness. The results revealed a sequential mediation effect of social class on prosocial behavior through deservingness and schadenfreude. These findings provide insight into the impact of social class on the development of children's moral judgment, emotions, and behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Socioeconomic position, family context, and child cognitive development.

Socioeconomic position (SEP) may have different effects on cognitive development and family context could play a role in this association. This work aimed to analyse the role of socioeconomic positions, measured via various indicators collected longitudinally, in cognitive development at 7-11years of age, evaluating the role of family context as a potential mediator. The study sample included 394 and 382 children from the INMA Gipuzkoa and Valencia cohorts, respectively. SEP indicators were assessed during pregnancy (family social class, parental education, employment, and disposable income) and at 7 (Gipuzkoa) and 11 (Valencia) years of age (At Risk of Poverty or Social Exclusion (AROPE)). Family context and cognitive development were measured with the Haezi-Etxadi Family Assessment Scale 7-11 (HEFAS 7-11) and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven's CPM), respectively. Linear regression models were developed to assess the relationships between (a) SEP-family context, (b) SEP-cognitive development, and (c) family context-cognitive development, adjusting for a priori-selected confounders. Simple and multiple mediation analyses were performed to explore the role of family context in the SEP-cognitive development relationship. Lower SEP was related with a lower cognitive score, this association being particularly robust for family social class. SEP indicators were related to subscales of family context, in particular those regarding cognitive stimulation, parental stress, and parenting. A relationship was also found between these three subscales and child cognitive development, mediating the effect of family social class on child cognition by 5.2, 5.5, and 10.8%, respectively, and 12.0% jointly. Conclusion: Both family SEP and context contribute to a child's cognitive development. Equalising policies and positive parenting programmes could contribute to improving cognitive development in children. What is Known: • Parental social class, education, and employment status have been widely employed to measure socioeconomic position. What is New: • This work focuses on standard measurements of socioeconomic position but also other economic indicators such as the EHII and AROPE, and their effect on child cognitive development and family context. • Promotion of cognitive and linguistic development, parental stress and conflict, and parental profile fostering child development mediated the effect of family social class on cognitive development.

A Review Study of the Impact of Age, Gender, and Social Class on Second Language Learning

Social factors are one of the important factors that affect second language learning. It has been shown that age can affect language proficiency and learning strategies. The factors that affect second language learning include educational factors, social factors, learner personality factors, and motivation and interest. The study aims to examine the effects of age, gender, and social class on Second Language Learning and provide insights into how these factors can influence language learning outcomes and strategies. This article mainly studies the impact of social factors on second language learning. Among social factors, age, gender, and social class are important factors. This article will summarize empirical research in recent years to verify the impact of social factors on foreign language learners’ learning. Understanding the impact of age, gender, and social class on second language learning can help educators and learners develop more effective language learning strategies and create inclusive learning environments.

Exploring the Influence of Social Class and Sex on Self-Reported Health: Insights from a Representative Population-Based Study.

This study investigates the intricate interplay between social class, sex, and self-reported health (SRH) using data from the European Health Survey of Spain 2020 (EESE2020). Employing a cross-sectional design and a representative sample of 22,072 individuals, the analysis explores the persistence of disparities after adjusting for covariates, focusing on health-related variables. The study employs logistic regression models and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to delineate the direct effects of social class and sex on SRH, identifying a minimum adjustment set to control for confounding variables. Results reveal a gradient effect of social class on SRH, emphasizing the enduring impact of socioeconomic factors. Sex-based disparities in SRH diminish after considering additional health-related variables, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach. DAGs serve as transparent tools in disentangling complex relationships, guiding the identification of essential covariates. The study concludes that addressing health inequalities requires comprehensive strategies considering both individual health behaviours and socio-economic contexts. While recognizing limitations, such as the cross-sectional design, the findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of health disparities, informing evidence-based interventions and policies for a more equitable healthcare system.

Placebo effect in food marketing: young consumers' perception of food healthiness and tastiness in reduced-sugar labeling

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide a nuanced understanding of the marketing placebo effect (MPE) of products with reduced sugar labeling and how it forms certain perceptual underpins (perceived healthiness (PH) and perceived tastiness (PT)), with the potential effect of product category and social class in consideration.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed model is tested using a sample of 822 participants by employing partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Hypothetical relationships among MPE, PH, PT, purchase intention (PI) and social class are examined for both hedonic and utilitarian products.FindingsThe results highlight the positive role of MPE in leveraging consumer PI through the parallel mediation of PH and PT. The positive effect of MPE on PH and PT was more pronounced for the utilitarian product. In addition, social class negatively moderated the relationship between PH and PI only in the case of the utilitarian product.Originality/valueThis paper contributed to the MPE literature in the food industry by challenging the conventional intuition of “Unhealthy = Tasty” and highlighting the potential of perceived food healthiness to positively influence perceived food tastiness under the effect of MPE. An upper social class would attenuate the positive effect of perceived food healthiness on PI.

Social class and conspicuous brand logo in gift choice

AbstractWhile conspicuous consumption may be more prevalent for consumers identified as lower (vs. higher) social class, little is known about when and why they prefer conspicuousness in their consumption activities. Drawing from the conceptual perspectives of class‐based norms and self‐protection, we demonstrate the differential effects of social class on preferences for conspicuous logos and the possible explanations underlying the effects. To this end, we employ gift‐giving contexts and identify gift recipients (self‐recipient vs. other‐recipient) as an important boundary condition. Across four studies, lower‐ (vs. higher‐) social‐class consumers exhibit stronger preferences for conspicuous logos, particularly when choosing a gift for others. This effect occurs because lower‐ (vs. higher‐) social‐class consumers have a stronger desire to fit in with others and gain social status. These findings shed light on when and why lower‐social‐class consumers prefer conspicuous logos.

Occupational stressors and mental illness in healthcare work: An intersection between gender, race, and class.

Previous studies have supported the relevance of using broad and complex approaches, including multiple explanatory categories, to analyze mental disorders in the working population. This study aimed to assess the direct and indirect effects of gender, race, social class, and occupational stressors on mental health. A cross-sectional study used a random sample of 3343 health workers. The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) scale measured occupational stressors. The World Health Organization Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) evaluated common mental disorders (CMDs) as outcomes. The role of gender, race/color, and class determinants (level of schooling and income) in the relationship between occupational stressors and CMD was assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to determine associations and effects. Occupational stressors were directly associated with CMD and mediated the relationship between income and CMD. Gender was directly associated with occupational stressors, income, and domestic overload. Race was associated with education and with CMD through indirect paths mediated by class indicators. Class indicators contributed to increasing exposure to occupational stressors and the occurrence of CMD. The results highlight the relevance of gender, race/color, and class in understanding the unequal distribution of work stressors and mental illness in health workers.

Influence of subjective social class and social mobility beliefs on self-focused attention: the mediating role of sense of control

ABSTRACTWe verified whether social class shapes different models of the self in China, by integrating individuals’ social mobility beliefs and exploring the mediating effect of sense of control. Participants were randomly assigned to one of 2 (subjective social class: upper vs. low class) × 2 (social mobility beliefs: high vs. low mobility) manipulation conditions. They then completed the sense of control questionnaire and self-focused attention task. High mobility belief could alleviate the difference in perception among different subjective social classes and improve lower classes’ control perception. Sense of control mediates subjective social class effects and social mobility beliefs on self-focused attention.

Let’s talk about class – exploring the everyday emotions and experiences of classism in Irish education: a thematic analysis of Irish Twitter conversations on class and education between 2018 and 2022

ABSTRACT This paper examines attitudes to classism in Irish education using a thematic analysis of social media conversations about social class between 2018 and 2022. Previous research indicates that Irish education systems are designed by and favour the dominant and ruling classes. However, few studies use the voice of the lived experience to explore the phenomenon. This article investigates Irish people’s communication of class inequalities in education via the social media platform Twitter (X). Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis was employed to analyse and group the Tweets, with Dean’s framework on communicative capitalism to guide the findings. This study indicates that social media has become a legitimate platform to challenge hegemony in education by creating online communities or collective identities in struggles against social inequalities in Ireland. Findings reveal that classism continues to prevail in Irish education, with working-class Tweets on the lived experiences of discrimination providing novel insights on emerging themes such as elitism, inequality of access and symbolic violence. Future research in this area needs to focus on the effects of social class on educational attainment, access, and participation in Irish settings. In particular, examining weaknesses in current structures to support working-class students, and possible grassroot interventions and policies to mitigate the impacts of social class on education.

The effects of social class on social welfare attitudes A mediating role of fairness perceptions——Evidence from two welfare states and China

Social welfare attitudes are often considered to be the individual's perceptions of government-dominated welfare provision behavior, which are generally considered to be influenced by self-interest and ideology. International comparative analysis of welfare attitudes has long been lacking in developing countries. Using EVS/WVS 2017–2021 dataset, this study includes China with Germany, the United States in a comparative analysis framework to explore whether there are welfare regimes differences in the impact of self-interest and ideological factors on welfare attitudes. Through testing the impact of social class and egalitarianism on welfare attitudes, this study concluded that both of them are supported in Germany, the United States and China. People's perceptions of self-perceived social class and fairness are two significant variables correlated with attitudes toward social welfare. The perceptions of fairness played a mediating role between self-interest and welfare attitudes, which are strongest in the United States and weakest in China. Through measuring the uniqueness of social welfare attitudes in a country with a large social welfare scale like China in an international comparative framework, this study proposes that international comparative studies ofwelfare attitudes should gradually develop a broad research perspective that encompasses developing countries.

Who are the convoys of the happiness of Chinese urban residents? Research on social relations and subjective well-being based on the convoy model.

While the rapid advancement of urbanization has driven the improvement of material living standards, it has also brought about rapid social changes and intensified competition. In this "involutive" environment characterized by highly competitive and strong pressure, urban residents tend to fall into a state of "mental exhaustion." Anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and other mental illnesses have seriously threatened public health in Chinese cities. Support from social relations is crucial for enhancing residents' subjective well-being (SWB) and promoting their mental health, especially in China's highly contextualized collectivist culture. According to the social structure of China's "difference sequence pattern," this paper constructs a theoretical framework of the relationship between social relations and SWB based on the convoy model and uses CGSS2018 data to verify the applicability of the theoretical framework. Kinship and friendship positively relate to SWB, and their interaction effect is significantly negative. There is no necessary correlation between neighborhood and SWB. The relationship between social relations and SWB of different age groups is heterogeneous. In addition, the moderating effects of relative income and social class are significantly negative. Kinship and friendship are Chinese urban residents' SWB convoys, and these two factors have an obvious substitution effect. The neighborhood has withdrawn from the convoy orbit of Chinese urban residents' SWB, which may be related to neighborhood indifference caused by China's housing system reform. From the life course perspective, the SWB convoys of young and middle-aged groups consist of kinship and friendship, while those of elderly people include kinship and neighborhood. In addition, for poor individuals living at the bottom of society, support from kinship is the most important source of social capital. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between social relations and the welfare of Chinese urban residents.

Effect of social class on personal control beliefs.

This research investigated the effect of social class on personal control beliefs. Differences in personal control beliefs serve as a central theoretical explanation for social class differences in cognition, emotion, and behavior. However, prior empirical research has not yet conclusively demonstrated that personal control beliefs differ between social classes. Across four studies (total N = 138,417), we investigated the link between social class and personal control beliefs with well-established measures of social class (e.g., ISEI, McArthur Scale),representative samples, and data that allow for causal conclusions (e.g., experimental, and longitudinal data). We found that (a) higher social class was associated with higher personal control beliefs across 60 countries. Furthermore, we observed that (b) higher social class of parents was associated with higher personal control beliefs in their children, and that (c) experimentally induced higher (vs. lower) social class led to increases (vs. decreases) of personal control beliefs. Individuals from lower social classes consistently have weaker personal control beliefs than individuals from upper social classes. Social class differences in this fundamental personality characteristic are bound to have important consequences in various life domains (e.g., psychological and physical well-being, and academic success).

Nonmonotonic effects of subjective social class on pro-environmental engagement

Addressing environmental challenges necessitates collaborative efforts from individuals with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. This article delves into the influence of social class on pro-environmental engagement, employing a comprehensive research approach involving five distinct studies. The investigations encompassed a national representative dataset (Study 1), an online survey (Study 2), and controlled experiments (Studies 3, 4a, & 4b). The consistent findings revealed an inverted-U class effect on pro-environmental engagement, indicating that individuals from the middle-class demonstrated a higher likelihood of engaging in pro-environmental behavior compared to both lower- and upper-class individuals. However, this effect only manifested in a particular form of pro-environmental engagement, namely easily observable good citizenship behavior. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this nonmonotonic relationship between social class and pro-environmental engagement, we turned to the middle-status anxiety hypothesis. As a result, moral identity symbolization emerged as a psychological foundation that could account for the observed effects. These novel findings contribute significantly to the existing research on environmental engagement and its connection to social class.

주관적 사회계층이 중국 예비교사의 행복감에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study aims to identity the relationship between subjective class status, self-identity and happiness perceived by Chinese pre-service teachers. And furthermore to confirm the mediating effect of self-identity in the relationship between subjective class status and happiness.
 Methods An online survey was conducted to Chinese pre-service teachers attending H University and W University located in Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 398 questionnaires were used for frequency, descriptive statistical analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient data analysis. Then a hierarchical regression analysis and path analysis for mediating verification were conducted.
 Results First, according to analyse the correlation between Chinese pre-service teachers' subjective class status, happiness, and self-identity, it was found that subjective class status perception and self-identity had a positive correlation with pre-service teachers' happiness. Second, it was found that subjective class status, self-identity and its sub-factors had a significant effect on pre-service teachers' happiness. Finally, in the effect of subjective class status on happiness, self-identity showed a partial mediating effect.
 Conclusions The higher the subjective perception of social class is, the higher the self-identity status is developed, so the pre-service teachers' happiness is higher. Therefore, in order to enhance the happiness of pre-service teachers with low social status awareness, help them achieve self-identity through planning and implementation of related programs in and out school.

Decent Work and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Un-/Under-employed Workers

Previous work crises have shown that un-/under-employment can have detrimental mental health effects. Workers facing issues related to employment and decent work now have the added stress of physical harm from the respiratory disease known as COVID- 19. This situation presents workers with threats to financial security, physical health, and mental health. However, the presence of coping skills such as perceived social support, resilience, self-esteem, and social class could have a protective effect on mental health outcomes. The aim of this descriptive study was to examine how conditions during a pandemic affect underemployed and unemployed workers’ mental health and psychological well-being. Data (n = 200 un-/under-employed adults) were examined to understand the relationship between decent work and mental health symptoms, as well as the effect of coping skills, resilience, self-esteem, social class, and social support. Decent work was related to mental health symptoms in the expected directions. The examination of differences between unemployed and underemployed workers on measures of social support, resilience, self-esteem, economic constraints, social prestige and measures of mental health symptoms, found differences in workers’ perception of economic constraints, self-esteem, and social prestige, as well as levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Underemployed workers reported lower perceptions of their social status, more economic constraints, and higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Lastly, examination of the impact of prior mental health issues, found that workers’ who reported no prior diagnosis differed significantly from those with two or more diagnoses on measures of self-esteem, resilience, and social support.

The Effect of Demographic Factors and Social Class on Customers' Decisions to Choose Islamic Banks

This study discusses the influence of demographic and social class factors on customers' decisions to choose Islamic banks in Palopo City. On the customer's decision to choose an Islamic bank in the city of Palopo and prove the influence of these factors simultaneously. To provide answers to the problems stated above, the authors use a quantitative research approach with the variables used in this study are the independent variables, namely education, income, employment, dependents, and age as well as the dependent variable in the form of a customer's decision to choose an Islamic bank. This study took 100 respondents using the Non-Probability Sampling method as the sample. Data collection in this study used a questionnaire with regression analysis techniques through the F-test and t-test using the Software Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 19.0. The results of the study show that education, income, employment, and age have a significant effect on the customer's decision to choose an Islamic bank in Palopo City. This is evidenced by obtaining a significance value of 0.000 or less than 5% (0.05). The results of the partial statistical test also show that the variables of education, income and employment have a significant positive effect, while the age variable has a significant negative effect on the customer's decision to choose an Islamic bank in Palopo City. Based on the beta regression coefficient, the highest coefficient value is the income variable of 7,060 with a significance level of 0.000. These findings indicate that income is the variable that has the most influence on the customer's decision to choose Islamic Banking among the other four variables. Based on the results of the simultaneous test it was concluded that the independent variables simultaneously represented by the variables of education, income, employment, dependents, and age have a significant effect on the dependent variable on customer decisions.