Social Characteristics Research Articles

Toilet Training Readiness Scale for 0-5-Year-Old Children: A New Measurement Tool Based on a Child-Centred Approach.

There is no standardised approach to toilet training in children. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the duration of toilet training in children aged 0-5 years and to develop a tool to assess the child's readiness to start toilet training. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 409 children aged 0-5 years. Social, economic, behavioural, and developmental characteristics that are effective in toilet training in healthy children were evaluated. A scale assessing children's readiness for toilet training (Toilet Training Readiness Scale-TTRS) was developed and content validated. The mean age of the 409 children included in this study was 44.69 ± 13.07 months (min = 4; max = 60 months). The mean age of initiation of toilet training was 26.8 months. Most frequently, urine and faeces trainings were started together (52.1%). In the logistic regression analysis performed to evaluate the factors affecting the duration of toilet training, it was found that the TTRS score, mother's employment status, family type, child's first reaction, toilet type, and continuity of training were important predictors. The duration of toilet training showed a weak negative correlation with the scores obtained from the TTRS and the number of children in the family but a weak positive correlation with the age at the beginning of toilet training. The TTRS scores were inversely proportional to the duration of toilet training. Family characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, and readiness of the child for and no interruption in toilet training are important in completing toilet training in a short time and successfully. If a child-focused approach is adopted, evaluating the child from this point of view and initiating the training at the appropriate time may help to complete a more successful and shorter toilet training. We recommend that the scale we have developed be studied in other studies and different groups.

Why do partners often prefer the same political parties? Evidence from couples in Germany

Abstract Research has demonstrated that couples have similar partisan preferences, a finding associated with political polarization. However, it remains debated to what extent different mechanisms contribute to this homogamy. Analyzing dyadic panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984–2020, we distinguish analytically between (1) direct political matching (i.e., partner selection on matching party preferences); (2) indirect political matching (i.e., social structural homogamy with political homogamy as a by-product); and (3) couples’ political alignment over time, to explain party preference similarity. First, we study matching among recently formed couples using an innovative method that compares real-world couples with three types of counterfactuals: couples that are matched (1) randomly, (2) by multidimensional social structural characteristics, and (3) by maximizing similarity in party preference. Second, we study couples’ political alignment over the course of relationships, tracking real-world couples over time and controlling for macro-level changes in the party-political landscape. Results indicate substantial political homogamy among recently formed couples, which is best explained by political matching (i.e., direct selection based on partisan preferences). Effects of social structural homogamy appear weak in comparison and rather stable across cohorts. Couples further align in their partisan preferences over time, but this effect is countered by an increasing heterogeneity of the German political landscape.

Abstract A052: The association of perceived neighborhood environment with physical and mental health status among cancer survivors in the All of Us Research Program

Abstract Background Neighborhood environment has been recognized as a key determinant of health. Neighborhood disorder refers to physical and social characteristics of neighborhoods that may signal the breakdown of order and social control. Previous studies have reported that neighborhood disorder, such as high levels of noise, vandalism, abandoned buildings, crime, and drug and alcohol use, is associated with poor self-reported health. In contrast, neighborhood social cohesion and the extent of connectedness in society have positive effects on physical and mental health. Little studies, however, have comprehensively examined the association between perceived neighborhood environment and health outcomes among cancer survivors. We examined and found this significant association among cancer survivors. Method We used survey and electronic health records data on cancer survivors aged ≥18 years (N=10,051) from All of Us Controlled Tier Dataset v7 (summer 2017-July 2022), including survey data on 21 items about neighborhood environment, neighborhood order, disorder, and social cohesion. Eleven items were used to measure perceived neighborhood disorder, six items were used to measure perceived neighborhood order, and four items were used to measure perceived social cohesion. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between each measure of neighborhood order, disorder, or social cohesion and physical and mental health status (poor/fair versus very good/excellent), adjusted for 1) age and sex; 2) age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, annual household income, employment, health insurance, marital status, living alone, house ownership, nativity, smoking, and heavy alcohol drinking. Results Cancer survivors living in neighborhoods with high level of order and social cohesion were less likely to report poor or fair physical health. For example, cancer survivors who perceived their neighborhood as sharing the same values were less likely to report poor or fair physical health (OR=0.49; 95% CI=0.39- 0.61). Additionally, cancer survivors who felt their neighborhood was safe were less likely to report poor or fair physical health (OR=0.71; 95% CI=0.55-0.92). In contrast, cancer survivors residing in neighborhood with disorder characteristics were more likely to report poor or fair physical health. Specifically, those living in neighborhood with common vandalism were more likely to report poor or fair physical health (OR=1.40; 95% CI=1.08-1.80). Furthermore, cancer survivors who perceived high level of drug use in their neighborhood were more likely to report poor or fair physical health (OR=1.49; 95% CI=1.19-1.88). Similar associations were observed between 19 neighborhood characteristics and mental health status. Conclusions Most neighborhood characteristics evaluated in this study were associated with self-reported physical and mental health status among cancer survivors. These findings suggest that improving built environment and social support could enhance perceived health and quality of life in this population. Citation Format: Dongjun Lee, Farhad Islami, Ahmedin Jemal, Hyunjung Lee. The association of perceived neighborhood environment with physical and mental health status among cancer survivors in the All of Us Research Program [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A052.

Psychological and social characteristics of children and young people living with obesity in portsmouth and southampton

Psychological and social characteristics of children and young people living with obesity in portsmouth and southampton

Work readiness of student nurses voluntarily supporting NHS during COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods investigation into students’ experiences

Background: Transition from education to the workforce has been recognised as difficult and linked to ‘reality shock.’ Due to the unprecedented circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, many student nurses opted in for NHS emergency placements and prematurely transitioned to the workplace, which calls for an in-depth investigation of the work readiness and transition experiences of this cohort. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate self-perceived work readiness, the effectiveness of support provided by the universities and the NHS as well as explore the experiences of student nurses who responded to the COVID-19 crisis to understand the impact of this early transition to the clinical workforce. Design: A mixed methods study was conducted. It included two stages: (1) an online survey consisting of a work readiness questionnaire and close- and open-ended questions about received support; and (2) online semi-structured interviews that were thematically analysed. Methods: Participants were nursing students from Scottish universities who took on emergency NHS placements. Thirty-three (30 females and 3 males) participants completed the survey and 8 of them (all female) participated in semi-structured interviews. The Work Readiness Scale for graduate nurses along with questions about the support received were completed in the first stage of the study. Results: Organisational acumen was perceived by participants as higher than social intelligence, work competence and personal work characteristics. Three superordinate themes emerged: (1) participants expressed appreciation of and need for coordination of support from the university and the NHS as a key factor in easing into their role; (2) they indicated the sense of obligation as the key driver for taking up this placement; (3) placement was seen as an opportunity to understand their role and develop their professional identity. Conclusions: The findings found the importance of support from the clinical placement and academic teams to help with the integration and application of theory into practice.

The Nails in Fine Arts

The observation of the nails represented in art masterpieces encourages to catch details which allow us to suspect skin disorders of the past, still commonly encountered in our daily clinical activity. Nails are cutaneous annexes reflecting the state of health and unveiling, through their alterations, the presence of specific systemic and cutaneous diseases, as well as the damage which environmental factors and some cosmetic procedures may cause. In the works of visual arts, there are several examples of nail alterations, either related to the job of the models illustrated by the artist (e.g., traumas from heavy activity) or representing signs of concomitant diseases. The works of art also allow to outline a sort of history of nails and of the social meaning nails have been given to and at the same time, they show biological and pathological aspects of human beings and their health, social and religious characteristics. The careful analysis of the nails in the masterpieces of visual art may improve our observational skills and create a direct relationship with the subject that has been portrayed. The manuscript is focused on the main nail alteration decoration which can be observed in the history of art.

Research on Online Games and Social Interaction

This paper delves into the central position of online games in contemporary society and their close relationship with social interaction. With the popularity of the Internet, online games have become one of the most important ways of leisure and social communication. The study outlines the development of MMOs, from their origins to their diverse classifications, and in particular how their unique social characteristics facilitate interactions between players. Through theoretical analysis combined with social exchange theory and symbolic interaction theory, this paper reveals the mechanisms of social interactions in MMOs, including inter-player exchanges, cooperation and competition, and explores how these interactions profoundly affect players' gaming experience and behavioural decisions. Further, this paper analyses the trend of convergence between online games and social networks, and how this convergence enhances the social attributes and player engagement of games. At the same time, the paper also focuses on the social problems that online games may bring, such as Internet addiction and social disorders, cyberbullying, etc., and looks forward to the impact of technological advances on future social interaction patterns. Finally, the paper summarises the potential and challenges faced by online games in promoting healthy social interactions, and puts forward suggestions for future research with a view to promoting the healthy development of the field of online games and social interactions.

Clinical, biological and social characteristics associated with positive and negative symptomatology in schizophrenia and brief psychotic disorder

Clinical, biological and social characteristics associated with positive and negative symptomatology in schizophrenia and brief psychotic disorder

Machine Learning for the Prediction of Surgical Morbidity in Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

We sought to create a machine learning (ML) model to identify variables that would aid in the prediction of surgical morbidity in cases of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). A multicenter analysis including all cases of PAS identified by pathology specimen confirmation, across five tertiary care perinatal centers in New York City from 2013 to 2022. We developed models to predict operative morbidity using 213 variables including demographics, obstetrical information, and limited prenatal imaging findings detailing placental location. Our primary outcome was prediction of a surgical morbidity composite defined as including any of the following: blood loss (>1,500 mL), transfusion, intensive care unit admission, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation/intubation, and organ injury. A nested, stratified, cross-validation approach was used to tune model hyperparameters and estimate generalizability. Gradient boosted tree classifier models incorporated preprocessing steps of standard scaling for numerical variables and one-hot encoding for categorical variables. Model performance was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), and F1 score. Variable importance ranking was also determined. Among 401 PAS cases, 326 (81%) underwent hysterectomy. Of the 401 cases of PAS, 309 (77%) had at least one event defined as surgical morbidity. Our predictive model had an AUC of 0.79 (95% confidence interval: 0.69, 0.89), PPV 0.79, NPV 0.76, and F1 score of 0.88. The variables most predictive of surgical morbidity were completion of a hysterectomy, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), absence of a second trimester ultrasound, socioeconomic status zip code, BMI at delivery, number of prenatal visits, and delivery time of day. By identifying social and obstetrical characteristics that increase patients' risk, ML models are useful in predicting PAS-related surgical morbidity. Utilizing ML could serve as a foundation for risk and complexity stratification in cases of PAS to optimize surgical planning. · ML models are useful models are useful in predicting PAS-related surgical morbidity.. · Optimal management for PAS remains unclear.. · Utilizing ML can serve as a foundation for risk and complexity stratification in cases of PAS..

Do sertão da Bahia a Toronto: a trajetória profissional da enfermeira diplomada Haydée Guanais Dourado (1931-1942)

This article analyzes part of the professional trajectory of nurse and sociologist Haydée Guanais Dourado, from her training as a primary school teacher [normalista] at Instituto Ponte Nova (Bahia, Brazil) to her joining the group of nurses at the School of Nursing at the University of São Paulo. The study is possible by recreating the contexts in which she lived and is inseparable from understanding the social characteristics of the group in which she participated, that of qualified nurses. HGD’s trajectory oscillates between similarities and singularities in relation to the professional group. The investigation uses a reduction in the scale of analysis and an intensive study of the material analyzed. Throughout HGD’s trajectory, it is concluded that a large part of Brazilian registered nurses worked in public health institutions or hospitals and a few others became intellectuals who planned higher education in nursing and reflected on the destiny of the profession.

Exploring the Impact of Social Robot Design Characteristics on Users’ Privacy Concerns: Evidence from PLS-SEM and FsQCA

Although an increasing number of studies explore the factors influencing users’ privacy concerns regarding social robots, the existing understanding of this issue remains largely fragmented. Previous studies have mainly focused on the "net effect" between variables, leaving the complexity of causal configurations, and the holistic impact of design characteristics of social robots on user privacy concerns remains unclear. Based on the Stimuli-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework and Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPMT), this study integrates social robot design characteristics such as Anthropomorphism, Warmth, Competence, and Transparency into causal configurations, and uses Perceived Privacy Risk and Perceived Privacy Control as mediating variables to propose a Comprehensive conceptual model. Based on valid data from a sample of 198 Chinese social robot users, this study conducted empirical analyses of the conceptual model using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (FsQCA). PLS-SEM results show that anthropomorphism, warmth, competence, and transparency are key factors influencing privacy concerns, and perceived privacy risk mediates the relationship between warmth, information transparency, and privacy concerns. The FsQCA results further validated the findings of PLS-SEM and identified five configurations of factor combinations that led to higher levels of user privacy concerns. Among them, the combination of high anthropomorphism design, high competence, and low warmth of social robots is the core configuration that leads to users’ privacy concerns. Overall, this study broadens our understanding of social robot users’ privacy concerns and reveals the causal complexity behind social robot users’ privacy concerns. It provides some theoretical and practical insights for subsequent scholars and designers.

Caregiver Perceptions of the Social and Emotional Characteristics of Gifted Children From Early Childhood Through the Primary School Years

ABSTRACT Caregivers play an important role in the development of talent in high-potential children, however, limited research exists on their observations and perceptions of their child’s development. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine caregivers’ perceptions of the social and emotional characteristics of gifted children in grades K–3. Semistructured interviews were held with a purposive sample of 11 caregivers of intellectually gifted children between the ages of 5 and 9. A thematic analysis revealed two overarching themes: (a) sensitivities and intensities, and (b) behaviors associated with challenges at home and school. Participants also completed questionnaires on personality factors and overexcitabilities. A hierarchical cluster analysis and k-means cluster analysis indicated that highly and profoundly gifted students scored higher in the five Dąbrowskian overexcitabilities as well as openness to experience. Implications are discussed for research and practice.

Evolution Process and Land Use/Land Cover Response of Urban–Rural Space in Wuhan under Polycentric Structure

Polycentric development facilitates urban–rural spatial reshaping and land use/land cover (LULC) protection. Previous studies have predominantly focused on urban areas, with spatial delineation methods biased towards the macro-level, lacking a holistic perspective that situates them within the urban–rural spatial framework. This study proposes a spatial delineation framework that is applicable to the polycentric structure, taking into account the social, economic, and natural characteristics of urbanization. It employs semivariance analysis and spatial continuous wavelet transform (SCWT) to analyze the effects of polycentric development on the urban–rural space of Wuhan from 2012 to 2021 and applies a land use transition matrix, landscape indices, and bivariate spatial autocorrelation to quantify the responses and differences of LULC within urban–rural space. The results indicate that 600m×600m is the best scale for exhibiting the multidimensional characterization of urbanization. The polycentric structure alleviates the compact development of the central city, and it drives rapid expansion at the urban–rural fringe, exacerbating the spatial heterogeneity in LULC change pattern, spatial configuration, and urbanization response within urban–rural spaces. The overall effects of urbanization on LULC are relatively weak along the urban–rural gradient, experiencing a transition from positive to negative and back to positive. This study employs a novel spatial delineation framework to depict the polycentric transformation of metropolitan areas and provides valuable insights for regional planning and ecological conservation in the urban–rural fringe.

Health Promoting Behaviors among Reproductive Age Women in Serbia: The Results from a National Health Survey.

Certain lifestyle characteristics, such as dietary patterns, physical activity, and maintenance of recommended body weight, low-risk alcohol consumption and non-smoking are associated with the lower likelihood for the development of chronic-non communicable disease in the general population. These lifestyles are called health promoting behaviors (HPBs). We aimed to examine the prevalence of the HPBs among the women of reproductive age in Serbia and the factors associated with the compliance with four or more of these behaviors. The study was the secondary analysis of the data from the National Health survey in Serbia from 2019 that examined social, health status, mental health (using PHQ-8) and lifestyle characteristics of the general population in Serbia. The prevalence of compliance with four or more HPBs was 22%. Among the HPBs the most frequent was a non-risky alcohol consumption reported by 2585 participants (99.2%), followed by normal weight (2018-69.2%) and non-smoking (1469-69%), daily fruit and vegetables intake (969-33.2%) and sufficient aerobic PA (216-7.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis with four or more HPBs as an outcome variable showed that the association of compliance with four or more HPBs with tertiary education (OR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.32-2.76) use of prescription medications (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44-0.87) and score on PHQ-8 (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98). There is a need for deeper promotion of health-related behaviors among all educational and vocational groups, including health promotion activities at the primary health care level, which is available to the entire population.

Adaptation of mental health first aid guidelines for eating disorders for Iran

BackgroundThis study aimed to adapt mental health first aid guidelines to support individuals with or at risk of developing eating disorders in Iran. This adaptation seeks to enhance the support available for the Iranian population dealing with these disorders.MethodsWe employed the Delphi expert consensus method, utilizing two panels: health professionals (n = 37 in the first round; n = 29 in the second) and individuals with lived experience (n = 20 in the first round; n = 18 in the second). The health professionals panel was selected from the graduates of various eating disorders associated scientific fields who had a history of providing services to or conducting research on people with eating disorders, and the lived experience panel had a history of eating disorders themselves or in their family. The panel of individuals with lived experience included those who had personal or familial histories of eating disorders. Efforts were made to ensure cultural, gender, and age diversity in the selection of panel members. Panellists rated the importance of each item for inclusion in the guidelines for Iran based on the English-language Mental Health First Aid guidelines for eating disorders. Items deemed essential by at least 80% of both panels were included in the final guideline. Additionally, panel members were invited to suggest any missing items.ResultsA total of 57 participants took part in the first round of the survey, and 47 participated in the second round. In the first round, 204 items across 11 categories were assessed, with 174 items endorsed by the panels. Thirteen items were re-scored in the second round, and 17 items were rejected. Participants suggested 11 new items in the first round. In the second round, 18 out of 24 items were endorsed, while six were rejected. Ultimately, 192 items were incorporated into the Iranian guidelines.ConclusionsThe adaptation process considered Iran's social and cultural characteristics, including the stigma associated with mental health disorders, religious beliefs and rituals such as fasting, linguistic differences between English and Farsi, distrust of strangers, the influence of friends and family, differences in food access, and low mental health literacy. We recommend piloting the adapted guidelines in high schools, universities, and non-governmental organizations to evaluate their feasibility and effectiveness in real-world settings. Furthermore, it is essential to establish mechanisms for feedback, update content based on the latest evidence, and collaborate with the media to promote educational programs and public participation.

Intended effort and self-related and social experiences during study abroad at a European university

ABSTRACT This study investigates the role of individual difference (ID) variables in a single-setting Hungarian study abroad (SA) context. We contribute to the growing body of research dealing with students in European SA contexts highlighting the importance of social and academic circumstances as well. Data was collected with a validated questionnaire (N = 106) that measured international students’ intended effort, self-regulation, self-efficacy beliefs, and social experiences. Our main results present a rather positive picture of international students’ IDs, but we found differences among students studying at various levels and length of stay. In terms of the relationships among the scales, it seems that students’ intended effort was shaped by their self-efficacy beliefs pertaining to evaluation and students’ experiences of community-related issues. Hence, we conclude that when it comes to the role of IDs in SA contexts, it is not only academic activity-related variations that should be considered, but also the social characteristics of the context. Our results have significant implications for pedagogical practice and future research, highlighting the importance of not only the support students receive before and during their SA, which can positively influence their self-efficacy beliefs, but also underscoring the relevance of community-related support at the host institute.

“I Am Because We Are”: The Role of Sub‐Saharan Africa's Collectivist Culture in Achieving Traceability and Global Supply Chain Resilience

ABSTRACTPrior studies on traceability as an enabler of supply chain resilience (SCRes) have focused on large‐scale disruptions and developed country contexts. Few studies have focused on developing countries where chronic, small‐scale disruptions are common and resource scarcity means advanced digital technologies are rarely adopted. This research explores how traceability is achieved across upstream actors in two Ghanaian agri‐food supply chains and how this affects global SCRes. Social characteristics are shown to influence the risks inherent in supply chains, while traceability is both a direct and indirect SCRes enabler. Informed by the relational view, the roles of relation‐specific assets and governance mechanisms in maintaining traceability are explored. Supply chain‐wide relation‐specific assets are prioritized over dyadic relation‐specific assets. This original finding is explained by the importance of maintaining social ties over short‐term economic gains in a collectivist culture, leading to greater relational rents in the long term. A novel, informal third‐party governance mechanism that reduces formal contracting costs and provides flexibility and continuity to interfirm relationships is also identified, further facilitating the attainment of relational rents. The findings are explained in light of sub‐Saharan Africa's collectivist culture, encapsulated in the philosophy of ubuntu. Overall, the research theorizes on achieving supply chain traceability and thus enhancing global SCRes as a sociotechnical system incorporating technological and nontechnological systems that are socially embedded in the local context.

Social Characteristics of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Cancer Patients Enrolled in Early Phase Clinical Trials in South Western Sydney

Introduction: Early phase clinical trials (EPCTs) enable access to novel therapies for patients who have exhausted standard of care treatment and contribute a crucial role in drug development and research. Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) or socially disadvantaged patients have notably lower rates of participation in these trials. We aimed to characterise the social and cultural demographics of patients enrolled on an EPCT in South Western Sydney. Methods: We conducted a 10-year retrospective review of patients enrolled on a EPCT at Liverpool Hospital. CALD patients were defined as those born overseas or whose preferred language was other than English. The patient residential address was used to calculate distance travelled, and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD) and Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) scores were calculated and used as a surrogate for socioeconomic status (SES). Results: Our study included 233 patients across 39 EPCTs. Ninety-one patients (39%) were identified as CALD. The median IRSD and IRSAD scores were 941 and 944, respectively, with 62.7–67.4% of patients residing in an area with greater disadvantage compared to the median of Australia. The median distance travelled was 17 kilometres with only 12% of participants travelling more than 50 km. CALD patients were more likely to reside in an area of low SES (OR 3.4, 95% CI: 1.8–6.5, p < 0.01) and travelled shorter median distances (10 vs. 23 km) when compared to non-CALD patients. Conclusion: Our study cohort contained a lower proportion of CALD patients and a higher SES than what we might have expected from our local population. Furthermore, there was a trend toward greater SES disadvantage (lower IRSD/IRSAD scores) for the CALD population. This study provides novel Australian data to support the underrepresentation of culturally diverse or disadvantaged patients on EPCTs. Future efforts should be made to reduce barriers to participation and improve equity in clinical trial participation.

The effect of politically homogenous neighbourhoods on affective polarization: Evidence from Britain

AbstractAffective polarization is increasingly evident around the world. This has been attributed in part to residential segregation by partisanship. The ‘Big Sort’ has meant that neighbourhoods in the United States, and elsewhere, have become more homogenous in terms of vote. Yet there is little systematic evidence on the relationship between homogenous partisan neighbourhoods and affective polarization. Does living among fellow partisans make people more negative towards the other side? In this Research Note, we use unique data from Britain to show that while people accurately recognize that their local area is more or less politically homogenous, neighbourhood political homogeneity is not correlated with any measure of affective polarization. These findings are robust to the type of political divide (partisanship or Brexit identity), the level of geography, length of residence and controls for ideology and social characteristics. We therefore suggest that while geographical sorting is an important phenomenon, it is unlikely to be a major cause of affective polarization.

The Demographic Frame

The Demographic Frame is a comprehensive, secure, access-controlled database of person-level data consisting of demographic, social, and economic characteristics of individuals derived from census, survey, administrative, and third-party data sources. The Demographic Frame is facilitating innovations in data collection, processing, analyses, and products for census and survey programs.